| 词条 | Boies Penrose |
| 释义 |
| name=Boies Penrose | image =PENROSE, BOISE. SENATOR LCCN2016857656 (cropped).jpg | jr/sr=United States Senator | state=Pennsylvania | term_start=March 4, 1897 | term_end=December 31, 1921 | preceded=J. Donald Cameron | succeeded=George Pepper | office2 = Member of the Republican National Committee from Pennsylvania | term_start2 = May 18, 1916 | term_end2 = December 31, 1921 | predecessor2 = Henry Wasson | successor2 = George Pepper | term_start3 = June 9, 1904 | term_end3 = May 1, 1912 | predecessor3 = Matthew Quay | successor3 = Henry Wasson | office4 = Chairman of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania | term_start4 = May 27, 1903 | term_end4 = April 26, 1905 | predecessor4 = Matthew Quay | successor4 = Wesley Andrews | office5 = President pro tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate | term_start5 = May 9, 1889 | term_end5 = May 28, 1891 | predecessor5 = John Grady | successor5 = John P. S. Gobin | state_senate6=Pennsylvania | district6 =6th | term_start6 =January 4, 1887 | term_end6 = January 27, 1897[1] | constituency6 = | predecessor6 =Robert Adams, Jr. | successor6 =Israel Wilson Durham | state_house7= Pennsylvania | district7 = Philadelphia County | term_start7 = January 6, 1885[2] | term_end7 = June 12, 1885 | birth_date={{birth date|1860|11|1|mf=y}} | birth_place=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | death_date={{death date and age|1921|12|31|1860|11|1|mf=y}} | death_place=Washington D.C. | spouse= | profession= | religion= | party=Republican |}}Boies Penrose (November 1, 1860 – December 31, 1921) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1897 until his death in 1921. Penrose was the fourth political boss of the Pennsylvania Republican political machine, following Simon Cameron, Donald Cameron, and Matthew Quay.[3]{{rp|53}} Penrose was the longest-serving Pennsylvania Senator until Arlen Specter surpassed his record in 2005.[4] Personal life and early careerBorn into a prominent Philadelphia family of Cornish descent,[5] he was brother to Richard Penrose, Spencer Penrose and Charles Bingham Penrose. Penrose graduated second in his class from Harvard University in 1881, and was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1883. Although Penrose wrote two books on political reform, he joined the political machine of Matthew Quay, a Pennsylvania political boss.[6] He was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1884, and was elected to the Pennsylvania Senate for the 6th district in 1886, where he served as president pro tempore from 1889 to 1891. In 1903 Boies, along with his brothers and father, invested in the formation of the Utah Copper Company.[7] Penrose was an avid outdoorsman and took pleasure in mountain exploration and big-game hunting. A mountain in Montana and another in the Dickson Range in the Bridge River Country in British Columbia were climbed and named by him. The Senator was a large, heavy man and according to his hunting guide, W.G. (Bill) Manson, they had to shop all over the place to get a horse big enough to fit Penrose and his custom saddle. The horse was called "Senator", and was retired to the pasture because no standard saddle would fit him. Political careerPenrose served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1884 to 1886 and as a member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 6th district from 1887 to 1897 including as President Pro Tempore from 1889 to 1891.[8] He stepped down from his position as a State Senator in 1897 to take office as a United States Senator, defeating John Wanamaker for the position. He was elected Chairman of the State Republican Party in 1903, succeeding fellow Senator Matthew Quay.[9] A year later, Quay died, and Penrose was appointed to succeed him as the state's Republican National Committeeman.[10] He quickly became a power broker in the state, enabling figures like Richard Baldwin to advance through loyalty to his organization.[11] He was forced out of power by the progressive faction of the party, led by William Flinn, in 1912.[12] At that year's party convention, Penrose did not stand for re-election to his national committee post. Following Flinn's departure from the party to support Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election, Penrose was able to garner enough support to return to his post as national committeeman;[13] he would remain in the position until his death.[14] In 1914, Penrose faced his first direct election (following the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment); Penrose publicly campaigned for the first time in his life and defeated Democrat A. Mitchell Palmer and Progressive Gifford Pinchot.[6] In the 1912 presidential election, Penrose strongly supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over former President Theodore Roosevelt. After a campaign that consisted of heavy attacks on Penrose, Roosevelt won the state in the 1912 election, although Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the national vote.[15] Penrose was also a major supporter of Warren Harding, and helped the Ohio Senator win the 1920 Republican nomination.[17] Penrose's role in Harding's election helped earn Pennsylvanian Andrew W. Mellon the role of Secretary of the Treasury.