| 词条 | Black Rock Desert |
| 释义 |
| name = Black Rock Desert | other_name = | photo = BLM-Winnemucca-NCA-Map 1-01 reference.gif | photo_caption = | map = | map_image = | map_caption = | location = | country = United States | state = Nevada | region = | district_type = County | district = Humboldt | district1 = Pershing | district2 = Washoe | city = Gerlach, Nevada | label = | label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|40|52|59|N|119|03|50|W|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | elevation = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_ref = | length = | length_mi = 100 | length_km = | length_orientation = | length_note = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | width_orientation = | width_note = | area = | area_mi2 = 1000 | area_km2 = | depth = | depth_ft = | depth_m = | type = | age = | border = | topo = | traversed = | river = Quinn River | footnotes = | embed = }} The Black Rock Desert is a semi-arid region (in the Great Basin shrub steppe eco-region), of lava beds and playa, or alkali flats, situated in the Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area, a silt playa {{convert|100|mi}} north of Reno, Nevada that encompasses more than {{convert|300000|acre|ha}} of land and contains more than {{convert|120|mi|-2}} of historic trails. It is in the northern Nevada section of the Great Basin with a lakebed that is a dry remnant of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan. The Great Basin, named for the geography in which water is unable to flow out and remains in the basin, is a rugged land serrated by hundreds of mountain ranges, dried by wind and sun, with spectacular skies and scenic landscapes.[1] The average annual precipitation (years 1971-2000) at Gerlach, Nevada (extreme south-west of the desert) is {{convert|7.90|in|mm|-1}}.[2] The region is notable for its paleogeologic features, as an area of 19th-century Emigrant Trails to California, as a venue for rocketry, and as an alternative to the Bonneville Salt Flats in northwestern Utah, for setting land speed records (Mach 1.02 in 1997). It is also the location for the annual Burning Man event. The Black Rock Desert is part of the National Conservation Area (NCA), a unit of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) National Landscape Conservation System (NLCS). The NCA is located in northwest Nevada, and was established by legislation in 2000. It is a unique combination of desert playa, narrow canyons, and mountainous areas. Humans have been in Black Rock Desert since approximately 11,000 BC. In 1300 BC the area was settled by the Paiute people. The large black rock formation was used as a landmark by the Paiute and later emigrants crossing the area. The landmark is a conical outcrop composed of interbedded Permian marine limestone and volcanic rocks.[3] At its base is a large hot spring and grassy meadow, which was an important place for those crossing the desert headed for California and Oregon. In 1843, John Fremont and his party were the first white men to cross the desert, and his trail was used by over half the 22,000 gold seekers headed to California after 1849. In 1867, Hardin City, a short-lived silver mill town was established (now a ghost town). GeographyThe Black Rock Desert region is in northwestern Nevada and the northwestern Great Basin. The playa extends for approximately {{convert|100|mi|abbr=on}} northeast from the towns of Gerlach and Empire, between the Jackson Mountains to the east and the Calico Hills to the west. The Black Rock Desert is separated into two arms by the Black Rock Range. It lies at an elevation of {{convert|3907|ft|abbr=on}}[5] and has an area of about {{convert|1000|sqmi|abbr=on}}.