“Zaza language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Zaza belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Gilaki, Mazandarani, Hewrami and other Caspian languages{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}. The closest languages are genetically Hewrami and due to long-lasting influence Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish). However, the classification of Zaza has been an issue of political discussion. It is sometimes classified as a subdialect of Kurdish.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] The majority of Zaza-speakers in Turkey identify themselves as ethnic Kurds.^[11]^[12]

Zaza appears to be a pejorative name designating the language as a form of jibberish evident that{{clarify|date=September 2018}} its speakers designate their language as Dimlī or Kirmānd̲j̲kī.{{better source|date=September 2018}}^[13]

The US State Department "Background Note" lists the Zaza language as one of the major languages of Turkey, along with Turkish (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Greek, and Arabic.^[14]

Linguists{{Like whom?|date=August 2017}} connect the word Dimli with the Daylamites in the Alborz Mountains near the shores of the Caspian Sea in Iran and believe that the Zazas have immigrated{{when?|date=April 2018}} from Deylaman towards the west. Zaza shows many connections to the Iranian languages of the Caspian region, especially the Gilaki language.

The Zaza language shows similarities with Gorani (or Hawrami), Shabaki, Bajelani and Sarli. However, it also shows many similarities with Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish), which it does not share with Caspian languages, Hewrami or other Kurdish languages:

The Gorani, Bajelani, and Shabaki languages are spoken around the Iran-Iraq border; however, it is believed that speakers of these languages also migrated from Northern Iran to their present homelands.^{[citation needed]}{{when?|date=April 2018}} These languages are classified together in the Zaza–Gorani language group.

Dialects

Literature and broadcast programs

The first written statements in Zaza were compiled by the linguist Peter Lerch in 1850. Two other important documents are the religious writings of Ehmedê Xasî of 1899,^[18] and of Osman Efendîyo Babij^[19] (published in Damascus in 1933 by Celadet Bedir Khan^[20]); both of these works were written in the Arabic script.

The use of the Latin script to write Zaza became popular only in the diaspora in Sweden, France and Germany at the beginning of the 1980s. This was followed by the publication of magazines and books in Turkey, particularly in Istanbul. The efforts of Zaza intellectuals to advance the comprehensibility of their native language by using that alphabet helped the number of publications in Zaza multiply. This rediscovery of the native culture by Zaza intellectuals not only caused a renaissance of Zaza language and culture but it also triggered feelings among younger generations of Zazas (who, however, rarely speak Zaza as a mother tongue) in favor of this modern Western use of Zaza, rekindling their interest in their ancestral language.

The diaspora has also generated a limited amount of Zaza language broadcasting. Moreover, after restrictions were removed on local languages in Turkey during their move toward an eventual accession to the European Union, Turkish state-owned TRT Kurdî television launched several Zaza programs and a radio program on certain days.

Grammar

As with a number of other Indo-Iranian languages like Kurmanji and Sorani, Zaza features split ergativity in its morphology, demonstrating ergative marking in past and perfective contexts, and nominative-accusative alignment otherwise. Syntactically it is nominative-accusative.^[21]

Grammatical gender

Among all Western Iranian languages only Zaza and Kurmanji distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender. Each noun belongs to one of those two genders. In order to correctly decline any noun and any modifier or other type of word affecting that noun, one must identify whether the noun is feminine or masculine. Most nouns have inherent gender. However, some nominal roots have variable gender, i.e. they may function as either masculine or feminine nouns.^[22] This distinguishes Zaza from many other Western Iranian languages that have lost this feature over time.

For example, the masculine preterite participle of the verb kerdene ("to make" or "to do") is kerde; the feminine preterite-participle is kerdiye. Both have the sense of the English "made" or "done". The grammatical gender of the preterite-participle would be determined by the grammatical gender of the noun representing the thing that was made or done.

The linguistic notion of grammatical gender is distinguished from the biological and social notion of gender, although they interact closely in many languages. Both grammatical and natural gender can have linguistic effects in a given language.

Phonology

Vowels

A vowel /{{IPA|e}}/ may also be realized as /{{IPA|ɛ}}/ when occurring before a consonant. /{{IPA|ɨ}}/ may become lowered to an /{{IPA|ɪ}}/ when occurring before a velarized nasal /{{IPA|n}}/; [{{IPA|ŋ}}], or occurring between a palatal approximant /{{IPA|j}}/ and a palato-alveolar fricative /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Vowels /{{IPA|ɑ}}/, /{{IPA|ɨ}}/, or /{{IPA|ə}}/ become nasalized when occurring before /{{IPA|n}}/, as /{{IPA|ɑ̃}}/, /{{IPA|ɨ̃}}/, or /{{IPA|ə̃}}/.

