| 词条 | Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative |
| 释义 |
The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) (1984–2003) was an American company led by founder and owner Victor Conte. In 2003, journalists Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada investigated the company's role in a drug sports scandal later referred to as the BALCO Affair. BALCO marketed tetrahydrogestrinone ("the Clear"), a then-undetected, performance-enhancing steroid developed by chemist Patrick Arnold. Conte, BALCO vice president James Valente, weight trainer Greg Anderson and coach Remi Korchemny had supplied a number of high-profile sports stars from the United States and Europe with "the Clear" and human growth hormone for several years. HistoryHeadquartered in Burlingame, California, BALCO was founded in 1984. Officially, BALCO was a service business for blood and urine analysis and food supplements. In 1988, Victor Conte offered free blood and urine tests to a group of athletes known as the BALCO Olympians. He then was allowed to attend the Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. From 1996, Conte worked with well-known American football star Bill Romanowski, who proved to be useful to establish new connections to athletes and coaches such as Korchemny. Conte and Korchemny shortly thereafter founded the ZMA Track Club for marketing purposes, well-known members of it being sprinters Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. In 2000, Conte managed to contact American baseball star Barry Bonds via Greg Anderson, a coach working in a nearby fitness studio. Bonds then delivered contacts to other baseball professionals.[1] Scandal{{main|BALCO Scandal}}In 2003, the United States Attorney for the Northern District of California began investigating BALCO. U.S. sprint coach Trevor Graham had given an anonymous phone call to the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) in June 2003 accusing a number of athletes being involved in doping with a steroid that was not detectable at the time. He also named Victor Conte as the source of the steroid. As evidence, Graham delivered a syringe containing traces of tetrahydrogestrinone, nicknamed "the Clear." Shortly after, Don Catlin, MD, the founder of the UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, developed a testing process for tetrahydrogestrinone (THG). Now able to detect the new substance, he tested 550 existing samples from athletes, of which 20 proved to be positive for THG. On September 3, 2003 agents of the Internal Revenue Service, Food and Drug Administration, San Mateo Narcotics Task Force, and United States Anti-Doping Agency conducted a house search at the BALCO facilities. Beside lists of BALCO customers in a BALCO field warehouse they found containers whose labels indicated steroids and growth hormones. In a house search at Anderson's place two days later, steroids, $60,000 in cash, names lists and dosage plans were found. Among the athletes listed in the record of BALCO customers were:
Patrick Arnold, BALCO's chemist, alleges that Bonds and Sheffield were given "the Clear," though the athletes deny knowing about it and Arnold does not claim to have witnessed it.[4] In April 2005, Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada were honored with the journalist prize of the White House Correspondents' Association. In 2006, they published the book Game of Shadows, which consists of a summary of about 200 interviews and 1,000 documents they collected for their research. On July 15, 2005, Conte and Anderson cut plea bargains, pleaded guilty to illegal steroid distribution and money laundering and avoided an embarrassing trial. Conte spent four months in prison.[5] Anderson was incarcerated for 13½ months. He was released on November 15, 2007, the same day Bonds was indicted by a federal grand jury on four counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice.[6] On June 6, 2006 the house of Arizona Diamondbacks player Jason Grimsley was searched as part of the ongoing BALCO probe. Grimsley later said that federal investigators wanted him to wear a wire in order to obtain information against Barry Bonds. He told people which players used performance-enhancing drugs. The final result was that the Diamondbacks released Grimsley, and he was given a 50-game suspension by Major League Baseball. In October 2006, investigations against Fainaru-Wada and Williams were started. The reporters were served with subpoenas to appear before a grand jury to identify the individual who leaked Bonds' name to them. They refused to do so and federal prosecutors asked that they be jailed for up to 18 months (the typical term of a grand jury).[7][8][9] However, in February 2007, federal prosecutors dropped charges against the reporters after a Colorado attorney, Troy Ellerman, who once represented Conte and another executive of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative, admitted to leaking the testimony and pleaded guilty to federal charges of unauthorized disclosure of grand jury testimony.[10] In an interview with Editor & Publisher, Lance Williams revealed that he would never testify in court, even if it did not involve confidential sources. "I have no interest in becoming anybody's witness."[11] On November 15, 2007, former San Francisco Giants outfielder Barry Bonds was indicted for perjury and obstruction of justice based on his grand jury testimony in this investigation. The trial began March 21, 2011,[12] and he was convicted on April 13, 2011 on the obstruction of justice charge.[13][14] The conviction was overturned upon appeal.[15] On April 4, 2008, Tammy Thomas was convicted by a federal jury on three counts of making false statements to a federal grand jury in November 2003, and on one count of obstructing justice. She was acquitted of two perjury charges. Sentencing was set for July 18, 2008.[16] She was sentenced to six months' house arrest and five years' probation on October 10, 2008.[17] On May 29, 2008, Trevor Graham was convicted by a federal jury on one count of lying to federal investigators about his relationship to an admitted steroids dealer, and the jury deadlocked on two other charges. Sentencing was set for September 5, 2008.[18] He was sentenced to one year of house arrest on October 21, 2008.[19] See also