[6] There are several possible definitions of the extent of the Black Rock Desert. Often people refer just to the playa surface. Sometimes terrain which can be seen from the playa is included. The widest definition of the Black Rock Desert region is the watershed of the basin that drains into the playa. The intermittent Quinn River is the largest river in the region, starting in the Santa Rosa Range and ending in the Quinn River Sink on the playa south of the Black Rock Range. The watershed covers {{convert|11600|sqmi|abbr=on}}[7] including the Upper and Lower Quinn River, Smoke Creek Desert, Massacre Lake, and Thousand Creek[8]/Virgin Valley[9] watersheds of northwestern Nevada as well as small parts across the borders of California and Oregon. If the playa is wet for a month or so, the shallow waters teem with fairy shrimp, or anostraca born of eggs that lie dormant in the silt crust for long periods of time - sometimes for many years. The edges of the playa and the Quinn River Sink stay wet longer than the rest of the playa, which concentrates the fairy shrimp and migratory birds in those areas. More than 250 species of neo-tropical migrant birds and many other water birds stop in Black Rock-High Rock Country for varying lengths of time. When wet, especially in spring, the playa is a favorite place for these winged visitors to rest and feed.[1] When it rains, the playa can become extremely sticky, bogging down four-wheel-drive vehicles. Some areas of the Black Rock are environmentally sensitive and closed to all vehicles. Humboldt, Pershing and Washoe Counties of Nevada intersect at the Black Rock Desert. Mountain rangesThe following mountain ranges are within or bordering the Black Rock Desert region. {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
Geologic featuresThe desert has numerous volcanic and geothermal features of the northwest Nevada volcanic region, including two Black Rock Points (west and east) at the southern end of the Black Rock Range and which have dark Permian volcanic rocks similar to another Permian black diabase dike formation in Nevada.[33] The portion of the Lake Lahontan lakebed in the Black Rock Desert is generally flat with Lahontan salt shrub vegetation, widely scattered hot springs, and a playa. In areas of the lakebed along mountains, rain shadow results in desert precipitation levels. The playa of the Black Rock Desert lakebed is ~{{convert|200|sqmi|abbr=on}} within an area bounded by the Calico Mountains Wilderness (north), Gerlach (west), the Applegate National Historic Trail (northeast), and the Union Pacific Railroad (south).[37] The "South Playa" (~30 sq mi, with ~{{convert|13|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} in Washoe Co) is between Gerlach and the southwest boundary of the National Conservation Area (NCA),[37] while the northeast NCA portion of the playa (including ~{{convert|25|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} in Humboldt Co) is between the NCA boundary and the Applegate National Historic Trail.[36] A Nobles route between Gerlach and Black Rock Hot Springs extends through the length of the playa.[36] The playa's Quinn River Sink of ~{{convert|3|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} is where the Quinn River discharges/evaporates ~{{convert|2.75|mi|km|abbr=on}} south-southwest of Black Rock Hot Springs.[41] MiningProspecting and mining has occurred in the Black Rock region since the mid-19th century. US Gypsum Corporation operated a gypsum mine and drywall (brand named Sheetrock) manufacturing plant in Empire, which employed 107 people and produced 266,300 tons of gypsum in 2008.[37][38] Allied Nevada Gold Corporation re-opened the Hycroft Gold Mine in 2008 after acquiring it from Vista Gold Corp. Hycroft is a strip-mining operation in the Kamma Mountains near Sulphur on the east side of the Black Rock Desert.[37][39][40] An opal mine is in the base of the Calico Hills on the west side of the desert.[41] PaleontologyBones of the mammoths that roamed the area around 20,000 BC have been recovered.[42] In 1979 a fossilized Columbian Mammoth was found.[43][44] Copies of the bones are now exhibited at the Nevada State Museum, Carson City. Land speed recordsThe flatness of the Black Rock Desert's lakebed surface has led to the area's use as a proving ground for experimental land vehicles. It was the site of two successful attempts on the world land speed record:
Rocketry records and attemptsIn addition to the flat surface, distance from populated areas and uncontrolled airspace over the area also attract experimentation with rockets. The following are highlights of amateur rocketry records[48] set at Black Rock:
Other rocket launches attempting various altitude records or space flights have occurred at Black Rock. In May 1999, JP Aerospace used a rockoon (balloon-launched rocket) in an unsuccessful suborbital space flight attempt covered by CNN. The rocket reached {{convert|75000|ft|m}}, which was far less than the intended Karman Line to reach space.[52] CSXT made unsuccessful space launch attempts in 2000 and 2002 before the successful 2004 space flight.[53][54] JP Aerospace returned to the desert in 2009, launching an armchair to the edge of space for Space Chair, an advertisement for Toshiba electronic products.[55] On September 21, 2013, the University of Southern California's Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (USCRPL) launched its first space shot attempt, Traveler, intended to achieve a max altitude of {{convert|75|mi|km}}. The rocket experienced a catastrophic failure 3.5 seconds into flight at an altitude of approximately {{convert|10000|ft|m}}. If successful, Traveler would have been the first university/student designed and built rocket to exceed the {{convert|62.14|mi|km|sing=on}} Kármán line required to claim a space flight. RPL's second attempt, Traveler II, flew in May 2014. It also failed catastrophically, approximately one second into the flight.[56][57][58][59] HistoryJet car speeds:
1997: M 1.02 (ThrustSSC) For Utah records, see Rocket altitudes:
Rocket associations: Tripoli, Arizona (events in Sep),[-> More than ~15,000 years ago (15 tya), the Humboldt River flowed to the Smoke Creek-Black Rock Desert sub-basin, and during the recession of Lake Lahontan, the river diverted to the Carson Desert sub-basin.[62] During the highest Lahontan water level (~12.7 tya), the lakebed was under about {{convert|500|ft|abbr=on}} of water,[63][64] under which sediment accumulated to form a flat lakebed. Great Basin tribes inhabited the area 7.0 tya, and a Frémont Expedition encountered the site in 1843, but the Fortieth Parallel Survey (1867) conducted the first official exploration.[65] In the late 1840s, Peter Lassen led California Trail emigrants through the desert's Applegate-Lassen Cutoff, an arduous route that took them hundreds of miles away from the gold lands of California. By 1910, Western Pacific's Feather River Route (Oakland-Salt Lake City) had been completed across the east side of the lakebed on the "general route first explored by Lieutenant E.G. Beckwith in 1854".[66] By 1927, the desert had been used for filming The Winning of Barbara Worth (the 2003 Mythbusters pilot episode was also filmed in the area). In World War II, {{convert|973|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of the Black Rock Desert was used for a USAAF aerial gunnery training range, and post-war, the north region of the United States Navy's Lovelock Aerial Gunnery Range was in the Black Rock Desert area[67] (the Black Rock Desert Gunnery Range had closed by 1964).[68] In 1979, a fossilized Columbian Mammoth was found along the side of the lakebed.[69] The first "Balls" rocket event was held at the desert in 1993,[70] and in 1998, the first annual Gerlach Dash glider race from Reno to the desert was held.[71] For its 30th anniversary, the Black Rock Press (University of Nevada, Reno) published a 1994 book of desert photographs.[72] The Friends of the Black Rock/High Rock organized in 1999,[73] and a National Conservation Area Act the next year created several protected areas of the desert.[74]{{Rp|a}} Also in 2000, Lisa O'Shea died seven days after being scalded in Double Hot Springs when she attempted to rescue two dogs,[75] and the Bureau of Land Management subsequently fenced "Double Hot".[74] 21st centuryJack Lee Harelson was fined $2.5 million in 2002 for archeological looting of Elephant Mountain Cave, and in 2008, an injured man was rescued when an aircraft pilot radioed for help after noticing him lying face-down on the lakebed.[76] In 2010, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Winnemucca District Office completed a roundup of 1,922 wild horses in the Calico Mountains Complex,{{Specify|IS ANY PORTION OF THE Complex IN THE Black Rock Desert?|date=May 2010}} of which 39 died of malnutrition due to overgrazing.[74]{{Rp|c}} It is currently the location for the annual Burning Man festival. TransportationNevada State Route 447 is the area's main highway and connects Gerlach to SR 427 at Wadsworth, Nevada, near Interstate 80.