| 词条 | Paecilomyces marquandii |
| 释义 |
| regnum = Fungi | divisio = Ascomycota | subdivisio = Pezizomycotina | classis = Eurotiomycetes | ordo = Eurotiales | familia = Trichocomaceae | genus = Paecilomyces | species = P. marquandii | binomial = Paecilomyces marquandii | binomial_authority = (Massee) S. Hughes (1951) | synonyms = *Verticillium marquandii Massee (1898)
HistoryThe genus Verticillium was erected by British mycologist G.E. Massee in 1898 to accommodate Verticillium marquandii. This species was initially thought conspecific with Spicaria violacea based on its pattern of cell wall division.[9] The fungus was transferred to the genus Paecilomyces as Paecilomyces marquandii by Canadian mycologist Stanley John Hughes in 1951[6] because of its morphological inconsistency with the emerging, modern concept of Verticillium[11] Paecilomyces marquandii is often confused with Purpureocillium lilacinum because of their similar brownish-violet colony colors and bright yellow reverse pigmentation.[6] In 2014, Metarhizium marquandii was introduced to accommodate this species, but it is considered a synonym.[1][6][7][16] Growth and morphologyPaecilomyces marquandii is an anamorphic eurotiomycete. It forms brush-like conidiophores borne on thin-walled, hyaline, and smooth-walled stalks that reach lengths from 50 to 300 μm and 2.5 to 3 μm wide.[1][6] Conidiophores of P. marquandii resemble those of the genus Penicillium where brush-like conidiophores terminate with phialides with swollen bases and tapered necks 8 to 15 μm long and 1.5 to 2 μm wide.[1][6] Conidia are produced in connected chains consisting of smooth walled hyaline broadly ellipsoidal to spindle-shaped spores, 3 to 3.5 μm long and 2.2 μm wide.[1][6][23] Single phialides are not associated with conidiophores but may arise on vegetative aerial hyphae.[1][6] Globe to ellipsoid chlamydospores 3.5 μm in diameter may be produced submerged in the growth medium beneath the mycelium.[6] No sexual state is known.[27] Colonies are odorless.[1]Paecilomyces marquandii can grow at wide range of temperature from {{convert|5-30|C|F}} with optimal growth at 25 °C but no growth above 37 °C.[1][6] Temperature tolerance is a characteristic that distinguishes Paecilomyces marquandii from Purpureocillium lilacinum with the latter exhibiting growth above 37 °C.[6] Colonies of P. marquandii grown on malt agar reach 5–7 cm in diameter in 14 days at 25 °C with a velvety, brownish-violet aerial mycelium occasionally producing short tufts of conidiophores called synnemata.[32][33] Colonies begin as white becoming violet then dark vinaceous brown with bright yellow to orange yellow reverse at maturity.[1][32] Optimal growth of P. marquandii occurs at a water potential of 45 bars.[1] Growth is inhibited at atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide less than 3%.[1][38] Paecilomyces marquandii exhibits antagonism towards Rhizoctonia solani and other fungi. However, it exerts stimulatory effects on some crop plants including corn.[1]PhysiologyPaecilomyces marquandii utilizes starch, gelatin, chitin, and nitrite.[1] Cellulose decomposition is absent or very poor.[1][42] Paecilomyces marquandii is characterised by high tolerance to metals such as zinc, copper and lead.[1][2] This fungus is proficient at taking up minerals and heavy metals from soil particularly at high pH conditions,[1][46][2] although very high concentrations of metals disrupt the cell membrane.[4] This species is also able to take up and decompose the banned herbicide alachlor and break it down by nitrogen acetyl oxidation.[4][50][51][52] P. marquandii produces highly active, specific keratinases.[53] In presence of keratin chips with phosphate and magnesium ions, it forms large quantities of struvite crystals.[1] Oxygen uptake of P. marquandii is reduced by saturated 8-11 carbon chain fatty acids as a sole carbon source but favoured by compounds with shorter or longer fatty acid chains.[1] Optimum pH for P. marquandii growth is 5-6.[1] It is sensitive to organic chemicals like carbon disulfide.[1]Habitat and ecologyPaecilomyces marquandii has been isolated from soils in Netherlands, Austria, Czech Republic, Russia, United States, Canada, Spain, Turkey, Israel, Syria, Zaire, central Africa, the Ivory Coast, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Jamaica, the Bahamas, Brazil, Central America, New Zealand, and Japan.