[6] Penrose was a dominant member of the Senate Finance Committee and supported high protective tariffs. He had also served on the United States Senate Committee on Banking, United States Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, United States Senate Committee on Post Office and Post Roads, United States Senate Committee on Education and Labor, and United States Senate Committee on Immigration.[16] One of Penrose's most important legislative actions was adding the "oil depletion allowance" to the Revenue Act of 1913.[3]{{rp|42}} Penrose consistently supported "pro-business" policies, and opposed labor reform and women's rights.[6] In November 1915, Penrose accompanied the Liberty Bell on its nationwide tour returning to Pennsylvania from the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco; Penrose accompanied the bell to New Orleans and then to Philadelphia. The Liberty Bell has not been moved from Pennsylvania again.[17] A statue of Penrose has been in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania's Capitol Park since September 1930.[18] Death and legacyPenrose died in his Wardman Park penthouse suite in Washington, D.C. in the last hour of 1921, after suffering a pulmonary thrombosis.[16] He was buried in the family grave section in the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[19] Following Penrose's death, his lieutenant Joseph Grundy became one of the leaders of the Republican machine, but no one boss dominated the party like Penrose and his predecessors had.[20] Quotes"Public office is the last refuge of a scoundrel." — Boies Penrose "I believe in the division of labor. You send us to Congress; we pass laws under which you make money...and out of your profits, you further contribute to our campaign funds to send us back again to pass more laws to enable you to make more money." — Senator Boies Penrose (R-Pa.), 1896, citing the relationship between his politics and big business. "All physical and economic tests that may be devised are worthless if the immigrant, through racial or other inherently antipathetic conditions, cannot be more or less readily assimilated..." — Boies Penrose, 1902, Chinese Exclusion and the Problem of Immigration "Yes, but I'll preside over the ruins." — Boies Penrose's reply to a Republican Party reformer's accusation that Penrose was ruining the party's prospects for victory (and the reformer's chances for dominance over the party's apparatus) by putting up a slate of candidates who were stand-pat party hacks with no chance of winning. "I would rather have seated beside me in this chamber a polygamist who doesn't polyg than a monogamist who doesn't monag." — Penrose speaking during hearings on whether to seat Utah-elected Senator Reed Smoot, who was a member of the [then-polygamous] LDS church, but who did not himself practice polygamy.[3]{{rp|51}} See also
References1. ^{{cite web | last = Cox | first = Harold | title = Pennsylvania Senate - 1897-1898| work = Wilkes University Election Statistics Project| publisher = Wilkes University | year =2004 | url =http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/legis/112S.pdf}} 2. ^{{cite book|editor=Sharon Trostle| title = The Pennsylvania Manual| publisher = Pennsylvania Department of General Services | year = 2009| location = Harrisburg, Pennsylvania| pages = | url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_8486_1294_244739_43/http%3B/pubcontent.state.pa.us/publishedcontent/publish/cop_general_government_operations/dgs/community_content/publications_and_media_services/subcommunities/publications/portlets/pa_manual___home/vol_119___entire_manual.pdf| volume = 119| isbn = 0-8182-0334-X}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Beers|first1=Paul B.|title=Pennsylvania Politics Today and Yesterday: The Tolerable Accommodation|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Penn State Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SpJJmkNDFEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=25 November 2014}} 4. ^{{cite news|last1=Goldstein|first1=Steve|title=Specter is Pa.'s longest-serving U.S. senator He breaks Boies Penrose's record.|url=http://articles.philly.com/2005-11-01/news/25430661_1_senator-in-pennsylvania-history-single-bullet-theory-abortion-rights-supporter|accessdate=25 November 2014|publisher=Philly.com|date=1 November 2005}} 5. ^White, G. Pawley, A Handbook of Cornish Surnames.(Penrose mentioned by name) 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Chapter Four: From the Progressive Era to the Great Depression|url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-20&chapter=4|website=Explore PA History|publisher=WITF|accessdate=26 November 2014}} 7. ^{{Cite book |author=Charles Caldwell Hawley |title=A Kennecott Story |publisher=The University of Utah Press |year=2014 |pages=37–40}} 8. ^{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania State Senate - Boies Penrose Biography |url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=5346&body=S |website=www.legis.state.pa.us |accessdate=20 February 2019}} 9. ^{{cite news|title=Quay's Push Cut The Ice|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3bJIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gYEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2144,1089773&dq=boies+penrose+chairman+republican+party&hl=en|accessdate=January 28, 2012|newspaper=The Youngstown Vindicator|date=May 27, 1903}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=News Summary|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ekEoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WgUGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1563,5413364&dq=boies+penrose+republican+national+committee&hl=en|accessdate=January 28, 2012|newspaper=The Ottawa Free Trader|date=June 10, 1904}} 11. ^Earl C. Kaylor, Jr., Martin Grove Brumbaugh: A Pennsylvanian's Odyssey from Sainted Schoolman to Bedeviled World War I Governor, 1862-1930 (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1996), p. 300. 