[77] The desert's dirt roads are generally not usable in wet or snowy conditions. Old Highway 34 provides access to the playa on the west side and to the Hualapai Flat. Old Highway 48 (dirt) connects the playa to Lovelock, and Old Highway 49 (Jungo Road, dirt) provides access to the lakebed from the Sulphur and Jungo ghost towns.[78]The Feather River Route uses the lakebed's east side between Sulphur and Gerlach. Light aircraft have landed on the lakebed for events (the nearby Empire and Reno-Tahoe International Airports provide commercial service for the area). References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://blackrockdesert.org/friends/general-information |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-09-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902143753/http://blackrockdesert.org/friends/general-information |archivedate=2012-09-02 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://ggweather.com/normals/NV71.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Ggweather.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-27}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/gsat/1887eq/abstracts/Gianella_1960.pdf |title=Gianella, V. P., and Larson, E. R., 1960, ''Marine Permian at Black Rock, Nevada'': Geol. Soc. Amer, Abstract of meetings, Vancouver |format=pdf |date= |accessdate=2014-08-27}} 4. ^{{cite GNIS|id=838881|name=Black Rock Point|accessdate=2009-05-03}} 5. ^{{cite web |title=Query Form For The United States And Its Territories |url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic |publisher=U.S. Board on Geographic Names |accessdate=2010-05-13}}:a,b. {{cite GNIS|863276|Black Rock Desert (863276)|accessdate=2010-01-18}}, {{GNIS2|838881|Black Rock Point (838881)}}, {{GNIS2|838751|Big Mountain (Pahute Peak, 838751)}}:c. Wilderness areas: {{GNIS2|2035060|Black Rock Desert (2035060)}}, {{GNIS2|2035079|Calico Mountains (2035079)}}, {{GNIS2|2035112|East Fork High Rock Canyon (2035112)}}, {{GNIS2|2035154|High Rock Canyon (2035154)}}, {{GNIS2|2035155|High Rock Lake (2035155)}}, {{GNIS2|2035182|Little High Rock Canyon (2035182)}}, {{GNIS2|2035228|North Black Rock Range (2035228)}}, {{GNIS2|2035230|North Jackson Mountains (2035230)}}, {{GNIS2|2035240|Pahute Peak (2035240)}}, {{GNIS2|2035306|South Jackson Mountains (2035306)}} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Wright |first=John W. (ed.) |year=2007 |origyear=2006 |title=The New York Times Almanac |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-14-303820-6 |page=456|display-authors=etal}} 7. ^{{Cite journal | title = Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = 2007-04-02 | url = http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html | accessdate = 2008-01-11 | postscript = }} 8. ^{{cite GNIS|847513|Thousand Creek|accessdate=2008-01-13}} 9. ^{{cite GNIS|847531|Virgin Valley|accessdate=2008-01-13}} 10. ^{{cite GNIS|847149|Antelope Range}} 11. ^{{cite GNIS|846464|Badger Mountains}} 12. ^{{cite GNIS|847155|Black Rock Range}} 13. ^{{cite GNIS|847265|Calico Hills}} 14. ^{{cite GNIS|846069|Division Range}} 15. ^{{cite GNIS|854920|Fox Range}} 16. ^{{cite GNIS|838344|Granite Range}} 17. ^{{cite GNIS|846101|Hannan Range}} 18. ^{{cite GNIS|846095|High Rock Canyon Hills}} 19. ^{{cite GNIS|846096|Hog Ranch Mountains}} 20. ^{{cite GNIS|858036|Jackson Mountains}} 21. ^{{cite GNIS|847180|Kamma Mountains}} 22. ^{{cite GNIS|863145|Little High Rock Mountains}} 23. ^{{cite GNIS|846040|Massacre Range}} 24. ^{{cite GNIS|847417|Montana Mountains}} 25. ^{{cite GNIS|852232|Pine Forest Range}} 26. ^{{cite GNIS|846099|Poker Brown Mountains}} 27. ^{{cite GNIS|858177|Selenite Range}} 28. ^{{cite GNIS|852043|Sentinel Hills}} 29. ^{{cite GNIS|848644|Seven Troughs Range}} 30. ^{{cite GNIS|846100|Sheephead Mountains}} 31. ^{{cite GNIS|846158|Smoke Creek Mountains}} 32. ^{{cite GNIS|845751|Yellow Hills}} 33. ^{{cite web |last=Wyld |first=Sandra J |author2=et. al |year=2007 |title=Identification of a Distinct Terrane in the Cordiller... |publisher=University of Georgia |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007CD/finalprogram/abstract_121329.htm |accessdate=2010-05-13}} 34. ^{{cite web |first= |date=2003-08-23 |title=Fly Geyser |url=http://www.cmdrmark.com/20034.html |work=Travels in the American Southwest |publisher=CmdrMark.com |accessdate=2014-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827172730/http://www.cmdrmark.com/20034.html |archive-date=2017-08-27 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 35. ^{{cite journal |last=Leininger |first=Merrie |title=Playa playground - indulge your primitive side at Northern Nevada's Black Rock Desert |magazine=Nevada Magazine |url=http://nevadamagazine.com/index.php/issues/read/playa_playground/?phpMyAdmin=86b235aaf4d1ce3f031e538955f87be5 |accessdate=2008-10-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714170022/http://nevadamagazine.com/index.php/issues/read/playa_playground/?phpMyAdmin=86b235aaf4d1ce3f031e538955f87be5 |archivedate=2011-07-14 |df= }} 36. ^1 2 3 {{cite map |title=Reference Map |url=http://www.nv.blm.gov/Winnemucca/blackrock/RMP/maps_gif/map_1-01_reference.gif |type=gif |work=Resource Management Plan |publisher=Bureau of Land Management |accessdate=May 15, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041108092518/http://www.nv.blm.gov/Winnemucca/blackrock/RMP/maps_gif/map_1-01_reference.gif |archivedate=November 8, 2004 |df= }} 37. ^1 {{cite web | title = Major Mines of Nevada 2008: Mineral Industries in Nevada’s Economy | publisher = Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology | year = 2009 | url = http://minerals.state.nv.us/forms/mining/MajorMinesOfNevada/mm2008.pdf | format = pdf | accessdate = 2010-01-31 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725190107/http://minerals.state.nv.us/forms/mining/MajorMinesOfNevada/mm2008.pdf | archivedate = 2011-07-25 | df = }} 38. ^{{cite web | title = U. S. Gypsum Empire mine (Selenite quarry), Gerlach District, Pershing Co., Nevada, USA | publisher = mindat.org | url = http://www.mindat.org/loc-58210.html | accessdate = }} 39. ^{{cite web |author=Allied Nevada Gold Corporation |title=Hycroft Mine Technical Report |date=2009-05-15 |url=http://www.alliednevada.com/properties/hycroft/pdf/090515-tech-report.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2010-01-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917050857/http://alliednevada.com/properties/hycroft/pdf/090515-tech-report.pdf |archivedate=2010-09-17 |df= }} 40. ^{{cite web |author = Mine Development Associates |title = Technical Report, Vista Gold Corp, Hycroft Mine |date = January 2006 |url = http://www.vistagoldcorp.com/technical_reports/Hycroft%20Mine,%20Nevada,%20January%202006.pdf |format = pdf |accessdate = 2007-03-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080309190251/http://www.vistagoldcorp.com/technical_reports/Hycroft%20Mine%2C%20Nevada%2C%20January%202006.pdf |archive-date = 2008-03-09 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 41. ^{{cite web | title =Little Joe opal mine (Black Rock mine; Little Jo mine), Donnelly District, Humboldt Co., Nevada, USA | work =mindat.org | url =http://www.mindat.org/loc-63583.html | accessdate =2007-03-26 }} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://blackrockdesert.org/wiki/index.php?title=Black_Rock_Desert |title=Nevada wiki |publisher=Black Rock Desert |date=2013-01-31 |accessdate=2014-08-27}} 43. ^{{cite book | last = Wheeler | first = Sessions S. | title = The Black Rock Desert | page = 189 | year = 1978 | publisher = Caxton Press | isbn = 978-0-87004-258-4 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=gBYUBc-O4OgC&lpg=PA189&dq=clewlow%20mammoth%20black%20rock&pg=PA189#v=onepage&q=clewlow%20mammoth%20black%20rock | accessdate = 2010-04-18}} 44. ^{{cite web |title = The Pleistocene Nevada Exhibit |url = http://museums.nevadaculture.org//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=528&Itemid=1 |work = Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs |accessdate = 2010-04-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720050730/http://museums.nevadaculture.org//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=528&Itemid=1 |archive-date = 2011-07-20 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 45. ^{{Cite book | last = Ackroyd | first = John | title =Jet Blast and the Hand of Fate | publisher = Redline books | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-9544357-8-8 }} 46. ^{{cite news | last = Knapp | first = Don | title = Jet-powered car breaks sound barrier twice | publisher = CNN | date = 1997-10-13 | url = http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9710/13/land.speed.record/ | accessdate = 2010-01-18 }} 47. ^{{cite news | title = Supersonic car comes home | publisher = BBC | date = 1997-10-30 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/18592.stm | accessdate = 2010-01-18 }} 48. ^1 {{cite web | last = Lindsey | first = Clark | title = HobbySpace.com - Advanced Rocketry: Records, Achievements & Competitions | url = http://www.hobbyspace.com/Rocketry/Advanced/records.html | accessdate = 2009-05-24 | postscript = }} 49. ^{{cite web | title = Video of the RRS 50 Mile Flight at Black Rock | publisher = Rocketry Planet | date = 1998-07-04 | url = http://www.rocketryplanet.com/content/view/12/28/ | accessdate = 2009-05-24 }} 50. ^{{cite press release | last = Deville | first = Derek | title = GoFast Rocket Maximum Altitude Verification | url = http://www.ddeville.com/GoFast%20Maximum%20Altitude%20Press%20Release1.pdf | accessdate = 2008-10-22 }} 51. ^{{cite web | last = Wade | first = Mark | title = Astronautix - GoFast | url = http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/gofast.htm | accessdate = 2008-10-22 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090105095614/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/gofast.htm | archivedate = 2009-01-05 | df = }} 52. ^{{Cite news | last = Knapp | first = Don | title = Homebrew rocketeers race to be first in space | publisher = CNN | date = 1999-05-31 | url = http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9905/31/amateur.space.race/ | accessdate = 2010-02-25 }} 53. ^{{cite web | title = CSXT 2000...So Close and Yet So Far | publisher = Civilian Space eXploration Team | date = 2000-09-29 | url = http://www.the-rocketman.com/CSXT2000_press.html | accessdate = 2010-02-25 }} 54. ^{{cite web | title = Disappointed But Looking To The Future: Motor Failure Prevents Civilian Rocket From Reaching Space | publisher = Civilian Space eXploration Team | date = 2002-09-21 | url = http://www.the-rocketman.com/CSXT/news/n9_21_02_disappointed.htm | accessdate = 2010-02-25 }} 55. ^Clarke, Christine; "Behind the scenes: Toshiba "Space Chair" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225153006/http://www.boardsmag.com/community/blogs/behindthescenes/index.php?p=743 |date=2010-12-25 }}", Boards. 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 56. ^{{cite web | last = Khan| first = Amina | title = Aiming high: Students at USC attempt to launch rocket into space | url =http://touch.latimes.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-77489834/ | accessdate = 2013-09-20}} 57. ^{{cite web | last = McKissick | first = Katie | title = Traveler, The White Rocket | url = http://viterbi.usc.edu/news/news/2013/traveler-the-white.htm | accessdate = 2013-09-25 }} 58. ^{{cite web | last = Silverman | first = Jason | title = Traveler 1 Flight Report | url = http://uscrpl.blogspot.com/2013/10/traveler-1-flight-report.html | accessdate = 2013-10-13 }} 59. ^{{cite web | last = Allie | first = Gehris | title = Traveler II | url = http://uscrpl.blogspot.com/2014/09/traveler-ii.html | accessdate = 2014-10-13 }} 60. ^{{cite web |title=Notes on driving at Black Rock |url=http://www.ahpra.org/drive.htm |work=XRAA: Experimental Rocketry Association of Arizona |publisher=AHPRA: Arizona High Power Rocketry Association |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 61. ^{{cite web | author= Association of Experimental Rocketry of the Pacific | title= AeroPAC Schedule | date=January 2007 | url= http://www.aeropac.org/schedule.html | accessdate= 2007-07-08 }} 62. ^{{cite web |last=Benson |first=L.V.; et. al |date=January 1996 |title=Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada... |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/metadata/noaa-lake-5497.html |publisher=NCDC.NOAA.gov |accessdate=2010-05-19}} 63. ^{{cite web | title = History | publisher = Walker Lake Interpretive Association | url = http://www.walkerlakenv.org/history.