“Box Tunnel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Box Tunnel was constructed between December 1838 and June 1841 for the Great Western Railway (GWR) under the direction of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Building such a tunnel was considered dangerous at the time because of its length and the composition of the underlying strata. The main contractor was George Burge of Herne Bay. For many years, it was rumoured that Brunel had aligned the tunnel so that the rising sun would be visible through it on his birthday, April 9. On 30 June 1841, it was opened with little ceremony. When completed, it was the world's longest railway tunnel.

In the build-up to World War II, a military Central Ammunition Depot (CAD) facility was established alongside, reusing existing mine workings. The GWR established freight facilities including two sidings just outside the eastern entrance to the tunnel to facilitate the movement of ammunition to and from the CAD. The facility was closed after the war. During the 2010s, the tunnel was modified to accommodate overhead catenaries as part of the GWML electrification scheme.^[3] In summer 2015, the tunnel was closed for preparatory work including lowering the track.^[4]

History

Background

During the 1830s, Isambard Kingdom Brunel developed a plan for a railway running east-west between London and Bristol.^[5] The Great Western Main Line, would maintain either level ground or gentle gradients of no greater than 1 in 1000 along most of its route. Between Swindon and Bath, at the highest point of the line a tunnel was proposed through Box Hill, outside Corsham.^[5]

The tunnel would have a steep gradient of 1 in 100. At the time, the use of such a gradient inside the tunnel allegedly provoked criticism by some of Brunel's contemporaries.^[5] Box Tunnel would be the longest railway tunnel at almost {{convert|1+3/4|mi}} in length.^[5]

Geology

While a tunnel had been included in the 1835 Great Western Railway Act, contemporary engineers considered the construction of Box Tunnel to be an impossibility at worst and a dangerous undertaking at best. The challenge posed was not only its length but the difficult underlying strata it would have to pass through. The rocks through which it passes comprise Great Oolite overlying fuller's earth, and Inferior Oolite and Bridport Sand beneath, a combination with which tunnellers were familiar.

The Great Oolite limestone, known as Bath Stone, is easily worked and had been used for construction since Roman times. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was extracted by the room and pillar method and used for many buildings in Bath, Somerset.^[5]

To assess the geology more accurately, between 1836 and 1837, Brunel sank eight shafts at intervals along the tunnel's projected alignment.^[6]

Construction

The GWR selected George Burge of Herne Bay as the major contractor,^[6] being responsible for undertaking 75 per cent of overall tunnel length, working from the western end. Burge appointed Samuel Yockney as his engineer and manager.^[7] Locally based Lewis and Brewer were responsible for the remainder, starting from the eastern side. One of Brunel's personal assistants, William Glennie, was in overall charge until completion.^[5]

During December 1838, construction commenced. Work was divided into six sections; access to each was via a {{convert|25|foot}} diameter ventilation shaft, which ranged in depth from {{convert|70|ft}} at the eastern end to {{convert|300|ft}} towards the western end.^[6] The men, equipment, materials and {{convert|247000|cuyd}} of extract had to go in and come out of the shafts assisted by steam-powered winches. The shafts were the safety exits from the tunnel.^[6]

Candles provided the only lighting in the workings and were consumed at a rate of one tonne per week, which was equalled by the weekly consumption of explosives.^[6] Due to the considerable time required for men to enter and exit the workings, blasting took place while they were in the tunnel. This practice and water ingress exceeding the calculated volumes, has been attributed as causing most of the deaths that occurred. About 100 navvies were killed during the tunnel's construction. Additional pumping and drainage were required during and after its construction. Large amounts of water entering the tunnel in the winter months impeded progress.^[6]^[5]

Once the eastern section had been blasted out, it was cut to form a gothic arch and left unlined.^[5] The western section was excavated using picks and shovels and the walls were lined with brick. Over 30 million bricks were used which were manufactured in nearby Chippingham and transported in horse-drawn carts. Horses were used to remove much of the spoil.^[5]

The restrictions imposed by the site contributed to a delay in the tunnel's completion. By August 1839, only 40 per cent of the works had been finished.^[6] By summer 1840, the {{stnlnk|London Paddington}} to {{stnlnk|Faringdon Road}} section of the Great Western Main Line (GWML) had been completed, as was the track from {{stnlnk|Bath}} to {{stnlnk|Bristol Temple Meads}}. The Box Tunnel was the last section of the GWML to be finished, although not for lack of effort on the part of Brunel.^[5]

During January 1841, Brunel came to an agreement with Burge and Yockney, to increase their workforce from {{formatnum:1200}} to {{formatnum:4,000}} and the tunnel was completed in April 1841.^[6] The completed tunnel was 9.1 meters (30 feet) wide and capable of accommodating a pair of broad-gauge tracks. When the ends of the tunnel were joined, there was less than {{convert|2|in|mm|-1}} of error in their alignment.^[6] Brunel was so delighted that he reportedly removed a ring from his finger and gave it to the works foreman.^[8]

