词条 | 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision |
释义 |
| occurrence_type = Accident | name = Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763 Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 | image = | caption = | date = 12 November 1996 | type = Mid-air collision caused by pilot error | site = Charkhi Dadri, Haryana, India | total_fatalities = 349 | total_survivors = 0 | plane1_image =Boeing 747-168B, Saudia - Saudi Arabian Airlines AN0217717.jpg | plane1_caption = HZ-AIA, a Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747-100B similar to the aircraft involved in the collision. | plane1_type = Boeing 747-168B | plane1_operator = Saudi Arabian Airlines | plane1_tailnum = HZ-AIH | plane1_origin = Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi, India | plane1_destination = Dhahran International Airport, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia | plane1_passengers = 289 | plane1_crew = 23 | plane1_fatalities = 312 | plane1_survivors = 0 | plane2_image = Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76TD Goetting-1.jpg | plane2_caption = UN-76435, the Kazakhstan Airlines aircraft involved in the accident, in 1994. | plane2_type = Ilyushin Il-76TD | plane2_operator = Kazakhstan Airlines | plane2_tailnum = UN-76435 | plane2_origin = Shymkent International Airport, Kazakhstan | plane2_destination = Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi, India | plane2_passengers = 27 | plane2_crew = 10 | plane2_fatalities = 37 | plane2_survivors = 0 }} On 12 November 1996, Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763, a Boeing 747 en route from Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, and Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907, an Ilyushin Il-76 en route from Chimkent, Kazakhstan (now Shymkent), to Delhi, collided over the village of Charkhi Dadri, around {{cvt|100|km}} west of Delhi. The crash killed all 349 people on board both planes, making it the world's deadliest mid-air collision[1][2] and the deadliest aviation accident to occur in India.[1][4] CollisionThe Saudi Arabian Airlines (Saudia) Boeing 747-168B, registration HZ-AIH,[2] was flying the first leg of a scheduled international Delhi–Dhahran–Jeddah passenger service as Flight SVA763 with 312 occupants on board;[6] the Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76TD,[7] registration UN-76435, was on a charter service from Chimkent Airport to Delhi as KZA1907.[6] SVA763 departed Delhi at 18:32 local time (13:02 UTC).[2] KZA1907 was, at the same time, descending to land at Delhi.[6] Both flights were controlled by approach controller VK Dutta. The crew of SVA763 consisted of Captain Khalid Al Shubaily, First Officer Nazir Khan, and Flight Engineer Edris.[3] On KZA1907, Gennadi Cherepanov served as the pilot and Egor Repp served as the radio operator.[12] KZA1907 was cleared to descend to {{convert|15000|ft|m}} when it was {{convert|74|nmi|km}} from the beacon of the destination airport while SVA763, travelling on the same airway as KZA1907 but in the opposite direction, was cleared to climb to {{convert|14000|ft|m}}. About eight minutes later, around 18:40, KZA1907 reported having reached its assigned altitude of {{convert|15000|ft|m}} but it was actually lower, at {{convert|14500|ft|m}}, and still descending.[4] At this time, Dutta advised the flight, "Identified traffic 12 o'clock, reciprocal Saudia Boeing 747, {{convert|10|nmi|km}}. Report in sight." When the controller called KZA1907 again, he received no reply. He warned of the other flight's distance, but it was too late. The two aircraft had collided, the tail of KZA1907 cutting through SVA763's left wing and horizontal stabiliser. The crippled Boeing quickly lost control and went into a rapidly descending spiral with fire trailing from the wing. The Boeing broke up before crashing into the ground at {{convert|1135|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The Ilyushin remained structurally intact as it went in a steady but rapid and uncontrolled descent until it crashed in a field.[14] Rescuers discovered four critically injured passengers from the Ilyushin, but they all died soon afterwards. Two passengers from the Saudia flight survived the crash, still strapped to their seats, only to die of internal injuries soon after.[5][6] In the end, all 312 people on board SVA763 and all 37 people on KZA1907 were killed. Captain Timothy J. Place, a pilot for the United States Air Force, was the sole eyewitness to the event. He was making an initial approach in a Lockheed C-141B Starlifter when he saw that "a large cloud lit up with an orange glow".[17] The collision took place about {{convert|60|mi|-1|order=flip}} west of Delhi.