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-04 }} 64. ^{{cite web | title = Lahontan State Recreation Area | publisher = Nevada Division of State Parks | url = http://parks.nv.gov/lah.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-04 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081111075508/http://parks.nv.gov/lah.htm | archivedate = 2008-11-11 | df = }} 65. ^{{cite journal |last=Earl |first=Phillip I |date=Winter–Spring 1988 |title=Hollywood Comes to the Black Rock: The Story of the Making of The Winning of Barbara Worth |url=http://www.silentsaregolden.com/articles/BarbaraWorthmakingof.html |magazine=Humboldt Historian |accessdate=2010-05-15}} 66. ^{{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Sessions S. |title=Nevada's Black Rock desert |url=https://books.google.com/?id=gBYUBc-O4OgC&lpg=PA174 |page=174 |publisher=Caxton Press |isbn=978-0-87004-258-4 |accessdate=2010-05-13 |date=1978-05-01}} 67. ^{{cite book | last = Loomis | first = David | title = Combat zoning: military land-use planning in Nevada | page = 17 | publisher = University of Nevada Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-87417-187-7 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=8ZFCQQabrXEC&lpg=RA1-PA16 | accessdate = 2010-04-18 }} 68. ^{{cite web | title = Lovelock A Inventory Project Report | publisher = U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Sacramento District, Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) Program | year = 1999 | url = http://www.corpsfuds.com/reports/INPR/J09NV1115inpr.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110708193201/http://www.corpsfuds.com/reports/INPR/J09NV1115inpr.pdf | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2011-07-08 | format = pdf | accessdate = 2010-04-18 }} 69. ^{{cite web |title = The Pleistocene Nevada Exhibit |url = http://museums.nevadaculture.org//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=528&Itemid=1 |work = Exhibits |publisher = Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs |accessdate = 2010-05-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720050730/http://museums.nevadaculture.org//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=528&Itemid=1 |archive-date = 2011-07-20 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 70. ^{{cite web |title=All About Balls |url=http://www.rimworld.com/balls/ |publisher=RimWorld.com |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 71. ^{{cite web | last = Lord | first = Ed | author2 = Mason, Clark | publisher = Bay Area Soaring Associates | title = 2007 Gerlach Dash | work = BASA Bugle | format = pdf-newsletter | url = http://flybasa.org/bugle/2007-08.pdf | accessdate = 2008-10-29 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081030232420/http://flybasa.org/bugle/2007-08.pdf | archivedate = 2008-10-30 | df = }} 72. ^{{cite web |year=2007 |title=About the Black Rock Press |url=http://www.blackrockpress.org/history.html |accessdate=2010-05-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20080723180745/http://www.blackrockpress.org/history.html |archivedate=2008-07-23 |df= }} 73. ^{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://blackrockdesert.org/friends/about/us |work=friends of BLACK ROCK / HIGH ROCK |publisher=BlackRockDesert.org |accessdate=2010-05-12}} (current weather conditions) 74. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |last=Bureau of Land Management |authorlink=Bureau of Land Management |title=DOI: BLM: National Home Page |url=http://www.blm.gov |work=BLM.gov |accessdate=2010-05-13 }}:a. {{cite web |title=Black Rock Desert Wilderness Area |url=http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/nv/gis/maps.Par.2928.File.dat/BlackRock_Desert_Factsheet.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2010-05-17 |quote=314,829 Acres |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614221110/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/nv/gis/maps.Par.2928.File.dat/BlackRock_Desert_Factsheet.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-14 |df= }}:b. {{cite web |date=2001-11-06 |title=Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Act of 2000 |url=http://www.nv.blm.gov/Winnemucca/blackrock/NCA%20Act%20of%202000.