| 词条 | Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami |
| 释义 |
Abū Zurʿa Rawḥ ibn Zinbāʿ al-Judhāmī (died 703) was the Umayyad governor of Palestine, one of the main advisers of Caliph Abd al-Malik and the chieftain of the Banu Judham. LifeRawh was the son of a certain Zinba, a noble of the Banu Judham, an Arab tribe that had been concentrated in Palestine prior to the Muslim conquest in the 630s.[1] Rawh's brother Salama participated in a war council at the Beersheba estate of Amr ibn al-As. However, Rawh emerged as the most influential member of his family and a rival of the Judham's paramount chieftain, the elder Natil ibn Qays.[1][2] Though the Umayyad caliph Yazid I (r. 680–683) at one point questioned Rawh's loyalties, he dispatched him as part of a team charged with obtaining the oath of allegiance from the rebel Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr of the Hejaz in 681.[1][3] They were unsuccessful and Rawh was again dispatched in 682–683 as a commander in Muslim ibn Uqba's army, which was sent to suppress the Hejaz rebellion.[1][3] During that campaign, in which the Umayyad army defeated the rebels at the Battle of al-Harrah, Rawh was in charge of the Jund Filastin (Palestine) contingent.[3] Back in Palestine, Rawh campaigned to persuade the Judham to change their genealogical origin from Qahtan (southern Arabs) to Ma'add (northern Arabs) in order to bring the Judham closer to Rawh's allies the Banu Kalb of Quda'a.[1][4] This effort was opposed by Natil.[4] When Yazid and his successor, Mu'awiya II, died in quick succession in late 683 and early 684, Natil switched his allegiance from the Umayyads to the newly-declared caliphate of Ibn al-Zubayr.[4] The governors of the districts of Hims, Qinnasrin and Damascus and the Arab tribes that filled their army ranks also gave their allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr.[4] The Kalb governor of Palestine, Ibn Bahdal, left to rally support for a new Umayyad caliph in the Jordan district, leaving Rawh as his replacement in Palestine.[1][4] However, Natil soon after expelled Rawh, who maintained his loyalty to the Kalb and the Umayyads.[5] In the summit of pro-Umayyad tribes at Jabiyah hosted by Ibn Bahdal in 684, Rawh is credited with delivering a speech in favor of Marwan ibn al-Hakam to assume the caliphate as opposed to other Umayyad candidates such as Khalid ibn Yazid, who was favored by Ibn Bahdal, and Amr ibn Sa'id al-Ashdaq.[1] He was to be rewarded for his stance when Marwan was indeed chosen by the delegates as caliph.[1] At the Battle of Marj Rahit in 684, Rawh and his loyalists in the Judham fought alongside the pro-Umayyad tribal forces and decisively defeated the pro-Zubayrid Qays tribes.[1] Umayyad control was subsequently reasserted throughout Syria, forcing Natil to flee Palestine, to which Rawh was assigned deputy governor.[1][3] Following Marwan's death in April 685, Rawh became a close adviser and aide to his son and successor, Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705).[1] In the medieval sources, he is described as akin to the caliph's wazīr (vizier), a non-existent post at the time.[1] Rawh died in 703.[1] His descendants are mentioned in the historical record during the chaos marking the end of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750.[1] AssessmentAbd al-Malik commended Rawh as a Syrian for his loyalty, an Iraqi for his shrewdness, a Hejazi for his knowledge in Islamic law and a Persian for calligraphic skills.[6] According to historian Moshe Gil, Rawh was known to be a "very gifted" adviser of Abd al-Malik.[6] Gil and Hawting describe his role in the caliph's administration as a precedent of the post of wazīr.[1][6] Rawh is counted by some medieval sources as a sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) and was known as a transmitter of hadith.[1] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hawting 1995, p. 466. 2. ^Crone 1980, p. 34 and pp. 99–100. 3. ^1 2 3 Crone 1980, p. 100. 4. ^1 2 3 4 Crone 1980, p. 34. 5. ^Crone 1980, p. 35. 6. ^1 2 Gil 1997, p. 81. Bibliography
6 : 703 deaths|7th-century Arabs|8th-century Umayyad people|Bedouin tribal chiefs|People of the Second Fitna|Umayyad governors of Palestine |
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