[1] It has been found in various types of soils including forest soils, under aspen forests, mixed hardwood with high humus accumulation, grasslands particularly in the upper soil layers, soils with steppe-type vegetation, arable and other cultivated soils down to a depth of 40 cm.[1] This species has been found in agricultural fields treated with sewage sludge, in sewage sludge itself, streams with a lower degree of pollution, river sediments, estuarine slit, sand dunes, carst caves, and bat guano.[1] It has been also isolated from pine litter, pine humus, peat, truffle grounds, roots of strawberry, the rhizosphere of corn, wheat, grasses, Beta vulgaris, and sugar cane and the rhizosphere of Lupinus angustifolius.[1][6] Conidia of P. marquandii have been observed to germinate near roots of peas and radish.[1] This effect is inhibited in the presence of the fungicide, miconazole.[1]Human and animal diseaseThis species has been reported as an agent of cellulitis on the leg of an immunosuppressed kidney transplant patient receiving corticosteroid therapy.[6][68] Successful control of disseminated P. marquandii infection was obtained with miconazole. The fungus has exhibited tolerance to amphotericin B and flucytosine. It is not thought to be a significant pathogen of humans or animals. References1. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Barron|first1=George L.|title=The genera of Hyphomycetes from soil|date=1983|publisher=Krieger|location=Malabar, Fla.|isbn=9780882750040|edition= Reprint.}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Boertmann|first1=David|title=The genus Hygrocybe|date=2010|publisher=Danish Mycological Society|location=[Denmark]|isbn=9788798358176|edition= 2nd rev.}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Bujold|first1=I.|last2=Paulitz|first2=T. C.|last3=Carisse|first3=O.|title=Effect of Microsphaeropsis sp. on the Production of Perithecia and Ascospores of Gibberella zeae|journal=Plant Disease|date=September 2001|volume=85|issue=9|pages=977–984|doi=10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.9.977}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 {{cite book | last1 = Domsch | first1 = K.H. | last2 = Gams | first2 = Walter | last3 = Andersen | first3 = Traute-Heidi | title = Compendium of soil fungi | year = 1980 | publisher = Academic Press | location = London, UK | isbn = 9780122204029 | edition = 2nd}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Cortez|first1=K. J.|last2=Roilides|first2=E.|last3=Quiroz-Telles|first3=F.|last4=Meletiadis|first4=J.|last5=Antachopoulos|first5=C.|last6=Knudsen|first6=T.|last7=Buchanan|first7=W.|last8=Milanovich|first8=J.|last9=Sutton|first9=D. A.|last10=Fothergill|first10=A.|last11=Rinaldi|first11=M. G.|last12=Shea|first12=Y. R.|last13=Zaoutis|first13=T.|last14=Kottilil|first14=S.|last15=Walsh|first15=T. J.|title=Infections Caused by Scedosporium spp.|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|date=17 January 2008|volume=21|issue=1|pages=157–197|doi=10.1128/CMR.00039-07|pmid=18202441|pmc=2223844}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Duddington|first1=C.L.|title=Further records of British predacious fungi. II|journal=Transactions of the British Mycological Society|date=January 1951|volume=34|issue=2|pages=194–209|doi=10.1016/s0007-1536(51)80008-1}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Eykholt|first1=Gerald R.|last2=Davenport|first2=Douglas T.|title=Dechlorination of the Chloroacetanilide Herbicides Alachlor and Metolachlor by Iron Metal|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|date=May 1998|volume=32|issue=10|pages=1482–1487|doi=10.1021/es970678n}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Gradisar|first1=H.|last2=Friedrich|first2=J.|last3=Krizaj|first3=I.|last4=Jerala|first4=R.|title=Similarities and Specificities of Fungal Keratinolytic Proteases: Comparison of Keratinases of Paecilomyces marquandii and Doratomyces microsporus to Some Known Proteases|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=6 July 2005|volume=71|issue=7|pages=3420–3426|doi=10.1128/aem.71.7.3420-3426.2005|pmid=16000744}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=L.F.