References1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/baseball/article/Barry-Bonds-Anatomy-of-a-scandal-1132986.php|title=Barry Bonds: Anatomy of a scandal|last=Fainaru-Wada|first=Mark|date=2003-12-25|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Seattle PI)|access-date=2017-06-29|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|last2=Williams|first2=Lance}} {{coord|37.595833|-122.368889|type:_region:|display=title}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative}}2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsday.com/sports/success-a-bitter-pill-college-dropout-moved-balco-into-big-leagues-before-charges-1.334095|title=Success a Bitter Pill / College dropout moved BALCO into big leagues before charges|last=Harrington|first=Mark|date=2003-11-01|work=Newsday|access-date=2017-06-29|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 3. ^{{cite news | agency= AP | title= Lawyers for former track coach Christos Tzekos say investigations show no ties to BALCO | date=2007-10-30 | url =http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/30/sports/EU-SPT-ATH-Doping-Tzekos.php | work=IHT | accessdate = 2008-01-12}} 4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/25/sports/baseball/25hbo.html|title=Chemist Says Sheffield and Bonds Used Drugs|last=Schmidt|first=Michael S.|date=2007-07-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/espn/news/story?id=2389940|title=Conte released from prison, calls book 'full of lies'|last=|first=|date=2006-03-30|website=ESPN.com|publisher=AP Press|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-06-29}} 6. ^Bonds indicted on perjury, obstruction of justice charges, Lance Williams, Jaxon Van Derbeken, San Francisco Chronicle, November 15, 2007 7. ^Maik Grossekathöfer: Leck im System., Der Spiegel, 40/2006, S. 140, (German) 8. ^Reporters in BALCO Case Sentenced to Jail, ESPN, September 22, 2006 9. ^[https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2006-08-15-reporters-subpoena_x.htm Reporters Must Testify Over Bonds Leak], USA Today, August 15, 2006 10. ^{{cite web | first = Bob | last = Egelko | title = Attorney pleads guilty to leaking BALCO testimony |work=The San Francisco Chronicle | date = February 14, 2007 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/02/14/BAGPRO4RVR3.DTL }} 11. ^Williams: I Never Thought Bonds Indictment Would Occur {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217054529/http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003673901 |date=December 17, 2007 }} By: Strupp, Joe Editor and Publisher November 17, 2007 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/B/BBO_BONDS_TRIAL|title=Barry Bonds perjury trial gets under way|accessdate=2011-03-21|date=2011-03-21|agency=Associated Press |author=Elias, Paul}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/04/barry-bonds-verdict-.html|title=Barry Bonds convicted of obstruction of justice in performance-enhancing-drugs case|accessdate=2011-04-16|date=2011-04-13|work=Los Angeles Times| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110428145119/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/04/barry-bonds-verdict-.html| archivedate= April 28, 2011 | deadurl= no}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=6347014|title=Barry Bonds found guilty of obstruction, |accessdate=2011-04-16|date=2011-04-14|publisher=ESPN| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429233138/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=6347014| archivedate= April 29, 2011 | deadurl= no}} 15. ^http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Appeals-court-overturns-Barry-Bonds-6217365.php 16. ^{{cite web| last = Mintz| first = Howard| title = Cyclist convicted of perjury in Balco case| publisher=San Jose Mercury News| date = 2008-04-04| url = http://www.mercurynews.com/breakingnews/ci_8814141?nclick_check=1 | accessdate =2008-05-30 }} 17. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/sports/othersports/11doping.html?ref=sports | work=The New York Times | title=Cyclist Avoids Prison Time, Which May Benefit Bonds | first1=Carol | last1=Pogash | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | date=October 11, 2008 | accessdate=April 26, 2010}} 18. ^{{cite web |last=Dubow |first=Josh |author2=Paul Elias |author3=Raf Casert |title=Track coach Graham convicted in BALCO probe |publisher=Tampa Bay Online |date=2008-05-30 |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/ATHLETES_STEROIDS?SITE=FLTAM&SECTION=SPORTS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |accessdate=2008-05-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215015004/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/ATHLETES_STEROIDS?SITE=FLTAM&SECTION=SPORTS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archivedate=February 15, 2009 |df=mdy }} 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/22/sports/othersports/22graham.html|title=Graham Sentenced to Year’s House Arrest in Balco Case|last=Pogash|first=Carol|author2=Michael Schmidt|date=October 21, 2008 |work=New York Times}} 5 : Drugs in sport in the United States|Burlingame, California|Companies based in San Mateo County, California|1984 establishments in California|American companies established in 1984 |
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