词条 | Behavior change (public health) |
释义 |
BackgroundThe 3-4-50 concept[5] outlines that there are 3 behaviors (poor diet, little to no physical activity, and smoking), that lead to four diseases (heart disease/stroke, diabetes, cancer, pulmonary disease), that account for 50% of deaths worldwide. This is why so much emphasis in public health interventions have been on changing behaviors or intervening early on to decrease the negative impacts that come with these behaviors. With successful intervention, there is the possibility of decreasing healthcare costs by a drastic amount, as well as general costs to society (morbidity and mortality). A good public health intervention is not only defined by the results they create, but also the number of levels it hits on the socioecological model[6] (individual, interpersonal, community and/or environment). The challenge that public health interventions face is generalizability: what may work in one community may not work in others. However, there is the development of HealthyPeople 2020 that has national objectives aimed to accomplish in 10 years to improve the health of all Americans. Health conditions and infections are associated with risky behaviors. Tobacco use, alcoholism, multiple sex partners, substance use, reckless driving, obesity, or unprotected sexual intercourse are some examples. Human beings have, in principle, control over their conduct. Behavior modification can contribute to the success of self-control, and health-enhancing behaviors. Risky behaviors can be eliminated including physical exercise, weight control, preventive nutrition, dental hygiene, condom use, or accident prevention. Health behavior change refers to the motivational, volitional, and action based processes of abandoning such health-compromising behaviors in favor of adopting and maintaining health-enhancing behaviors.[7][8][9] Addiction that is associated with risky behavior may have a genetic component.[10] One emerging concept in the American health system is that of small, manageable changes. It is not necessary to make sweeping, drastic alterations to one's whole lifestyle in order to see benefit. Dietary and exercise contexts in particular show the benefit of moderate, slow changes.[11] For example, behavior change steps to include more physical activity can improve one's life expectancy, control weight, and boost mental health. It is also known to reduce the chance of some diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers.[12] Healthy behaviors and practices during youth, particularly in school settings, is far more cost-effective than waiting until unhealthy behaviors are entrenched. A study of the Toward No Tobacco program, which was designed to prevent cigarette use among middle and high school students, found that for every dollar invested in school tobacco prevention programs, almost $20 in future medical care costs would be saved.[12] TheoriesBehavior change programs tend to focus on a few behavioral change theories which gained ground in the 1980s. These theories share a major commonality in defining individual actions as the locus of change. Behavior change programs that are usually focused on activities that help a person or a community to reflect upon their risk behaviors and change them to reduce their risk and vulnerability are known as interventions. Examples include: "Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model of Behavior Change", "theory of reasoned action", "health belief model", "theory of planned behavior",[13] diffusion of innovation",[14] and the health action process approach. Developments in health behavior change theories since the late 1990s have focused on incorporating disparate theories of health behavior change into a single unified theory.[15][16] Individual and interpersonal
Community
List of behavior change strategies{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
Tools
Behavior change communication (BCC){{Main article|Social and behavior change communication}}Behavior change communication, or BCC, is an approach to behavior change focused on communication. It is also known as social and behavior change communication, or SBCC. The assumptions is that through communication of some kind, individuals and communities can somehow be persuaded to behave in ways that will make their lives safer and healthier. BCC was first employed in HIV and TB prevention projects.[19][20] More recently, its ambit has grown to encompass any communication activity whose goal is to help individuals and communities select and practice behavior that will positively impact their health, such as immunization, cervical cancer check up, employing single-use syringes, etc.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} ExamplesOrganizations, foundations and programs
Physical activity and diet
Quitting smoking
See also
References1. ^WHO 2002: "World Health Report 2002 – Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life". Retrieved February 2015. {{public health}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Behavior Change (Public Health)}}2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://healthcommcapacity.org/about/why-social-and-behavior-change-communication/|title=Why Social and Behavior Change Communication? – Health Communication Capacity Collaborative – Social and Behavior Change Communication|website=Health Communication Capacity Collaborative – Social and Behavior Change Communication|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-17}} 3. ^US Center for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/features/preventionstrategy/ "National Prevention Strategy"]. Retrieved February 2015. 4. ^Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., (eds) (2006) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11784/ Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries]. 