|title=Paecilomyces cellulitis in a renal transplant patient: successful treatment with intravenous miconazole|date=1979|publisher=Southern Medical journal}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite book | last1 = Kane | first1 = Julius | last2 = Summerbell | first2 = Richard | last3 = Sigler | first3 = Lynne | last4 = Krajden | first4 = Sigmund | last5 = Land | first5 = Geoffrey | title = Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes: a clinical guide and laboratory handbook of dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi from skin, hair, and nails | year = 1997 | publisher = Star Pub. | location = Belmont, CA | isbn = 978-0898631579}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|last1=MycoBank|title=Paecilomyces marquandii|url=http://www.mycobank.org/mb/302194|website=MycoBank|publisher=Westerdijk Institut|accessdate=7 January 2018}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Rezacova|first1=Veronika|last2=Blum|first2=Herbert|last3=Hrselova|first3=Hana|last4=Gamper|first4=Hannes|last5=Gryndler|first5=Milan|title=Saprobic microfungi under Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens at different fertilization intensities and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration|journal=Global Change Biology|date=February 2005|volume=11|issue=2|pages=224–230|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00908.x}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Słaba|first1=Mirosława|last2=Szewczyk|first2=Rafał|last3=Bernat|first3=Przemysław|last4=Długoński|first4=Jerzy|title=Simultaneous toxic action of zinc and alachlor resulted in enhancement of zinc uptake by the filamentous fungus Paecilomyces marquandii|journal=Science of the Total Environment|date=June 2009|volume=407|issue=13|pages=4127–4133|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.03.023|pmid=19394071}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Słaba|first1=Mirosława|last2=Długoński|first2=Jerzy|title=Efficient Zn2+ and Pb2+ uptake by filamentous fungus Paecilomyces marquandii with engagement of metal hydrocarbonates precipitation|journal=International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation|date=October 2011|volume=65|issue=7|pages=954–960|doi=10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.07.004}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Słaba|first1=M|last2=Bernat|first2=P|last3=Różalska|first3=S|last4=Nykiel|first4=J|last5=Długoński|first5=J|title=Comparative study of metal induced phospholipid modifications in the heavy metal tolerant filamentous fungus Paecilomyces marquandii and implications for the fungal membrane integrity.|journal=Acta Biochimica Polonica|date=2013|volume=60|issue=4|pages=695–700|pmid=24432319}} 16. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Słaba|first1=Mirosława|last2=Różalska|first2=Sylwia|last3=Bernat|first3=Przemysław|last4=Szewczyk|first4=Rafał|last5=Piątek|first5=Milena A.|last6=Długoński|first6=Jerzy|title=Efficient alachlor degradation by the filamentous fungus Paecilomyces marquandii with simultaneous oxidative stress reduction|journal=Bioresource Technology|date=December 2015|volume=197|pages=404–409|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.045|pmid=26356111}} 17. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Harvey C.|title=The morphology of Verticillium albo-atrum, V. dahliae, and V. tricorpus|journal=New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research|date=5 January 2012|volume=8|issue=3|pages=450–478|doi=10.1080/00288233.1965.10419889}} 18. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Sutton|first1=B. C.|last2=Sandhu|first2=D. K.|title=Electron microscopy of conidium development and secession in Cryptosporiopsis sp., Phoma fumosa, Melanconium bicolor, and M. apiocarpum|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|date=May 1969|volume=47|issue=5|pages=745–749|doi=10.1139/b69-107}} 19. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Szewczyk|first1=Rafał|last2=Soboń|first2=Adrian|last3=Słaba|first3=Mirosława|last4=Długoński|first4=Jerzy|title=Mechanism study of alachlor biodegradation by Paecilomyces marquandii with proteomic and metabolomic methods|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|date=June 2015|volume=291|pages=52–64|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.063|pmid=25765177}} 20. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Widden|first1=Paul|title=Functional relationships between Quebec forest soil microfungi and their environment|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|date=July 1986|volume=64|issue=7|pages=1424–1432|doi=10.1139/b86-194}} }}{{taxonbar | from = Q10614993}} 1 : Eurotiales |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。