| 词条 | Borjigin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|surname =Borjigin Боржигин |estate =Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia, Iran and China |coat of arms = |country =Mongol Empire, Northern Yuan dynasty, Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang) |parent house = |titles =Khagan, Khan |founder =Bodonchar Munkhag |final ruler =Ligdan Khan |founding year =ca. 900 AD |deposition =1635– |ethnicity =Mongol |religion = Buddhism Islam Tengrism Christianity |cadet branches =Before Genghis Khan: Khiyan, Tayichigud, Jurkhin After Genghis Khan: Khiyad-Borjigin, Barlas, Jochids, Khorchin-Borjigins, Girays, Sheybanids, Khoshut }} A Borjigin ({{lang-mn|Боржигин|Borjigin}}; {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ|mn}};[1] {{lang-ru|Борджигин|Bordžigin}}; English plural: Borjigins or Borjigid; [Middle Mongolian plural?]: [term?], translit. Borǰigit;[2]{{efn|A Middle Mongolian plural-suffix -t has been written about by Éva Csáki in Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages.}} [Manchu plural?]: [3]) is a member of the sub-clan, which started with Yesugei (but the Secret History of the Mongols makes it go back to Yesugei's ancestor Bodonchar[4]), of the Kiyat clan.[5] Yesugei's descendants were thus said to be Kiyat-Borjigin.[6] The senior Borjigid provided ruling princes for Mongolia and Inner Mongolia until the 20th century.[7] The clan formed the ruling class among the Mongols and some other peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Today, the Borjigid are found in most of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang,[7] although genetic research has shown that descent from Genghis Khan is common in Central Asia. Origin{{See also|Family tree of Genghis Khan}}The patrilineage began with Blue-grey Wolf (Börte Chino) and Fallow Doe (Gua Maral). According to The Secret History of the Mongols, their 11th generation descendant Dobu Mergen's widow Alan Gua the Fair was impregnated by a ray of light.[8] Her youngest son became the ancestor of the later Borjigid.[9] He was Bodonchar Munkhag, who along with his brothers sired the entire Mongol nation.[10] According to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, many of the older Mongolian clans were founded by members of the Borjigin — Barlas, Urud, Manghud, Taichiut, Chonos, Kiyat, etc. The first Khan of the Mongol was Bodonchar Munkhag's great-great-grandson Khaidu Khan. Khaidu's grandsons Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan (founder of the Taichiut clan) succeeded him. Thereafter, Khabul's sons, Hotula Khan and Yesugei, and Khabuls grandson Temujin (Genghis Khan, son of Yesugei) ruled the Khamag Mongol. By the unification of the Mongols in 1206, virtually all of Temujin's uncles and first cousins had died, and from then on only the descendants of Yesugei Baghatur, his brother Daritai, and nephew Onggur formed the Borjigid. NameAccording to Paul Pelliot and Louis Hambis, Rashid al-Din Hamadani once explained that "borčïqïn" designated "en turc" a man with dark-blue eyes ("اشهل ašhal"), and did so again without mentioning the said language, adding that Yesugei's children and the majority of their own children had had such eyes per coincidence, also recalling that the genie which had impregnated Alan Gua after her husband's death had had dark-blue eyes ("ašhal čašm").[4] Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur later paraphrased Hamadani by relating that Yesugei's eyes were dark-blue ("شهلا šahlā"), that the Mongols ("Moɣol") called such eyes "borǰïɣïn" (بورجغن[11]), that his sons and most of their descendants had had dark-blue eyes ("ašhal"), and that one recognized thus in Yesugei's lineage the characteristic sign of the genie which had visited Alan Gua and had "borǰïɣïn" eyes, adding that the Arabs called "ašhal" a man whose iris ("bübäčik") was black, cornea white ("aq"), and "la ligne foncée circulaire qui entoure l'iris" red.