| 词条 | Blue-gray tanager | ||||||
| 释义 |
| image = Thraupis-episcopus-001.jpg | image_caption = In Darién National Park (Panama) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Thraupis | species = episcopus | authority = (Linnaeus, 1766) | synonyms = *Loxia virens {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}}
}} The blue-gray tanager (Thraupis episcopus) is a medium-sized South American songbird of the tanager family, Thraupidae. Its range is from Mexico south to northeast Bolivia and northern Brazil, all of the Amazon Basin, except the very south. It has been introduced to Lima (Peru). On Trinidad and Tobago, this bird is called blue jean. TaxonomyIn 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the blue-grey tanager in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Brazil. He used the French name L'evesque and the Latin name Episcopus avis.[2] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[3] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson in his Ornithologie.[3] One of these was the fulvous-crested tanager. Linnaeus included a terse description, coined the binomial name Tanagra episcopus and cited Brisson's work.[4] The specific name episcopus is Latin for "bishop".[5] The current genus Thraupis was introduced by the German naturalist Friedrich Boie in 1826.[6] There are 14 recognized subspecies,[7] differing according to the exact hue of blue of the shoulder patch versus the rest of the plumage; they may be greyish, greenish or purplish-blue, with a lavender, dark blue or whitish shoulder patch. For example, T. e. berlepschi (endemic to Tobago) is a brighter and darker blue on the rump and shoulder, T. e. neosophilus with a violet shoulder patch occurs in northern Venezuela, Trinidad, eastern Colombia and the far north of Brazil, T. e. mediana of the southern Amazon basin has a white wing patch, and T. e. cana in the northern Amazon has blue shoulders. DescriptionThe blue-gray tanager is {{Convert|16|-|18|cm|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{Convert|30|-|40|g|abbr=on}}. Adults have a light bluish head and underparts, with darker blue upperparts and a shoulder patch colored a different hue of blue. The bill is short and quite thick. Sexes are similar, but the immature is much duller in plumage. The song is a squeaky twittering, interspersed with tseee and tsuup call notes. Breeding and HabitatThe breeding habitat is open woodland, cultivated areas and gardens. The blue-gray tanager lives mainly on fruit, but will also take some nectar and insects.[9] This is a common, restless, noisy and confiding species, usually found in pairs, but sometimes small groups. It thrives around human habitation, and will take some cultivated fruit like papayas (Carica papaya). One to three, usually two, dark-marked whitish to gray-green eggs are laid in a deep cup nest in a high tree fork or building crevice.[9] Incubation by the female is 14 days with another 17 to fledging. The nest is sometimes parasitised by Molothrus cowbirds. Two birds studied in the Parque Nacional de La Macarena of Colombia were infected with microfilariae, an undetermined Trypanosoma species, and another blood parasite that could not be identified. Two other birds, examined near Turbo (also in Colombia), did not have blood parasites.[12] StatusWidespread and common throughout its large range, the blue-gray tanager is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] GalleryReferences1. ^1 {{IUCN|id=22722527 |title=Thraupis episcopus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} [8][9]2. ^{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés | volume=Volume 3 | language=French, Latin | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | pages=40-41, Plate 1 fig 2 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35952989 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the paragraph indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen. 3. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Allen | first=J.A. | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | year=1910 | title=Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=28 | pages=317–335 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/678}} 4. ^{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=Volume 1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | page=316 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946512 }} 5. ^{{cite web | last=Jobling | first=J.A. | year=2018 | title= Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/key-to-scientific-names-in-ornithology?name=episcopus | accessdate=2 April 2018 }} 6. ^{{ cite journal | last=Boie | first=Friedrich | author-link=Friedrich Boie | year=1826 | title=Generalübersicht | journal=Isis von Oken | at=Col 974 | language=German |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27511178 }} 7. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2018 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=World Bird List Version 8.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=2 April 2018 }} 8. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Londono |first1=Aurora |last2=Pulgarin-R. |first2=Paulo C. |last3=Blair |first3=Silva |year=2007 |title=Blood Parasites in Birds From the Lowlands of Northern Colombia |journal=Caribbean Journal of Science |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=87–93 |url=http://caribjsci.org/June07/43_87-93.pdf}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/blue-gray-tanager |title=Blue-Gray Tanager Fact Sheet |publisher=Lincoln Park Zoo}} }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Thraupis episcopus}}{{Wikispecies|Thraupis episcopus}}
11 : Thraupis|Birds of Central America|Birds of Colombia|Birds of Venezuela|Birds of Ecuador|Birds of Trinidad and Tobago|Birds of the Guianas|Birds of the Amazon Basin|Birds of Peru|Birds described in 1766|Birds of Brazil |
||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。