1. Life
     Early life    Authorship    Later life  

2. Major works
     Books    Essays  

3. Reception
     Relationship to George Orwell  

4. Further reading

5. References

}}Jack Hilton (21 January 1900 – 1983) was a British novelist, essayist, and travel writer. His work often depicted working-class people and environments, especially those of Northern England. Born into a working-class family, Hilton worked as a plasterer and was an active member of the plasterer’s union and the National Unemployed Workers’ Movement. After attending classes with the Workers Educational Association, he published his first book, the autobiographical Caliban Shrieks, in 1935. Hilton then attended Ruskin College, and eventually published a number of both fiction and nonfiction texts. He was acquainted with fellow working-class author Jack Common, socialist literary editor John Middleton Murray, and George Orwell.

Life

Early life

Hilton was born in Oldham but lived most of his life in and around Rochdale. Although his mother had many children, only four lived to adulthood. Hilton began working at an early age: at nine he worked before and after school as a “barber’s lather boy and later as a grocer’s errand boy.”^[1] At twelve, he worked half time at a cotton mill as a “doffer” – a term used for young boys who replenished the spindles used by the older weavers.^[2] He left school at fourteen and worked various jobs until joining the army at sixteen. During the war he was injured in France, at which point he returned to Rochdale and became a plasterer. He remained a plasterer for the rest of his life and was an active member of the plasterer’s union, which he joined in 1924. In June 1922, he married Mary Jane Parrott, a cotton mill worker. Mary would continue to work in local cotton mills for the duration of their marriage.^[1]

Authorship

Hilton was often unemployed during the depression of the 1930s, and during this time he joined the Workers’ Educational Association, where he began writing under the mentorship of W. H. Mason. At this time he was also active in the National Unemployed Workers’ Movement, and was arrested at a NUWM demonstration. He was held in prison for twelve days, then released on the condition that he not speak in public for three years. During this time of enforced silence, he finished his first book, Caliban Shrieks, which was published in 1935 by Cobden Sanderson. He then attended Ruskin College for two years on a Cassel scholarship.^[1] In late 1937 and early 1938, he published a series of autobiographical essays in The Adelphi, a literary journal edited by John Middleton Murray. 1938 also saw the publication of his first novel, Champion, by Johnathan Cape.^[3]

In 1938, Hilton was approached by Johnathan Cape about writing a travel narrative, offering him a £50 advance to fund the trip and £50 upon completion of his book. Hilton accepted the proposal, and in May of that year he and his wife Mary packed their belongings in a large pram and spent six months walking through “northern and midland industrial regions and cities such as Sheffield, Leicester, the Potteries and Birmingham; the home counties by way of Epsom and Buckinghamshire; and Bristol, Stroud and Devon in the west country.”^[1] Throughout the journey they visited working-class districts and interviewed workers in various industries about their working and living conditions. The couple camped in a tent on the side of the road, occasionally staying in the homes of fellow union members. The couple returned to Rochdale in October 1938, at which time Jack wrote up his notes from their journey. His account of their trip was published in 1940 as English Ways: A Walk from the Pennines to Epsom Downs in 1939.^[4]

After writing English Ways, Hilton returned to fiction, publishing his second novel, Laugh at Polonius; or Yet, There is Woman in 1942. His youngest brother, Stanley Hilton, died at sea in 1941, when the trawler Arctic Trapper, on which he was a stoker, was attacked by German planes and foundered.^[5] After the war, Hilton struggled to get his work published. Nevertheless, he continued writing throughout his life and published short stories and essays in magazines whenever possible.^[6] In 1949 he was hired to re-walk the same trip he took for English Ways and report on the “changes and improvements in post-war Labour Britain.”^[1] The resulting book, English Ribbon, was published in 1950; it would be his last major publication.^[7]

Later life

Hilton’s father, George Hilton, died in 1952, and his wife Mary died on 11 February 1955. He married his second wife, Beatrice Alice Bezzant on 14 July 1956.^[8] Neither marriage produced children.

Major works

Books

• Caliban Shrieks (1935)
• Champion (1937)
• English Ways: A Walk from the Pennines to Epsom Downs in 1939 (1940)
• Laugh at Polonius; or Yet, There is Woman (1942)
• English Ribbon (1950)

Essays

• “What Life Means to Me: The Credo of a Proletarian” (in five parts, The Adelphi 1937-8)
• “The Plasterer’s Life” (in Seven Shifts, edited by Jack Common, 1938)
• “Hibernation” (The Adelphi, May 1938)
• “Queer Men, Dear Women” (The Adelphi, July 1938)
• “Poplar and Whitechapel” (The Adelphi, Feb. 1939)   

Reception

Relationship to George Orwell

Although he was partially responsible for Orwell's visit to Wigan, Hilton was not impressed by the Road to Wigan Pier. In his unpublished autobiography Caliban Boswelling, Hilton criticized the book, claiming that although Orwell “went to Wigan…he might well have stayed away” as he only “wasted money, energy and wrote piffle.” Hilton claimed that Orwell “wanted to get at the pith but didn’t know how, and failed,” and as a result he produced “colour that wasn’t worth the paint mixes.” He blamed Orwell’s failure partially on his inability to blend in with the working-class communities he visited, being a "tall, ex-officer type, Eton, modest, non-hard-boozing, non hard cursing, non crude gamestering, no locale in the dialect sense.” ^[6]

Despite this disagreement, Orwell and Hilton continued corresponding and reading each other's work. "Orwell reviewed English Ways enthusiastically in the Adelphi in 1940 and discussed Hilton’s work with Desmond Hawkins in ‘The Proletarian Writer’, broadcast by the BBC in the same year and reprinted in The Listener."^[6] He repeatedly attempted to get Hilton's work published, introducing him to publishers and readers when he could.

Further reading

An archive of Hilton’s work and papers is held at Nottingham University Libraries. A description of the archive holding can be found at [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb159-jh Archives Hub].

After Hilton’s death, Croft advertised in the Rochdale Observer hoping to find any living relatives of Hilton’s, but was unsuccessful.^[16] More recently, other scholars have tried to find the copyright holder for Hilton's works so they can be republished.^[17]

References

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