[2] Paul Pelliot and Louis Hambis have questioned these explanations. Mongol Empire{{See also|Appanage}}The Borjigin family ruled over the Mongol Empire from the 13th to 14th century. The rise of Genghis (Chingis) narrowed the scope of the Borjigid-Kiyad clans sharply.[12] This separation was emphasized by the intermarriage of Genghis's descendants with the Barlas, Baarin, Manghud and other branches of the original Borjigid. In the western regions of the Empire, the Jurkin and perhaps other lineages near to Genghis's lineage used the clan name Kiyad but did not share in the privileges of the Genghisids. The Borjigit clan had once dominated large lands stretching from Java to Iran and from Indo-China to Novgorod. In 1335, with the disintegration of the Ilkhanate in Iran, the first of numerous non-Borjigid-Kiyad dynasties appeared. Established by marriage partners of Genghisids, these included the Suldus Chupanids, Jalayirids in the Middle East, the Barulas dynasties in Chagatai Khanate and India, the Manghud and Onggirat dynasties in the Golden Horde and Central Asia, and the Oirats in western Mongolia. In 1368, under Toghun Temür, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China but members of the family continued to rule over Mongolia homeland into the 17th century, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty. Descendants of Genghis Khan's brothers, Hasar and Belgutei, surrendered to the Ming in the 1380s. By 1470 the Borjigin lines were severely weakened, and Mongolia was almost in chaos. Post-Mongol EmpireAfter the breakup of the Golden Horde, the Khiyat continued to rule the Crimea and Kazan until the late 18th century. They were annexed by the Russian Empire and the Chinese. In Mongolia, the Kublaids reigned as Khagan of the Mongols, however, descendants of Ögedei and Ariq Böke usurped the throne briefly. Under Dayan Khan (1480–1517) a broad Borjigid revival reestablished Borjigid supremacy among the Mongols proper. His descendants proliferated to become a new ruling class. The Borjigin clan was the strongest of the 49 Mongol banners from which the Bontoi clan proper supported and fought for their Khan and for their honor. The eastern Khorchins were under the Hasarids, and the Ongnigud, Abagha Mongols were under the Belguteids and Temüge Odchigenids. A fragment of the Hasarids deported to Western Mongolia became the Khoshuts. The Qing dynasty respected the Borjigin family and the early emperors married the Hasarid Borjigids of the Khorchin. Even among the pro-Qing Mongols, traces of the alternative tradition survived. Aci Lomi, a banner general, wrote his History of the Borjigid Clan in 1732–35.[13] The 18th century and 19th century Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borjigin.[14] GenghisidsAsian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included the Yuan dynasty of China, the Ilkhanids of Persia, the Jochids of the Golden Horde, the Shaybanids of Siberia, and the Astrakhanids of Central Asia. As a rule, the Genghisid descent played a crucial role in Tatar politics. For instance, Mamai had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of khan himself because he lacked Genghisid lineage. The word "Chingisid" derives from the name of the Mongol conqueror Genghis (Chingis) Khan (c. 1162–1227 CE). Genghis and his successors created a vast empire stretching from the Sea of Japan to the Black Sea.
