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词条 Black operation
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. Reported examples

  3. In popular culture

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Redirect2|Black op|Black ops||Black Ops (disambiguation)}}{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}

A black operation (or black op) is a covert or clandestine operation by a government agency, a military unit or a paramilitary organization. This can include activities by private companies or groups. Key features of a black operation are that it is secret and it is not attributable to the organization carrying it out.[1] The main difference between a black operation and one that is merely secret is that a black operation involves a significant degree of deception, to conceal who is behind it or to make it appear that some other entity is responsible ("false flag" operations).[2][3]

A single such activity may be called a black bag operation;[1] that term is primarily used for covert or clandestine surreptitious entries into structures to obtain information for human intelligence operations.[4] Such operations are known to have been carried out by the FBI,[5] CIA,[6] Mossad, MI6, ASIS, COMANF, DGFI, RAW, MSS, KGB, FSB, DGSE and the intelligence services of other nations.[4]

Etymology

"Black" may be used as a generic term for any government activity that is hidden or secret. For example, in the United States, some activities by military and intelligence agencies are funded by a classified "black budget", of which the details, and sometimes even the total, are hidden from the public and from most congressional oversight.[7][8]

Reported examples

  • In May 2007 ABC News, and later the Daily Telegraph, reported that United States president George W. Bush had authorized the CIA to undertake "black operations" in Iran in order to promote regime change as well as to sabotage Iran's nuclear program.[9][10] ABC News was subsequently criticized for reporting the secret operation, with 2008 presidential candidate Mitt Romney saying he was "shocked to see the ABC News report regarding covert action in Iran," but ABC said the CIA and the Bush Administration knew of their plans to publish the information and raised no objections.[11]
  • In June 2007 the Central Intelligence Agency declassified secret records—part of a collection of highly guarded documents called the "Family Jewels"—detailing illegal domestic surveillance, assassination plots, kidnapping, and infiltration and penetration of other "black" operations undertaken by the CIA from the 1950s to the early 1970s. CIA Director General Michael Hayden explained why he released the documents, saying that they provided a "glimpse of a very different time and a very different agency".[12]

In popular culture

The theme of black operations is a popular genre within fictional literature and Hollywood films. Both the spy film and spy fiction genres have had a significant following for many decades including such films as Apocalypse Now and Zero Dark Thirty and such authors as John Le Carre and Tom Clancy. These “black operations” have also been a key point in video games. One such example is Activision's Black Ops, set in the early 1960s, where the player performs black operations such as trying to assassinate Fidel Castro and to eliminate the three antagonists.

See also

  • Black project
  • Operation Orchard
  • Operation Mongoose

References

1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Smith Jr.|first=W. Thomas|title=Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency|year=2003|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8160-4666-2|page=31}}
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=zDRQAAAAYAAJ&q=clandestine+%22black+operation%22&dq=clandestine+%22black+operation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qVXXT_zXHMjg2QWVnoC8Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ Popular Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 2–6]. Ziff-Davis Publishing Co., Inc. 1974, p. 267. "There are three classifications into which the intelligence community officially divides clandestine broadcast stations. A black operation is one in which there is a major element of deception."
3. ^Djang, Chu, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6V9cK2ydGe4C&pg=PA54 From Loss to Renewal: A Tale of Life Experience at Ninety], Authors Choice Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 54. "(A black operation was) an operation in which the sources of propaganda were disguised or mispresented in one way or another so as not to be attributed to the people who really engineered it."
4. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://intelnews.org/2008/12/16/04-11/|title=Tallinn government surveillance cameras reveal black bag operation|date=December 16, 2008|work=Intelnews|accessdate=3 December 2012}}
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2007/06/as_part_of_its_/|title=FBI to Boost ‘Black Bag’ Search Ops|last=Rood|first=Justin|date=June 15, 2007|work=ABC News|accessdate=3 December 2012}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.matthewaid.com/post/32043919336/the-cia-code-thief-who-came-in-from-the-cold|title=The CIA Code Thief Who Came in from the Cold|work=matthewald.com|accessdate=3 December 2012}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_09/c3973050.htm|title=Dirty Secrets Of The "Black Budget"|date=February 27, 2006|work=Business Week|accessdate=June 12, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231103203/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_09/c3973050.htm|archivedate=December 31, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/02/pentagons-black-budget-tops-56-billion/|title=Pentagon’s Black Budget Tops $56 Billion|last=Shachtman|first=Noah|date=February 1, 2010|work=Wired|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2007/05/bush_authorizes/|title=Bush Authorizes New Covert Action Against Iran|last=Ross|first=Brian|author2=Esposito, Richard|date=May 22, 2007|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=June 7, 2012}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1552784/Bush-sanctions-black-ops-against-Iran.html|title=Bush sanctions 'black ops' against Iran|last=Shipman|first=Tim|date=May 27, 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=June 7, 2012}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-500486_162-2842625-500486.html |title=ABC News Comes Under Fire For Iran Report |last=Montopoli |first=Brian |date=May 23, 2007 |publisher=CBS News |accessdate=January 26, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218002320/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-500486_162-2842625-500486.html |archivedate=February 18, 2011 }}
12. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/22/usa.simontisdall|title=CIA to release cold war 'black files'|last=Tisdall |first=Simon|date=June 22, 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=June 7, 2012}}

External links

{{Wiktionary|black operation}}{{Espionage}}

2 : Secret government programs|Intelligence operations by type
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