Opening

On 30 June 1841, the tunnel was opened to traffic with little in the way of ceremony. A special train departed London Paddington and traversed the whole of the GWR to complete the first rail journey to Temple Meads Station in Bristol in about four hours.^[8]

After the opening, for several months, work continued to finish the tunnel's western portal near Box, Wiltshire which Brunel had designed in a grand classical style. The eastern portal at Corsham has a more modest brick face, with rusticated stone dressings.^[6]

Commentators and critics voiced concerns and disapproval about the unlined section of the tunnel; they believed that it lacked solidity and was a danger to traffic.^[8] The GWR responded to these complaints by building a brick arch underneath part of the unlined section close to the entrance which was prone to frost damage. Some areas of the tunnel remain unlined.^[8]

Geographical location

Brunel's birthday

It was reported in 1842^[9] that twice a year the sun shines through the tunnel. It has been assumed that Brunel aligned the tunnel so that the rising sun is visible through it on his birthday, April 9. This is not the case. Dates on which the sun has been seen from the western portal are 5 April 1992 and 5 September 1985 (the time approximately 06:34 on both occasions).

It has been asserted that it is impossible to guarantee the effect on a particular calendar day, because the angle at which the sun rises on a given date varies with the cycle of leap years.^[10]{{page needed|date=February 2017}} However, the sun subtends an angle of about half a degree, which is more than the year-to-year variation and more than the field of view through the tunnel, so it quite possibly seems to fill the tunnel every year. It is also asserted that Brunel failed to account for atmospheric refraction, and the effect is visible a few days too early.^[11]{{page needed|date=June 2018}}

A mathematical exploration of the possibility of the phenomenon occurring on Brunel's birthday has been undertaken by C.P. Atkins.^[12] Atkins concludes that, taking atmospheric refraction into account:

The author suggests that reports of the sun shining through Box Tunnel on April 9, or even on April 15 and 16, as reported by "the local head ganger … suggests some reflection effect and is, in itself, worthy of further investigation".{{anchor|Cold War}}

On Sunday 9 April 2017, when the line was closed for electrification and upgrades at Bath Spa railway station and the weather was favourable, a team from the GWR franchise tested the theory, finding that the sunrise did not shine fully through the tunnel.^[13] Images released show that the sun is well aligned to the tunnel.^[14]

During December 2016, Genealogists’ Magazine published an analysis confirming two previous analyses, that the sun does indeed shine through the tunnel, but a few days before Brunel's birthday. On the 6th of April through the 1830s, complete solar penetration occurred on three years out of four in the leap year cycle. The author of the article was able to show that the 6th of April was the birthday of Brunel's sister, Emma Joan Brunel, and that therefore the alignment on this day may have been deliberate.^[15]

Defence use

Starting in 1844, the hill surrounding the tunnel was subject to extensive quarrying to extract Bath stone for buildings.

In the run-up towards the Second World War, the need to provide secure storage for munitions at distributed locations across the UK was recognised. During the 1930s, a proposal to create three Central Ammunition Depots (CADs) was submitted: one in the north (Longtown, Cumbria); one in the Midlands (Nesscliffe, Shropshire); and one in the South of England at Tunnel quarry, Monkton Farleigh and Eastlays Ridge.^[16]

During the 1930s, Tunnel Quarry was renovated by the Royal Engineers as one of the three major stockpiles. During November 1937, the GWR was contracted to build a {{convert|1,000|foot|adj=on}} long raised twin-loading platform at Shockerwick for Monkton Farleigh and two sidings branching from the Bristol–London mainline just outside the tunnel's eastern entrance at {{coord|51|24|19.31|N|2|17|22.94|W|region:GB|display=inline}}. {{convert|30|ft|spell=In}} below and at right angles to this point, the War Office had built a narrow-gauge wagon-sorting yard which accessed a {{convert|1.25|mi|4=1|adj=on}} tunnel, built by the Cementation Company, descending at a rate of 1 in 8.5 to the Central Ammunition Depot in the former quarry workings. The logistics operation was designed to cope with a maximum of {{Formatnum:1000}} tons of ammunition per day.^[38]

A Royal Air Force station, RAF Box, was established and used an area of the tunnels.^[38] In response to the Bristol Blitz, during 1940, Alfred McAlpine developed a fallback aircraft engine factory for use by the Bristol Aeroplane Company (BAC), although it never went into production.^[38] BAC used the facility to accommodate the company's experimental department, which was developing an engine to power bombers and the Bristol Beaufighter.^[17]