Babur and Humayun, founders of the Mughal Empire in India, asserted their authority as Chinggisids. Because they claimed descent through their maternal lineage, they had never used the clan name Borjigin. The last ruling monarch of Genghisid ancestry, Maqsud Shah (d. 1930), Khan of Kumul from 1908 to 1930. Yuan dynasty family tree{{see also|Chinese emperors family tree (late)#Yuan dynasty and Northern Yuan dynasty|l1=Yuan and Northern Yuan dynasties emperor's family tree}}Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206. His grandson, Kublai Khan, after defeating his younger brother Ariq Böke, founded the Yuan dynasty in China in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghaghan-Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia homeland, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty. Although the kingship was usurped by Esen Taishi of the Oirats in 1453, he was overthrown in the next year. A recovery of the khaganate was achieved by Dayan Khan, but the territory was segmented by his descendants. The last khaan Ligden died in 1634 and his son Ejei Khongor submitted himself to Hong Taiji the next year, ending the Northern Yuan regime.[16] However, the Borjigin nobles continued to rule their subjects until the 20th century under the Qing.[17]{{efn|{{ill|Wada Sei|ja|和田清}} did pioneer work on this field, and Honda Minobu and Okada Hidehiro modified it, using newly discovered Persian (Timurid) records and Mongol chronicles.}} Or in a different version (years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty [up to 1388] are given in brackets). {{Aristocratic family trees}}Modern relevance and descent from Genghis Khan{{Further|Descent from Genghis Khan}}The Borjigin held power over Mongolia for many centuries (even during Qing period) and only lost power when Communists took control in the 20th century. Aristocratic descent was something to be forgotten in the socialist period.[18] Joseph Stalin's associates executed some 30,000 Mongols including Borjigin nobles in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion.[19] Clan association has lost its practical relevance in the 20th century, but is still considered a matter of honour and pride by many Mongolians. In 1920s the communist regime banned the use of clan names. When the ban was lifted again in 1997, and people were told they had to have surnames, most families had lost knowledge about their clan association. Because of that, a disproportionate number of families registered the most prestigious clan name Borjigin, many of them without historic justification.[20][21] The label Borjigin is used as a measure of cultural supremacy.[22] In Inner Mongolia, the Borjigid or Kiyad name became the basis for many Chinese surnames adopted by ethnic Inner Mongols.[12] The Inner Mongolian Borjigin Taijis took the surname Bao ({{lang|zh|鲍}}, from Borjigid) and in Ordos Qi ({{lang|zh|奇}}, Qiyat). A genetic research has proposed that as many as 16 million men from populations as far apart as Hazaras in the West and Hezhe people to the east may have Borjigid-Kiyad ancestry,[23] but the professionalism of that study is being criticised.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} The Qiyat clan name is still found among the Kazakhs, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks. List of Kiyad-Borjigin dynasties
Claimed ancestry
Prominent Kiyads or BorjiginsRulers of the Khamag Mongol (11th century – 1206)
Emperors and rulers of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368)
Genghis Khan's brothers
Rulers of the KhanatesYuan dynasty
Golden Horde
Ilkhanate
Chagatai Khanate
Mughal Empire (1526-1857){{see also|Mughal emperors}}
Post-Mongol Empire Golden Horde (1360–1502)
Crimean Khanate (1441–1783)
Kazan Khanate (1438–1552)
Uzbek Khanates (15th – mid 20th century)
Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)
Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)
Ruler of the Tumed
Khalkha
Qing dynasty (1636–1912)Prince Consort
Imperial Consort
Princess Consort
Abaga MongolsPrince Consort
Imperial Consort
Abahai (阿巴亥) MongolsPrincess Consort
Alxa (阿拉善) MongolsPrince Consort
Aohan MongolsPrince Consort
Barin MongolsPrince Consort
Chahar MongolsPrince Consort
Dinghao (鼎浩) MongolsPrince Consort
Dun'erluosi (敦爾羅斯) MongolsPrince Consort
