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词条 Christiana Willes
释义

  1. Biography

  2. Roundarm bowling

  3. Notes

  4. References

{{Use British English| date=October 2016}}{{Use dmy dates| date=October 2016}}Christiana Willes (1786–1873), also known by her married name Christiana Hodges, was an early nineteenth century cricketer and the sister of John Willes. She has sometimes been attributed as the founder of roundarm bowling but it is known that the style was originated by Tom Walker. Many cricket sources name her as Christina rather than Christiana, but John Major and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography are adamant that Christiana was the correct spelling of her name.[1][2]

Biography

The earliest record of Christiana Willes is her baptism, on 20 February 1786 at Headcorn, Kent, as daughter of Sarah Snelling and William Willes, landowners, who in 1794 had inherited the manor of Tonford near Canterbury. She married on 24 September 1810 Lieutenant Richard Thomas Hodges RN, is thought to have lived in Maidstone for a time, but to have moved elsewhere. Her son, Edward Hodges, was born at her brother John's house in Sutton Valence in 1819. Her husband died in 1841; Christiana died on 14 June 1873 at Ealing.[2]

Roundarm bowling

{{main|Roundarm bowling}}

Roundarm bowling was first developed about 1788 by Tom Walker of the Hambledon Club but the club ordered him not to use it in matches.[3][4][5][6][7][8] In the early nineteenth century, Christiana Willes helped her brother John, who played for Kent, to practice by bowling to him. The story goes that she found underarm bowling difficult in a hooped skirt, and so in around 1807, she began bowling in a roundarm style.{{refn|group=lower-alpha| Some sources say she bowled overarm.[10]}}[9][10][11] Developing her technique through experimentation, she naturally bowled with a higher arm due to her skirts,[12] and found roundarm to be far more successful for her than underarm.[13] Major rejects the "hooped skirt" story because, as he says, "they were no longer in vogue by 1807".[1]

The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography traces the story of Christiana's supposed contribution to cricket, noting that her son Edward Hodges wrote about his mother playing cricket with her brother John Willes, a Kent county player identified with the round-arm bowling style. Hodges' account makes mention neither of crinoline nor of roundarm bowling, merely that Christiana, John and their dog could beat any eleven in England. The ODNB states that the story was picked up in Hodges' obituary in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack and subsequently retold by F. S. Ashley-Cooper in Highways and Byways (1927); it was rejected by Rowland Bowen in Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development (1970);[14] but tentatively accepted by other writers as part of the folklore of cricket.[2]

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite book |last=Major |first=John |authorlink=John Major |title=More Than A Game |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |page=127}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite odnb|id=69664|title=Willes [married name Hodges], Christiana (bap. 1786, d. 1873), pioneer of round-arm bowling in cricket| first=Glenys|last=Williams}}
3. ^Major, p. 102.
4. ^{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |authorlink=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development |year=1970 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |page=77}}
5. ^{{cite book |last=Mote |first=Ashley |authorlink=Ashley Mote |title=The Glory Days of Cricket |year=1997 |publisher=Robson |page=127}}
6. ^{{cite book |last=Altham |first=H. S. |authorlink=Harry Altham |title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914) |year=1962 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |page=60}}
7. ^{{cite book |last=Birley |first=Derek |authorlink=Derek Birley |title=A Social History of English Cricket |year=1999 |publisher=Aurum |page=51}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Haygarth |first=Arthur |authorlink=Arthur Haygarth |title=Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826) |year=1862 |publisher=Lillywhite |pages=64–65}}
9. ^1 {{cite news| url= http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/how-women-invented-overarm-bowling| title= How a woman invented Overarm bowling| last=Krishnan| first=Yedu| work=Sportskeeda| date=28 September 2015| accessdate=16 October 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/womens-day-and-cricket-7-women-who-etched-their-name-in-cricket-history-108930| title= Women's Day and cricket: 7 women who etched their name in cricket history| last=Mukherjee| first=Abhiseck| publisher=Cricket Country| date=8 March 2016| accessdate=16 October 2016}}
11. ^{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/?id=6Vu9cih3u1kC&dq=christina+willes+cricket| title= Wisden Dictionary of Cricket| last=Rundell| first=Michael| publisher=A & C Black| date=January 2009| access-date=16 October 2016| isbn= 9781408101612}}
12. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/248600.html| title= The evolution of bowling| last=Williamson| first=Martin| publisher=ESPNcricinfo| accessdate=16 October 2016}}
13. ^{{cite journal| url= http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(03)15305-6.pdf| title= The gender gap| last=Goodwin| first=Clayton|journal=The Lancet| volume=363| issue= 9403| page=178| date=10 January 2004| accessdate=16 October 2016| registration=y| doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15305-6| pmid= 14726198}}
14. ^Bowen, pp. 180–181.
{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Willis, Christiana}}

5 : 1786 births|1873 deaths|Women's cricket in England|English cricket in the 19th century|English women cricketers
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