Consonants

/{{IPA|n}}/ becomes a velar /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ when following a velar consonant.^[23]^[24]

Vocabulary

Words in Zaza can be divided into five groups in respect to their origins. Most words in Zaza are Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Iranian in origin. The fourth group consists of words that developed when Zaza speakers divided from the Proto-Iranian language. The fifth group consists of loan words. Loan words in Zaza are chiefly from Arabic and Persian.

Phonological correspondences of Zaza and other Iranian languages

References

1. ^The map shown is based on a map published by Le Monde Diplomatique in 2007.
2. ^Encyclopædia Iranica Nevertheless, their language has preserved numerous isoglosses with the dialects of the southern Caspian region, and its place in the Caspian dialect group of Northwest Iranian is clear.
3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/zaza-gorani|title=Zaza-Gorani|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=AZGUEQmFqfMC&pg=PA564&lpg=PA564&dq=zaza+gorani+shabak+language&source=bl&ots=Rp5HArGnWg&sig=_Qvw1GvO75a5Nb8LOHardxBu-zk&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtyrzi_ZreAhXL2KQKHVtMCIk4ChDoATABegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=zaza%20gorani&f=false|title=A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World|last=Hulst|first=Harry van der|last2=Goedemans|first2=Rob|last3=Zanten|first3=Ellen van|date=2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110196313|language=en}}
5. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/zazaki/zazakipositionof.pdf |title=The Position of Zazaki Among West Iranian languages by Paul Ludwig |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-12-24}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~lingdept/IndexicalityWorkshop/anandnevins04.pdf|title=Shifty Operators in Changing Contexts|first1=Pranav|last1=Anand|first2=Andrew|last2=Nevins|work=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|page=17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050517022822/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~lingdept/IndexicalityWorkshop/anandnevins04.pdf|archivedate=17 May 2005}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046467/Kurdish-language |title=Kurdish language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-24}}
8. ^According to the linguist Jacques Leclerc of Canadian "Laval University of Quebec, Zazaki is a part of Kurdish languages, Zaza are Kurds, he also included Goura/Gorani as Kurds
9. ^T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Talim Ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı, Ortaokul Ve İmam Hatip Ortaokulu Yaşayan Diller Ve Lehçeler Dersi (Kürtçe; 5. Sınıf) Öğretim Programı, Ankara 2012, "Bu program ortaokul 5, 6, 7, ve 8. sınıflar seçmeli Kürtçe dersinin ve Kürtçe’nin iki lehçesi Kurmancca ve Zazaca için müşterek olarak hazırlanmıştır. Program metninde geçen “Kürtçe” kelimesi Kurmancca ve Zazaca lehçelerine birlikte işaret etmektedir."
10. ^Prof. Dr. Kadrî Yildirim & Yrd. Doç. Dr. Abdurrahman Adak & Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hayrullah Acar & Zülküf Ergün & Îbrahîm Bîngol & Ramazan Pertev, Kurdî 5 – Zazakî, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, 2012
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34423&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=458&no_cache=1|title=Is Ankara Promoting Zaza Nationalism to Divide the Kurds?|work=The Jamestown Foundation}}
12. ^{{cite book|last=Kaya|first=Mehmed S.|title=The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society|year=2011|publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|location=London|isbn=978-1-84511-875-4|page=5}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?v=2.1&u=new67449&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX2686309745&p=GVRL&sw=w&authCount=1|title=Zaza|last=Paul|first=L.|date=|website=go.galegroup.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-02-09}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm |title=The US State Department "Background Note" on Turkey |publisher=State.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-24}}
15. ^{{ethnolink|kiu}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W. G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=19|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/19/}}
17. ^{{ethnolink|diq}}
18. ^Xasi, Ehmedê (1899) Mewludê nebi, reprinted in 1994 in Istambul {{OCLC|68619349}}, (Poems about the birth of Mohammed and songs praising Allah.)
19. ^Osman Efendîyo Babij kamo? (Who is the Osman Efendîyo Babij?)
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zazaki.net/haber/kirmancca-zazaca-kurtcesinde-oykuculugun-gelisimi-737.htm|title=Kırmancca (Zazaca) Kürtçesinde Öykücülüğün Gelişimi|work=zazaki.net}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Alignment in Kurdish: a diachronic perspective|url=http://kurdishacademy.org/sites/default/files/KurdAlignment_0.pdf|publisher=Kurdishacademy.org|accessdate=13 November 2012|year=2004}}
22. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.zazaki.de/english/T.L.Todd-AGrammarofDimli.pdf|title=A Grammar of Dimili (also Known as Zaza)|last=Todd|first=Terry Lynn|publisher=Electronic Publication|year=2008|isbn=|location=|pages=33|quote=|via=}}
23. ^{{Cite book|title=Zazaki|last=Ludwig|first=Paul|publisher=London & New York: Routledge|year=2009|isbn=|location=The Iranian Languages|pages=545-586}}
24. ^{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Dimili also known as Zaza|last=Todd|first=Terry Lynn|publisher=Stockholm: Iremet|year=2008|isbn=|location=|pages=}}

Classification