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2010-05-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041108092743/http://www.nv.blm.gov/Winnemucca/blackrock/NCA%20Act%20of%202000.pdf |archivedate=2004-11-08 |df= }}:c. {{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Jamie |date=2004-12-16 |title=Hot Springs on Public Lands |url=http://www.nv.blm.gov/Winnemucca/press_releases/nr05-11.htm |work=BLM News |publisher=Winnemucca Field Office |accessdate=2010-05-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310005250/http://www.nv.blm.gov/winnemucca/press_releases/nr05-11.htm |archivedate=2005-03-10 |df= }}:d. {{cite web |last=Ross |first=Lisa |date=2010-02-05 |title=BLM Concludes Calico Wild Horse Gather |url=http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en/fo/wfo/blm_information/newsroom/2010/february/blm_concludes_calico.html |work=News Release No. 2010-11 |publisher=Winnemucca District Office |accessdate=2010-05-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713185020/http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en/fo/wfo/blm_information/newsroom/2010/february/blm_concludes_calico.html |archivedate=2010-07-13 |df= }}:e. {{cite web |date=2008-03-18 |title=Rock Collecting |url=http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en/fo/wfo/blm_programs/recreation/rock_collecting.html |publisher=Winnemucca Field Office |accessdate=2010-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411143701/http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en/fo/wfo/blm_programs/recreation/rock_collecting.html |archivedate=2009-04-11 |df= }}:f. {{cite web |date=2007-04-27 |title=Desert Survival Tips |url=http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/surprise/rttips.html |accessdate=2008-01-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017183122/http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/surprise/rttips.html |archivedate=2007-10-17 |df= }}{{Clarify|WHAT SOURCE IDENTIFIES THAT ANY OF THE 5 herd areas ARE IN THE BLACK ROCK DESERT?|date=May 2010}}:g. {{cite web |title=Black Rock Desert-High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area |url=http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/surprise/highrock.html |accessdate=2014-11-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109013918/http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/surprise/highrock.html |archivedate=2014-11-09 |df= }} 75. ^{{cite web |date=November 2000 |title=Human obituaries |url=http://www.animalpeoplenews.org/humanObits1100.html |publisher=Animal People Online |accessdate=2010-05-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613060156/http://animalpeoplenews.org/humanObits1100.html |archivedate=2010-06-13 |df= }} 76. ^{{cite web | title = Husky pilot helps rescue man dying in desert | publisher = Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association | date = 2008-07-31 | url = http://www.aopa.org/aircraft/articles/2008/080731husky.html | accessdate = 2008-10-10 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080912225435/http://www.aopa.org/aircraft/articles/2008/080731husky.html | archivedate = 2008-09-12 | df = }} 77. ^{{cite web|date=January 2008 |title=Nevada State Maintained Highways: Descriptions, Index and Maps |publisher=Roadway Systems Division |url=http://www.nevadadot.com/reports_pubs/state_maintained/pdf/sm_book.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2010-05-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109231856/https://www.nevadadot.com/reports_pubs/state_maintained/pdf/sm_book.pdf |archivedate=2009-11-09 |df= }} 78. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rockymountainroads.com/nv-000.html |title=Nevada Log: Routes 0 through 99 |accessdate=2008-10-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024225159/http://www.rockymountainroads.com/nv-000.html |archivedate=2008-10-24 |df= }} External links{{Portal|Nevada}}
11 : Black Rock Desert|Articles with inconsistent citation formats|Closed installations of the United States Army|Deserts and xeric shrublands in the United States|Deserts of Nevada|Ecoregions of the United States|Geography of Humboldt County, Nevada|Geography of Pershing County, Nevada|Geography of Washoe County, Nevada|Great Basin deserts|Rocket launch sites in the United States |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。