The CAD was closed at the end of the war but was maintained in operational condition until the 1950s. The sidings were cleared, and saw no further use until the mid-1980s when a museum was opened on the site for a short period. During the post-war years, portions of the ammunition depot were redeveloped for other facilities, including the Central Government War Headquarters, RAF No.1 Signal Unit, Controller Defence Communication Network and the Corsham Computer Centre.^[38] As of the present day, the only element of the complex that remains is the former computer centre and the visible north end of the tunnel has been sealed by concrete and rubble. The former CAD has been reused as a secure commercial document storage facility.^[18]

Electrification

During the 2010s, overhead electrification infrastructure was installed so that electric locomotives could be used on the GWML. Box Tunnel was modified for the catenary and associated infrastructure.^[19] During the summer of 2015, the tunnel was closed for six weeks for preparatory work including lowering the track by roughly {{conv|600|mm|inch}} and replacing {{conv|7|mi|km|spell=on}} of cabling in advance of the catenary infrastructure being installed.^[4]^[20]

See also

References

Citations

1. ^{{NHLE |num=1271441 |desc=West Portal of Box Tunnel |access-date=11 April 2017 |mode=cs2|fewer-links=yes}}
2. ^{{NHLE |num=1271441 |desc=Box Tunnel East Portal (MLN19912) |access-date=11 April 2017 |mode=cs2|fewer-links=yes}}
3. ^{{cite book |last=Department for Transport |title=Britain's transport infrastructure: Rail electrification |year=2009 |publisher=DfT Publications |location=London |isbn=978-1-84864-018-4 |page=30 |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/pi/rail-electrification.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170123080842/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/pi/rail-electrification.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 January 2017}}
4. ^¹{{cite web |title=Box tunnel reopens after Network Rail electrification work |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-34112951 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=1 September 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web |title=Combe Down Stone Mines Land Stabilisation Project |work=BANES |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilinformation/areainformation/combedownstonemines/default.htm |accessdate=13 July 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117002821/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilinformation/areainformation/combedownstonemines/default.htm |archivedate=17 January 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite web |url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/VirtualArchive/box-tunnel/ |title=Box Tunnel |publisher=Network Rail |accessdate=2 March 2013}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Samuel_Hansard_Yockney |title=Samuel Hansard Yockney |publisher=GracesGuide.co.uk |accessdate=2 March 2013}}
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²“Box Tunnel.” ‘’engineering-timelines.com’’, Retrieved: 13 June 2018.
9. ^{{cite news |author= |title=On Saturday last the Box Tunnel… |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001044/18420416/097/0008 |newspaper=Bristol Mirror |location=England |date=15 April 1842 |access-date=10 April 2017 |via=British Newspaper Archive |subscription=yes }}
10. ^Karlson (1999)
11. ^Lushman (1999)
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1985JBAA...95..260A/0000260.000.html |author=Atkins, C.P. |title= Box Railway Tunnel and I. K. Brunel's Birthday: A Theoretical Investigation |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Vol. 95, No.6/Oct, pp.260-262, 1985 |accessdate=15 Nov 2014}}
13. ^“Did Brunel design the Box Tunnel so that the light would shine though at sunrise on his birthday?” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412100424/http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/did-brunel-design-the-box-tunnel-so-that-the-light-would-shine-through-at-sunrise-on-his-birthday/story-30258983-detail/story.html# |date=12 April 2017 }} ‘’Bath Chronicle’’, 9 April 2017.
14. ^Morris, Steven. [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/10/isambard-kingdom-brunel-birthday-box-tunnel-bath-sun “Light at the end of the tunnel: sun shines for Brunel's birthday.”] ‘’The Guardian’’, 10 April 2017.
15. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirlibooks.com/isambards-gift.html |title=Isambard's Gift |website=Mirli Books |access-date=25 May 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324883/Corsham_Tunnel_version1.pdf |title=Corsham Tunnels — A brief guide |publisher=gov.uk |accessdate=7 April 2015}}
17. ^{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Tony |title=The Road to Success: Alfred McAlpine 1935 – 1985 |publisher=Rainbird Publishing |year=1987}}
18. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/m/monkton_farleigh/index.shtml |title=CAD Monkton Farleigh |publisher=subbrit.org.uk |accessdate=11 February 2012}}
19. ^{{cite book |last=Department for Transport |title=Britain's transport infrastructure: Rail electrification |year=2009 |publisher=DfT Publications |location=London |isbn=978-1-84864-018-4 |page=30 |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/pi/rail-electrification.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170123080842/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/pi/rail-electrification.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=23 January 2017}}
20. ^Carr, Colin. [https://www.railengineer.uk/2015/09/30/preparing-the-way-for-bath-electrification/ "Preparing the way for Bath electrification."] railengineer.uk, 30 September 2015.