2nd edition Chapter 2: Intervention Cost-Effectiveness Retrieved February 2015. 5. ^{{cite web|title=SD County|url=http://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_health_statistics/3-4-50.html}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=American College Health Association|url=https://www.acha.org/HealthyCampus/Implement/Ecological_Model/HealthyCampus/Ecological_Model.aspx?hkey=f5defc87-662e-4373-8402-baf78d569c78}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=SAID project|url=http://www.psp-one.com|publisher=Private Sector Partnerships}} SAID project focused on increasing the private sector's role in providing high-quality health products and services in developing countries. 8. ^{{cite web|title=Barrier Analysis website|url=http://barrieranalysis.fhi.net/|website=Barrier Analysis website}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.caregroupinfo.org/docs/Multisectoral_DBC_Curriculum_April_2012.doc|title=Designing for Behavior Change Curriculum|website=Designing for Behavior Change Curriculum}} 10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Biliński P, Wojtyła A, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Chwedorowicz R, Cyranka M, Studziński T | title = Epigenetic regulation in drug addiction | journal = Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 491–496 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23020045 | doi = }} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=James|journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|date=2009|volume=89|issue=2|pages=477–484|doi=10.3945/ajcn.2008.26566|title=Can a small-changes approach help address the obesity epidemic? A report of the Joint Task Force of the American Society for Nutrition, Institute of Food Technologists, and International Food Information Council|url=http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/89/2/477.full.pdf+html|pmid=19088151}} 12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/pdf/2009-power-of-prevention.pdf|title=The Power of Prevention|last=|first=|date=2009|website=www.cdc.gov|publisher=cdc|access-date=7 December 2016}}{{PD-notice}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehealthcompass.org/sbcc-tools/theory-planned-behavior|title=Theory of Planned Behavior – The Health COMpass|website=www.thehealthcompass.org}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehealthcompass.org/sbcc-tools/diffusion-innovations|title=Diffusion of Innovations – The Health COMpass|website=www.thehealthcompass.org}} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Polly|journal=Clinical Nurse Specialist|date=2009|volume=23|issue=3|pages=161–172|doi=10.1097/NUR.0b013e3181a42373|title=Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change: Background and Intervention Development|pmc=2778019|pmid=19395894}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Prochaska|first1=James|last2=Velicer|first2=Wayne|journal=American Journal of Health Promotion|date=1997|volume=12|issue=1|pages=38–48|doi=10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38|pmid=10170434|title=The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change|url=http://ahp.sagepub.com/content/12/1/38.short}} 17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Janz|first=Nancy K.|last2=Becker|first2=Marshall H.|date=2016-09-04|title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later|journal=Health Education Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–47|doi=10.1177/109019818401100101|pmid=6392204}} 18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Ronald W.|date=1975-09-01|title=A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1|journal=The Journal of Psychology|volume=91|issue=1|pages=93–114|doi=10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803|issn=0022-3980|pmid=28136248}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsi.com/JSIInternet/IntlHealth/project/display.cfm?ctid=na&cid=na&tid=40&id=7241|title=Brazil: Behavior Change Communication for More Effective Tuberculosis Control|last=|first=|date=2010–2011|website=John Snow Inc.|publisher=|access-date=2 August 2016}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.hivpolicy.org/Library/HPP000533.pdf|title=Behaviour Change Communication (BCC)for HIV/AIDS a Strategic Framework|last=|first=|date=September 2002|website=HIVPolicy.org|publisher=|access-date=2 August 2016}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://ccp.jhu.edu/|title=Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://developmentmedia.net/where-we-work|title=DMI – Where we work}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaction.org/evidence-action-beta/|title=Evidence Action Beta}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://scienceofbehaviorchange.org/|title=Science Of Behavior Change Research Network Website|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chocmoose.com|title=Media For Social Change – Chocolate Moose Media – Social Innovator|website=www.chocmoose.com}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=LOOKAHEADE|url=https://www.lookaheadtrial.org/}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Shape Up Somerville| publisher=City of Somerville, Mass.|url=http://www.somervillema.gov/departments/health-and-human-services/shape-up-somerville}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/diabetes/diabetes-prevention-program-dpp/Pages/default.aspx}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Truth Initiative|url=https://truthinitiative.org/}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids|url=http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/|date=2017-04-21}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=National Institutes of Health|url=https://prevention.nih.gov/tobacco-regulatory-science-program/about-the-FSPTCA}} 3 : Human behavior|Public health|Sanitation |
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