Hotsit (浩齊特) MongolsImperial Consort
Jarud MongolsPrince Consort
Imperial Consort
Khalkha MongolsPrince Consort
Khorchin MongolsDuring the initial building of the Qing dynasty, the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan had the tradition of diplomatic marriages with Mongols to earn their support. Qing rulers would make Mongol ladies empresses and major concubines. As the Khorchin were the strongest banner, the Manchus were anxious to make alliances from the Borjigit. These marriages produced two empresses and three dowager empresses of the Qing dynasty, from which Xiaozhuang subsequently became a notable grand empress dowager. Hence, it is not surprising to note that from Nurhaci to the Shunzhi Emperor, all the empresses and major concubines were Mongols. Empress Xiaoduanwen (Jerjer) was made empress in 1636, Empress of Emperor Hong Taiji. Daughter of Prince Manjusri. Known as a benevolent empress and the most virtuous of all. Made "Motherly Empress Dowager Empress" (Mu Hou Huang Tai Hou) in 1643 after the death Of Emperor Hong Taiji. She died in 1649 (Shunzhi's 6th year of rule). Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang (Bumbutai) was historically considered the mother of Qing dynasty. She was a concubine of Huang Taiji. Daughter of Prince Jaisang and niece of Empress Xiaoduan. Made the "Enlightened Mother Dowager Empress" (Sheng Mu Huang Tai Hou) in 1643 after the death of Emperor Hong Taiji. She died in 1688 having helped Shunzhi Emperor, her son, run the country till his death and Kangxi Emperor, her grandson, for 25 years of his reign. Xiaozhuang was an excellent politician who did not like to interfere in politics, unlike the notorious Empress Dowager Cixi. However, when the conditions required, she rendered her efforts. Prince Consort
Imperial Consort
Princess Consort
Naiman MongolsPrince Consort
Onnigud MongolsPrince Consort
Tumed MongolsPrince Consort
Zha'ermang (扎爾莽) MongolsPrincess Consort
GallerySee also{{commons category|Borjigin}}
Notes{{notelist}}ReferencesCitations1. ^mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Боржигин. 2. ^1 Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, p. 119. 3. ^Li, p. 97. 4. ^1 Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, p. 118. 5. ^Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, pp. 118, 123. 6. ^Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, pp. 122-123. 7. ^1 Humphrey & Sneath, p. 27. 8. ^The Secret History of the Mongols, chapter 1, §§ 17, 21. 9. ^Franke, Twitchett & Fairbank, p. 330. 10. ^Kahn, p. 10. 11. ^[https://books.google.fr/books?id=Wy5lCWdQ5noC&pg=PT41]. 12. ^1 Atwood, p. 45. 13. ^Perdue, p. 487. 14. ^Crossley, p. 213. 15. ^Halperin, chapter VIII. 16. ^Heirman & Bumbacher, p. 395. 17. ^Sneath, p. 21. 18. ^Humphrey & Sneath, p. 28. 19. ^Weatherford, p. xv. 20. ^"In Search of Sacred Names". 21. ^Magnier. 22. ^Pegg, p. 22. 23. ^"The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols", pp. 717-721. 24. ^The History of the Mongols, part. II, D. II, p. 190.{{Full citation needed|date=October 2018}} Sources{{refbegin|35em}}
Further reading
(Yelü)}}{{s-ttl|title=Ruling House of Mongolia|years=11th century–1691}}{{s-aft|rows=1|after=Qing dynasty (Aisin Gioro)}} |-{{s-new|rows=1|before=Khamag Mongol}}{{s-ttl|title=Ruling House of the Mongol Empire|years=1206–1368}}{{s-aft|rows=1|after=Northern Yuan dynasty}} |-{{s-bef|rows=1|before=Jin dynasty Song dynasty}}{{s-ttl|title=Ruling House of China|years=1271–1368}}{{s-aft|rows=1|after=Ming dynasty}} |-{{s-new|rows=1|before=None}}{{s-ttl|title=Protector of Tibet|years=1270–1354}}{{s-aft|rows=1|after=Phagmodrupa Dynasty}} |-{{s-bef|before=Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty}}{{s-ttl|title=Ruling House of Persian Empire|years=1247–1335}}{{s-aft|after=Jalayirids Chupanid Suldus}} |-{{s-bef|before=The Khanate established}}{{s-ttl|title=Ruling House of the Golden Horde|years=1236–1502}}{{s-aft|rows=2|after=Kiyat Girays Tatars}} |-{{end}}{{Mongol Empire}}{{Yuan dynasty topics}}{{Northern Yuan dynasty}}{{Mongolic ethnic groups |state=expanded}} 11 : Mongolian nobility|Borjigin|Mongol Empire people|Mongol peoples|Yuan dynasty emperors|Mongol Empire|Yuan dynasty|Ethnic groups in Mongolia|History of Mongolia|Kinship and descent|Dynasty genealogy |
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