12. ^{{cite news|title=T.R. Sweep In Pennsylvania|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wnJUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LTsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2492,4046389&dq=boies+penrose+republican+national+committee&hl=en|accessdate=January 28, 2012|newspaper=The St. Joseph News-Press|date=May 2, 1912}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Ford Ahead Of T.R. In Philadelphia Vote|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1769854272.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=May+18%2C+1916&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=FORD+AHEAD+OF+T.+R.+IN+PHILADELPHIA+VOTE&pqatl=google|accessdate=January 28, 2012|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=May 18, 1916}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Pinchot Hits Assessment Of Office Holders|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TxMrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c5wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2695,1778319&dq=boies+penrose+republican+national+committee&hl=en|accessdate=January 28, 2012|newspaper=The Reading Eagle|date=June 11, 1922}} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Abernethy|first1=Lloyd|title=The Progressive Campaign in Pennsylvania, 1912|journal=Pennsylvania History|date=April 1962|volume=29| issue = 2|pages=175–195}} 16. ^1 "Senator Boies Penrose Dead," Indianapolis Sunday Star, 1922-01-01 at p. 1, retrieved 2012-10-15. 17. ^{{cite news |title= Liberty Bell Attracts Crowd in Greenville During 1915 Stop |publisher=Greenville Advocate |date=July 3, 2007 }} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://cpc.state.pa.us/cpcweb/proj_bronze.jsp |title=Bronze Maintenance |work=cpc.state.pa.us |publisher=Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee |accessdate=November 28, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091306/http://cpc.state.pa.us/cpcweb/proj_bronze.jsp |archivedate=July 20, 2011 |df= }} 19. ^{{cite web |title=Boies Penrose |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22730/boies-penrose |website=www.findagrave.com |accessdate=20 February 2019}} 20. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Joseph S.|title=Grundy's legacy in Pa. For decades, he was a force in the GOP.|url=http://articles.philly.com/2003-10-26/news/25465532_1_political-fund-raiser-political-boss-pennsylvania-politics|accessdate=25 November 2014|publisher=Philly.com|date=26 October 2003}} External links{{Commons category|Boies Penrose}}
| state= Pennsylvania | class= 3 | before= J. Donald Cameron | after= George Pepper | alongside= Matthew Quay, Philander Knox, George Oliver, William Crow | years= 1897–1921}}{{s-off}}{{succession box |title=Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance |before=Nelson Aldrich Rhode Island |years=1911–1913 |after=Furnifold Simmons North Carolina }}{{succession box |title=Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance |before=Furnifold Simmons North Carolina |years=1919–1921 |after=Porter McCumber North Dakota }}{{Succession box|before=John Grady |title=President pro tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate |years=1889–1891 |after=John P. S. Gobin}}{{s-par|us-pa-sen}}{{succession box|title= Member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 6th District|before=Robert Adams, Jr.|after=Israel Wilson Durham|years=1887–1897}}{{s-ppo}}{{s-bef|rows=2|before=Matthew Quay}}{{s-ttl| title = Member of the Republican National Committee from Pennsylvania | years = 1904–1912 }}{{s-aft|after=Henry Wasson}}{{s-ttl| title = Chairman of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania | years = 1903–1905 }}{{s-aft|after=Wesley Andrews}}{{s-bef| before = Henry Wasson }}{{s-ttl| title = Member of the Republican National Committee from Pennsylvania | years = 1916–1921 }}{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after = George Pepper }}{{s-bef| before = None1 }}{{s-ttl| title = Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (Class 3) | years = 1914, 1920 }}{{S-ref|The 1914 election marked the first time that all seats up for election were popularly elected instead of chosen by their state legislatures.}}{{USSenPA}}{{SenFinanceCommitteeChairs}}{{SenHELPCommitteeChairmen}}{{SenPOCSCommitteeChairmen}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Penrose, Boies}} 19 : 1860 births|1921 deaths|19th-century American politicians|20th-century American politicians|American people of Cornish descent|American political bosses from Pennsylvania|Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)|Chairs of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania|American conservative people|Deaths from pulmonary embolism|Episcopal Academy alumni|Harvard University alumni|Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives|Pennsylvania Republicans|Pennsylvania state senators|Politicians from Philadelphia|Presidents pro tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate|Republican Party United States Senators|United States Senators from Pennsylvania |
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