“Marrawarra”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Marrawarra

释义

Language
Country
Society
Culture
History
Notable people
Alternative names
Some words
Notes
Citations
Sources

The Maraura people are an Aboriginal group whose traditional lands are located in Far West New South Wales and South Australia, Australia.

Language

The Maraura spoke the southernmost dialect of Paakantyi.{{sfn|Hercus|2011|p=10}}{{sfn|Hercus|1984|pp=56–57}} A wordlist of the language was taken down by John Bulmer.{{sfn|Bulmer|1886|pp=240–241}}

Country

According to Tindale, the Maraura's traditional domain lands consisted of some {{convert|2,200|mi2|km2}} of territory extending west from Wentworth along the northern bank of the Murray River downstream to Chowilla and Ral Ral, in South Australia. Inland they extended west to the anabranch of the Darling River as far as Popilta Lake, and upstream to Avoca.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=196}}

Society

The Maraura is known to have been divided into at least 5 hordes

Condelkoo
Boolkarlie
Moattilkoo
Bullalre
Toopparlie{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=196}}

A Nanya group is also recorded.{{sfn|Berndt|Berndt|Stanton|1993|p=40}} A. A. Radcliffe-Brown mentions also a Yakumku sub-tribe of the Maraura, dwelling around Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Brown|1918|p=248}}

The social organization was dual, centered on the relations between two moieties, the Kilpara and the Makwara/Makgara.{{sfn|Brown|1918|p=248}}

Culture

In relating their tribal mythology to Tindale, -the tale in question was an account of how the hero Wa:ku sought to marry two sisters- his informants, he recorded, would draw pictures on the ground, illustrating the narrative. A. P. Elkin cites this as an example corroborating a theory he advanced according to which rock art engravings functioned as mnemonics, with a propaedeutic function in helping to pass on to initiands the legendary lore of the elders.{{sfn|Elkin|1949|p=128}}

Tindale recorded their legends, particularly regarding the crow and eagle, in a work published in 1939.{{sfn|Tindale|1939|pp=243–261}}

History

According to hearsay recorded by George Taplin, between the years 1831 and 1836 the Maraura migrated down the Darling River to their modern lands. According to an early report (1842) the South Australian Kaurna referred to this area as Mettelittela Yerta ("the stolen land" or "the land of thieves").{{sfn|Tindale|1974}} Many if not most of the tribe are said to have been killed, during 1839–1846, by European explorers and aggressive overlanders—e.g. at the Rufus River massacre (where the South Australian Police were also involved).{{sfn|Lindsay|1986}}

Lockhart indicated that in 1857 the Maraura frequented Lake Victoria in summer and the back plains in winter after rains had filled small waterholes.{{sfn|Tindale|1974}}

Though elopement, which was severely frowned on and subject to sanctions by tribal law, is not known to have been the motive, sometime around 1863 two members of the Nanya branch of the Maraura left their horde near settlement of Wentworth near the Murray River and fled into bushland. They and their descendants, by then grown to some 28 people, were found in the 1890s, some three decades later. Shortly afterwards, within 3 years, they were rounded up and forced to become "civilized". When Norman Tindale was investigating the issue in the late 30s, he found that they had become extinct.{{sfn|Berndt|Berndt|Stanton|1993|p=40}} The outline of the story, the locale and the dates, coincide with an oral history taken from the informant Pinkie Mack, in which however, the couple were members of the Yaraldi people.{{sfn|Berndt|Berndt|Stanton|1993|pp=39–40}}

Notable people

Nanya (1835-1895) was one of the last aboriginals of New South Wales to persist in living according to the traditional tribal ways. He led his family into exile - it was later thought by ethnographic inquirers that he had intermarried with a woman of his own Makwarra moiety, a crime in native law punishable by death. He area he settled in was the harsh "Scotia blocks", a waterless tract of mallee land between the Great Darling Anabranch and the South Australian border. There they managed to subsist for 3 decades. His group, comprising 12 men, 8 women and 10 children, were persuaded to come back in by aboriginal trackers in 1893 who led them back to Popiltah station. They lived on in Pooncarie, preferring that to a civilized settlement. Many of his offspring died from diseases contracted from white settlers. His son Billy, who had received some education, committed suicide after being broken by the torments of crew members on a paddle-steamer: he threw himself into the engine block and was mangled to death.{{sfn|Lindsay|1986}}

