| 词条 | Black grouse | ||
| 释义 |
| name = Black grouse | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Black Grouse Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald.jpg | image_caption = Male | genus = Tetrao | species = tetrix | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | synonyms = *Lyrurus tetrix {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
| synonyms_ref = [2] | range_map = Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix distribution map.png | range_map_caption = Black grouse range[3] | range_map_alt = Distribution of black grouse globally | range_map2 = Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix distribution in Europe map.png | range_map2_caption = Distribution in Europe.[3] | range_map2_alt = Close up of distribution of black grouse in Europe }} The black grouse or blackgame or blackcock (Tetrao tetrix) is a large game bird in the grouse family. It is a sedentary species, breeding across northern Eurasia in moorland and bog areas near to woodland, mostly boreal. The black grouse is closely related to the Caucasian grouse. The female is greyish-brown and has a cackling call. She takes all responsibility for nesting and caring for the chicks, as is typical with gamebirds. The black grouse's genome was sequenced in 2014.[5] Taxonomy and namingThe black grouse is one of the many species first described in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, and still bears its original binomial name. Both Tetrao and tetrix come from Ancient Greek words referring to some form of game bird.[4] The male and female are sometimes referred to by their folk names, blackcock and greyhen respectively. These names first occur in the literature with John Ray in 1674.[7] Heathcock and Heathhen are also common names.[5] DescriptionThe black grouse is a large bird with males being around {{convert|53|cm|in}} long and weighing {{convert|1000|–|1450|g|lb|abbr=on}} and females approximately {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weighing {{convert|750|–|1110|g|lb|abbr=on}}.[9] The cock is very distinctive, with black plumage, apart from red wattles and a white wingbar, and a lyre-shaped tail, which appears forked in flight. His song is loud, bubbling and somewhat dove-like.[9] Distribution and habitatBlack grouse can be found across Europe (Swiss-Italian-French Alps specially) from Great Britain (but not Ireland) through Scandinavia and Estonia into Russia. In Eastern Europe they can be found in Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Romania and Ukraine. There is a population in the Alps, and isolated remnants in Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.[9] It formerly occurred in Denmark, but the Danish Ornithological Society (DOF) has considered it extinct since 2001. The species disappeared from Bulgaria in the 19th century. Conservation status{{Refimprove section|date=September 2010}}Although this species is declining in western Europe, it is not considered to be vulnerable globally due to the large population (global estimate is 15-40 million individuals) and slow rate of decline.[1] Its decline is due to loss of habitat, disturbance, predation by foxes, crows, etc., and small populations gradually dying out. The IUCN implemented a Black Grouse Action Plan 2007–2010. This has looked at local populations that are vulnerable to the extinction vortex. For example, in Styria in Austria. In the United Kingdom black grouse are found in upland areas of Wales, the Pennines and most of Scotland. Best looked for on farmland and moorland with nearby forestry or scattered trees. They have traditional lek sites where the males display. They have declined in some parts of the UK (especially England), having disappeared from many of their former haunts. They are now extirpated in Lancashire, Derbyshire, Exmoor, East Yorkshire, New Forest, Nottinghamshire, Worcestershire, Quantock Hills, Cornwall, Dartmoor, Kent, Wiltshire and Surrey. A programme to re-introduce black grouse into the wild started in 2003 in the Upper Derwent Valley area of the Peak District in England. 30 grouse were released in October 2003, followed by 10 male grouse in December 2004 and a further 10 males and 10 females in April 2005. The programme is being run jointly by the National Trust, Severn Trent Water and Peak District National Park. Conservation groups helping to revive the black grouse include the RSPB and the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. In France there has been much work regarding the birds and their risk of flying into ski-lifts.[14] BreedingBlack grouse have a very distinctive and well-recorded courtship ritual or game. At dawn in the spring, the males strut around in a traditional area and display whilst making a highly distinctive mating call. This process is called a lek—the grouse are said to be lekking. In western Europe these gatherings seldom involve more than 40 birds; in Russia 150 is not uncommon and 200 have been recorded.[9] Relationship to humansThe tails of black-cocks have, since late Victorian times, been popular adornments for hats worn with Highland Dress. Most commonly associated with Glengarry and Balmoral or Tam o' Shanter caps, they still continue to be worn by pipers of civilian and military pipe bands. Since 1904, all ranks of the Royal Scots and King's Own Scottish Borderers have worn them in their full-dress headgear and that tradition is carried on in the dress glengarries of the current Scottish super regiment, the Royal Regiment of Scotland. References1. ^1 {{IUCN|id=22679480 |title=Lyrurus tetrix |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} [6][7][8][9]2. ^{{avibase|D4441CD6E9C993EF|Lyrurus tetrix}} 3. ^1 BirdLife International and NatureServe (2014) Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. 2012. Lyrurus tetrix. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. {{cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-06-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627000000/http://www.iucnredlist.org/ |archivedate=27 June 2014 |df=dmy }}. Downloaded on 02 June 2015. 4. ^{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | location = London | publisher = Christopher Helm | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |page =383}} 5. ^{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Blackcock}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |title=The Birds of the Western Palearctic |edition=Abridged |year=1997 |publisher=OUP |isbn=0-19-854099-X}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names |last=Lockwood |first=W.B. |year=1993 |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0-19-866196-2}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/Observatoire-des-galliformes-de-montagne-ru106/Observatoire-des-galliformes-de-montagne-ar240 |title=Observatoire des galliformes de montagne (Observatory of Mountain Galliformes) |language=fr}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=B. |last2=Ekblom |first2=R. |last3=Bunikis |first3=I. |last4=Siitari |first4=H. |last5=Höglund |first5=J. |title=Whole genome sequencing of the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix): Reference guided assembly suggests faster-Z and MHC evolution |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=15 |pages=e10000180 |date=6 March 2014 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-15-180}} }} External links{{Commons category|Lyrurus tetrix}}{{Wikispecies|Lyrurus tetrix}}
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