“Dark pattern”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A dark pattern is "a user interface that has been carefully crafted to trick users into doing things, such as buying insurance with their purchase or signing up for recurring bills."^[1]^[2]^[3] The neologism dark pattern was coined by Harry Brignull on July 28, 2010 with the registration of darkpatterns.org, a "pattern library with the specific goal of naming and shaming deceptive user interfaces."^[4]^[5]

Thanks to a grant by the NSF^[6], researchers at Purdue University are conducting ongoing research on Dark Patterns. They have built a Corpus of Dark Patterns and identified Five Strategies that most Dark Patterns fall under.^[7]

Examples

Bait-and-switch

Misdirection

This is common in software installers, where a button will be presented in the fashion of a typical continuation button. It is common that one has to accept the program's terms of service, so a dark pattern would show a prominent "I accept these terms" button on a page where the user is asked to accept the terms of a program unrelated to the program they are trying to install.^[10] Since the user will typically accept the terms by force of habit, the unrelated program can subsequently be installed. The installer's authors do this because they are paid by the authors of the unrelated program for each install that they procure. The alternative route in the installer, allowing the user to skip installing the unrelated program, is much less prominently displayed^[11] or seems counter-intuitive (such as declining the terms of service).

This pattern is also used by some websites, where the user is shown a page where information is asked that is not required. For example, one would fill out a username and password on one page, and after clicking the "next" button the user is asked for their email address with another "next" button as the only option.^[12] It is not apparent that the step can be skipped. When simply pressing "next" without entering their personal information, however, the website will just continue. In some cases, a method to skip the step is visible but not shown as a button (instead, usually, as a small and greyed-out link) so that it does not stand out to the user.^[13] Other examples that often use this pattern are inviting friends by entering someone else's email address, uploading a profile picture^[14], or selecting interests.

Roach motel

A roach motel or trammel net^[15] is a situation that is easy or straightforward to get into, but difficult to get out of. Examples include businesses that require subscribers to print and mail their opt-out or cancellation request.^[8]^[9]

References

1. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.fastcodesign.com/3066586/the-year-dark-patterns-won|title= The Year Dark Patterns Won |last=Campbell-Dollaghan |first= Kelsey|date= 21 Dec 2016|website=|publisher= CO.DESIGN|access-date= 29 May 2017|quote=}}
2. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/technology/personaltech/when-websites-wont-take-no-for-an-answer.html?_r=1|title= When Websites Won't Take No For An Answer|last=Singer |first= Natasha|date= 14 May 2016|website=|publisher= The New York Times|access-date= 29 May 2017|quote=}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://fieldguide.gizmodo.com/dark-patterns-how-websites-are-tricking-you-into-givin-1794734134|title=Dark Patterns: The Ways Websites Trick Us Into Giving Up Our Privacy|last=Nield|first=David|date=4 April 2017|website=|publisher=Gizmodo|access-date= 30 May 2017|quote=}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://alistapart.com/article/dark-patterns-deception-vs.-honesty-in-ui-design|title=Dark Patterns: Deception vs. Honesty in UI Design|last=Brignull |first=Harry| date = 1 Nov 2011|website=|publisher=A List Apart|access-date= 29 May 2017|quote=}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2016/07/dark-patterns-are-designed-to-trick-you-and-theyre-all-over-the-web/|title=Dark Patterns Are Designed to Trick You, and They're All Over the Web|last=Grauer|first=Yael|date=28 July 2016|website=|publisher=Ars Technica|access-date= 29 May 2017|quote=}}
6. ^{{cite web |last1=Gray |first1=Colin |title=The Dark (Patterns) Side of UX Design |url=http://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2018_Grayetal_CHI_DarkPatternsUXDesign.pdf |accessdate=4 March 2019}}
7. ^{{cite web |last1=Gray |first1=Colin |url=https://darkpatterns.uxp2.com/ |title=The dark side of UX Design |accessdate=4 March 2019}}
8. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://webdesign.tutsplus.com/articles/dark-patterns-in-ui-and-website-design--webdesign-8506|title=Dark Patterns in UI and Website Design|last=Snyder|first=Jesse|date= 10 Sep 2012|website=|publisher= evatotuts+|access-date= 29 May 2017|quote=}}
9. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://darkpatterns.org/|title=Types of Dark Patterns|last=Brignull|first=Harry|date= |website=|publisher= Dark Patterns|access-date= 29 May 2017|quote=}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://content.invisioncic.com/Mtorrutor/monthly_2017_08/stuck.png.5b3f9c7d33b78f21febd28196cc70f0a.png|title=Terms of service for McAffee in µTorrent installer|date=2017|access-date=2018-10-13}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghacks.net/2013/07/17/sourceforges-new-installer-bundles-program-downloads-with-adware/|title=SourceForge's new Installer bundles program downloads with adware|date=2013-07-17|access-date=2018-10-13|last=Brinkmann|first=Martin|quote="... The offer is displayed on the screen, and below that a gray decline button, a green accept button ..."}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/TheoryOfReddit/comments/71mker/why_do_we_need_email_addresses_to_create_reddit/|title=Why do we need email addresses to create Reddit accounts now?|quote="... you can skip it by leaving it blank."|date=2017|access-date=2018-10-13}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@danrschlosser/linkedin-dark-patterns-3ae726fe1462|title=LinkedIn Dark Patterns|date=2016-06-05|first=Dan|last=Schlosser|access-date=2018-10-13|quote="... you need to find the tiny “Skip this step” link at the bottom right to proceed. Moreover, the link is placed outside of the blue box which ostensibly contains all relevant info or controls. ..."}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/1/10/Create-a-LinkedIn-Account-Step-16.jpg/aid921197-v4-900px-Create-a-LinkedIn-Account-Step-16.jpg|website=wikiHow|title=How to Create a LinkedIn Account (with Pictures)|access-date=2018-10-13}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/8/29/4640308/dark-patterns-inside-the-interfaces-designed-to-trick-you|title=Dark patterns: Inside the interfaces designed to trick you|last=Brignull|first=Harry|date= 29 August 2013|website=|publisher=The Verge|access-date= 29 May 2017|quote=}}