Alternative names

Mareawura, Mare-aura, Maroura, Marowra, Marowera
Marraa" Warree", Marrawarra
Waimbio (wimbaia = wimbadja (man)).{{efn|wimbaia, according to A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, is the general word for "man" used in all the Darling river languages.{{sfn|Brown|1918|p=249}}}}
Wimbaja, Wiimbaio
Beriko (language name)
Ilaila (i:la = no).{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=196}}

Some words

kambia (father) The term used by males)
ŋamaga. (ngamara{{sfn|Bulmer|1886|p=240}}) (mother) (The term used by males)
kanau. (wedge-tailed eagle|eaglehawk) (also a totem)
namba. (silver fish) (also a totem)
pudali. (a star) (also a totem)
pil'ta. (opossum) (also a totem)
pärndu. Murray cod (also a totem){{sfn|Brown|1918|p=248}}
thandoa (whiteman){{sfn|Bulmer|1886|p=240}}

Notes

Citations

Sources

{{Cite book| title = A World that was: The Yaraldi of the Murray River and the Lakes, South Australia

| last1 = Berndt | first1 = Ronald Murray
| last2 = Berndt | first2 = Catherine Helen
| last3 = Stanton | first3 = John E.
| author1-link = Ronald Berndt
| author2-link = Catherine Berndt
| year = 1993
| publisher = UBC Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gYhQnj6cWh8C&pg=PA40
| isbn = 978-0-774-80478-3
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite journal | title = Notes on the social organization of Australian tribes

| last = Brown | first = A. R.
| author-link = Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
| journal = The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
| date = July–December 1918 | volume = 48 | pages = 222–253
| jstor = 2843422
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| chapter = Marowera Language

| last = Bulmer | first = John
| year = 1886
| title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent
| editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr
| volume = Volume 2 | pages = 240–241
| publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne
| chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/cu31924026093827/cu31924026093827.pdf
| chapter-format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite journal | title = The Origin and Interpretation of Petroglyphs in South-East Australia

| last = Elkin | first = A. P.
| author-link = A. P. Elkin
| journal = Oceania
| date = December 1949 | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–157
| jstor = 40328236
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite journal | title = The Marawara language of Yelta: Interpreting Linguistic Records of the Past

| last = Hercus | first = Luise
| author-link = Luise Hercus
| journal = Aboriginal History
| year = 1984 | volume = 8 | pages = 56–62
| url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71671/pdf/article052.pdf
| format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite journal | title = Three Linguistic Studies from Far South-Western NSW

| last = Hercus | first = Luise
| author-link = Luise Hercus
| journal = Aboriginal History
| year = 1989 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–62
| url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p72111/pdf/article037.pdf
| format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| title = Paakantyi Dictionary

| last = Hercus | first = Luise A.
| author-link = Luise Hercus
| year = 2011
| publisher = AIATSIS
| url = https://www.academia.edu/25797828/PAAKANTYI_DICTIONARY
| isbn = 978-0-646-15261-5
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| chapter = Nanya (1835–1895)

| last = Lindsay | first = Robert
| year = 1986
| title = Australian Dictionary of Biography
| volume = Volume 10
| publisher = Melbourne University Press
| chapter-url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nanya-7725
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite journal | title = Eagle and crow myths of the Maraura tribe, Lower Darling River, New South Wales

| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett
| author-link = Norman Tindale
| journal = Records of the South Australian Museum
| location = Adelaide
| year = 1939 | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–261
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127561#page/281/mode/1up
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book| chapter = Maraura (NSW)

| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett
| author-link = Norman Tindale
| year = 1974
| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
| publisher = Australian National University Press
| chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/maraura.htm
| isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6
| ref = harv
}}{{refend}}{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}}

2 : Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales|Aboriginal peoples of South Australia

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。