[18] The wreckage of the Saudi aircraft crashed near Dhani village, Bhiwani District, Haryana. The wreckage of the Kazakh aircraft hit the ground near Birohar village, Rohtak District, Haryana. This was the first mid-air collision between two commercial aircraft since the Dniprodzerzhynsk mid-air collision in 1979;[6] it was succeeded by the mid-air collision between a Bashkirian Airlines Tupolev Tu-154M and a DHL Boeing 757 over Germany in {{start date|df=yes|2002|7}}[21] and then by the mid-air collision between a Gol Boeing 737 and an ExcelAire Embraer Legacy over Amazonia in {{start date|df=yes|2006|9}}.[7] Passengers and crewSaudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763The captain of the flight, aged 45, was a veteran pilot with more than 9,800 flying hours to his credit. An article published in The New York Times on 14 November 1996 stated that 215 Indians who boarded the flight worked in Saudi Arabia;[24] many of them worked or planned to work in blue collar jobs[25] as house maids, drivers, and cooks. The article also stated that 40 Nepalis and {{cardinal to word|3}} Americans boarded the Saudi flight.[24] According to an article in the same newspaper published a day earlier, the passenger manifest included 17 people of other nationalities, including nine Nepalis, three Pakistanis, two Americans, one Bangladeshi, one Briton, and one Saudi.[4] Twelve of the crew members, including five anti-terrorism officials, were Saudi citizens.[28] Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907The captain of Flight 1907, aged 44, was also highly experienced, with more than 9,200 flight hours under his belt. A company from Kyrgyzstan chartered the flight, and the passenger manifest mostly included ethnic Russian Kyrgyz citizens planning to go shopping in India.[4][12][24] Thirteen Kyrgyz traders boarded the flight.[28] Investigation and final reportThe crash was investigated by the Lahoti Commission, headed by then-Delhi High Court judge Ramesh Chandra Lahoti. Depositions were taken from the Air Traffic Controllers Guild and the two airlines. The flight data recorders were decoded by Kazakhstan Airlines and Saudia under the supervision of air crash investigators in Moscow and Farnborough, England, respectively.[14] The ultimate cause was held to be the failure of Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907's pilot to follow ATC instructions, whether due to cloud turbulence or due to communication problems. The commission determined that the accident had been the fault of the Kazakh Il-76 commander, who (according to FDR evidence) had descended from the assigned altitude of {{convert|15000|to|14500|ft|m}} and subsequently {{convert|14000|ft|m}} and even lower. The report ascribed the cause of this serious breach in operating procedure to the lack of English language skills on the part of the Kazakh aircraft pilots; they were relying entirely on their radio operator for communications with the ATC. The radio operator did not have his own flight instrumentation but had to look over the pilots' shoulders for a reading.[8] Kazakh officials stated that the aircraft had descended while their pilots were fighting turbulence inside a bank of cumulus clouds. Indian air controllers also complained that the Kazakh pilots sometimes confused their calculations because they are accustomed to using metre altitudes and kilometre distances, while most other countries use feet and nautical miles respectively.[5] Just a few seconds from impact, the Kazakh plane climbed slightly and the two planes collided. This was because the radio operator of Kazakhstan 1907 discovered only then that they were not at 15,000 feet and asked the pilot to climb. The captain gave orders for full throttle, and the plane climbed, only to hit the oncoming Saudi plane. The tail of the Kazakh plane clipped the left wing of the Saudi jet, severing both parts from their respective planes. Had the Kazakh pilots not climbed slightly, it is likely that they would have passed under the Saudi plane. The recorder of the Saudi plane revealed the pilots recited the prayer that is required, according to Islamic law, when one faces death. The counsel for the ATC Guild denied the presence of turbulence, quoting meteorological reports, but did state that the collision occurred inside a cloud.[8] This was substantiated by the affidavit of Capt. Place, who was the commander of the aforementioned Lockheed C-141B Starlifter, which was flying into New Delhi at the time of the crash.[14] The members of his crew filed similar affidavits.[9] Furthermore, Indira Gandhi International Airport did not have secondary surveillance radar, which provides extra information, such as the aircraft's identity and altitude, by reading transponder signals; instead the airport had primary radar, which produces readings of distance and bearing, but not altitude. In addition, the civilian airspace around New Delhi had one corridor for departures and arrivals. Most areas separate departures and arrivals into separate corridors. The airspace had one civilian corridor because much of the airspace was taken by the Indian Air Force.[14] Due to the crash, the air-crash investigation report recommended changes to air-traffic procedures and infrastructure in New Delhi's air-space:
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation subsequently made it mandatory for all aircraft flying in and out of India to be equipped with an airborne collision avoidance system. DocumentariesMiditech, a company based in Gurgaon, Haryana, produced a documentary about the disaster called Head On!, which aired on the National Geographic Channel.[14]The disaster was also the subject of an episode in the documentary series Mayday (Air Crash Investigation) on 2 March 2009 entitled "Sight Unseen", also shown on the National Geographic Channel.[10] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title= India air safety profile|work= Aviation Safety Network|url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=VT|accessdate= 10 April 2014 }} [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]2. ^1 {{ASN accident|id= 19961112-0|title= HZ-AIH}} 3. ^Head On! Aircrash. Miditech. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070323002305/http://www.miditech.tv/content.aspx?page=HeadOn See profile at Miditech website]. VK Dutta named at about 2:43. Saudi Flight 763 pilots are named at about 3:14. 4. ^1 {{ASN accident|id=19961112-1|title= Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907}} 5. ^1 {{cite news|title=THE INDIAN AIR CRASH: Tapes point blame at Kazakh pilot|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/the-indian-air-crash-tapes-point-blame-at-kazakh-pilot-1352266.html|accessdate=27 February 2014|newspaper=The Independent|date=14 November 1996}} 6. ^{{citation |url=http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2006/dec/42-44.pdf |title=Mid-Air Disasters |work=Flight Safety Australia |date=November–December 2006 |accessdate=10 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5jjpHkvk4?url=http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2006/dec/42-44.pdf |archivedate=12 September 2009 |page=42 |last=Job |first=Macarthur |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 7. ^{{cite news|title= Gol-Legacy mid-air collision mistakes leaked to press|date= 4 October 2007|work= Flightglobal|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/gol-legacy-mid-air-collision-mistakes-leaked-to-press-217780/|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140329012157/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/gol-legacy-mid-air-collision-mistakes-leaked-to-press-217780/|archivedate= 29 March 2014}} 8. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/may/15aai.htm |date=26 May 1997 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991007030506/http://www.rediff.com/news/may/15aai.htm |archivedate=7 October 1999 |title=Communication gap caused Charkhi Dadri mishap |publisher=Rediff |accessdate=4 July 2006}} 9. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/may/26air.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991011103254/http://www.rediff.com/news/may/26air.htm |archivedate=11 October 1999 |title=Charkhi Dadri collision occurred in "heavy clouds": US pilot |publisher=Rediff |accessdate=4 July 2006 }} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Haryana India 1996 Plane Crash, Head on Collision |publisher=National Geographic Channel |url=http://www.natgeochannel.co.uk/programmes/air-crash-investigation/india-haryana-1996 |work=National Geographic Channel |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ghhc04v0?url=http://www.natgeochannel.co.uk/programmes/air-crash-investigation/india-haryana-1996 |archivedate=12 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=17 April 2009 |df=dmy }} 11. ^1 {{cite news|title=YouTube.Com – Pure History Specials: Head On Air Crash|publisher=Alliant Content|date= 16 May 2013|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E18hX_UFIyc|accessdate=25 December 2013}} 12. ^1 {{cite news |title=At Least 349 Are Killed in Collision |first=Kenneth J. |last=Cooper |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 November 1996 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/1996crash.htm |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HtkNlIei?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/1996crash.htm |archivedate=6 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 13. ^1 {{cite news|title= Charkhi Dadri collision report expected this weekend|first= Syed Firdaus|last= Ashraf|location= New Delhi|work= Rediff|url= http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/11air.htm|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140410180434/http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/11air.htm|archivedate= 10 April 2014 }} 14. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title= Collision raises doubts on ATC routeings|first1= Max|last1= Kingsley-Jones|first2= David|last2= Learmount|publisher= Flightglobal|agency= Flight International|date= 20 September 1996|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/collision-raises-doubts-on-atc-routeings-10013/|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150101143223/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/collision-raises-doubts-on-atc-routeings-10013/|archivedate= 1 January 2015|df= dmy-all}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite AV media |url=http://www.miditech.tv/content.aspx?page=HeadOn |title=Head On – AirCrash |type=TV documentary |publisher=Miditech |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323002305/http://www.miditech.tv/content.aspx?page=HeadOn |archivedate=23 March 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 16. ^1 {{cite news|title=Human error is blamed for crash |last=Bellamy |first=Christopher |publisher=The Independent |date=13 November 1996 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/human-error-is-blamed-for-crash-1352080.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HtkjK6n3?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/human-error-is-blamed-for-crash-1352080.html |archivedate=6 July 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} 17. ^1 {{cite news|title= Indian law may restrain size of crash claims|first1= Shapiro|last1= Stacy|first2= Marathe|last2= Kaumudi|publisher= Business Insurance|date= {{Date|1996-11-18}}|url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18932971.html|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110517012927/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18932971.html|archivedate= 17 May 2011|df= dmy-all}} 18. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title= Indian Officials Gather Evidence on Midair Collision|first= John F.|last= Burns|newspaper= The New York Times|date= 14 November 1996|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/14/world/indian-officials-gather-evidence-on-midair-collision.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150103165051/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/14/world/indian-officials-gather-evidence-on-midair-collision.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|archivedate= 3 January 2015|df= dmy-all}} 19. ^1 2 {{cite news|title= One Jet in Crash Over India Ruled Off Course|first= John F.|last= Burns|newspaper= The New York Times|date= 5 May 1997|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/05/world/one-jet-in-crash-over-india-ruled-off-course.html|deadurl= no|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180303160858/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/05/world/one-jet-in-crash-over-india-ruled-off-course.html|archive-date= 3 March 2018|df= dmy-all}} 20. ^1 2 {{cite news|title= Pilot error focus of India collision investigation|work= CNN|date= 14 November 1996|location= New Delhi|url= http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/14/india/index.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20000128142927/http://cnn.com/WORLD/9611/14/india/index.html|archivedate= 28 January 2000}} 21. ^1 {{cite news|title= Questions hang over collision|first= David|last= Learmount|location= London|work= Flightglobal|date= 9 July 2002|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/questions-hang-over-collision-150948/|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140622014651/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/questions-hang-over-collision-150948/|archivedate= 22 June 2014 }} 22. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title= Two Airliners Collide in Midair, Killing All 351 Aboard in India|last= Burns|first= John F.|publisher= The New York Times|date= 13 November 1996|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/13/world/two-airliners-collide-in-midair-killing-all-351-aboard-in-india.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6IUwuW5xs?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/13/world/two-airliners-collide-in-midair-killing-all-351-aboard-in-india.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|archivedate= 30 July 2013|deadurl= no|df= dmy-all}} |30em}} Further reading
External links{{ external media| align = right | width = | image1 = Pre-Crash photos of the two airliners at Airliners.net}}
12 : Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error|Mid-air collisions|Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747|Aviation accidents and incidents in 1996|Aviation accidents and incidents in India|1996 in India|Airliner accidents and incidents involving mid-air collisions|Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-76|Kazakhstan Airlines accidents and incidents|Saudia accidents and incidents|History of Haryana (1947–present)|November 1996 events |
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