| 词条 | Braddock, Pennsylvania | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Braddock, Pennsylvania | official_name = Borough of Braddock | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = Borough | image_skyline = BCL 1024x768.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_seal = | seal_size = | etymology = Edward Braddock | nickname = | motto = | anthem = | image_map = Allegheny County Pennsylvania incorporated and unincorporated areas Braddock highlighted.svg | mapsize = 260px | map_caption = Location in Allegheny County and the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. | image_map1 = Pennsylvania in United States (US48).svg | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = Location of Pennsylvania in the United States | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_label = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|40|24|13|N|79|52|7|W|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | grid_name = | grid_position = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Pennsylvania | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = Allegheny | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = Settled | established_date = 1742 | established_title1 = Incorporated | established_date1 = June 8, 1867 | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | established_title4 = | established_date4 = | established_title5 = | established_date5 = | established_title6 = | established_date6 = | established_title7 = | established_date7 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = | seat = | seat1_type = | seat1 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Chardae Jones | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | total_type = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = [1] | area_total_km2 = 1.67 | area_total_sq_mi = 0.65 | area_land_km2 = 1.46 | area_land_sq_mi = 0.56 | area_water_km2 = 0.21 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.08 | area_water_percent = | area_metro_footnotes = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = 764 | elevation_point = | elevation_max_footnotes = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_max_point = | elevation_max_rank = | elevation_min_footnotes = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = | elevation_min_point = | elevation_min_rank = | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 2159 | pop_est_as_of = 2017 | pop_est_footnotes = [2] | population_est = 2116 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = 1450.64 | population_density_sq_mi = 3758.44 | population_metro_footnotes = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi = | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | timezone1 = EST | utc_offset1 = -5 | timezone1_DST = EDT | utc_offset1_DST = -4 | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = | postal_code_type = ZIP code | postal_code = 15104 | postal2_code_type = | postal2_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = 412 | geocode = | iso_code = | blank_name = FIPS code | blank_info = 42-07992 | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | blank2_name = | blank2_info = | blank_name_sec2 = School District | blank_info_sec2 = Woodland Hills | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = Wikimedia Commons | blank2_info_sec2 = | website = https://www.braddockborough.com | footnotes = }} }} Braddock is a borough located in the eastern suburbs of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16 km) upstream from the mouth of the Monongahela River. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census. The borough is represented by the Pennsylvania State Senate's 45th district, the Pennsylvania House of Representative's 34th district, and Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. HistoryThe town is named for General Edward Braddock (1695–1755).[2] The Braddock Expedition, particularly his crossing of the Monongahela River on July 9, 1755 at this place, led to the British general's own fatal wounding and a sound defeat of his troops who had been moving against the French at Fort Duquesne. This battle, now called the Battle of the Monongahela, was a key event at the beginning of the French and Indian War. The area surrounding Braddock's Field was originally inhabited by the Lenape, ruled by Queen Allequippa.[4] In 1742, John Fraser and his family established the area at the mouth of Turtle Creek as the first permanent English settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains.[4] George Washington visited the area in 1753-1754. It was the site of Braddock's Defeat on July 9, 1755. Braddock's first industrial facility, a barrel plant, opened in 1850.[4] The borough was incorporated on June 8, 1867.[3] The town's industrial economy began in 1873, when Andrew Carnegie built the Edgar Thomson Steel Works on the historic site of Braddock's Field in what is now North Braddock, Pennsylvania. This was one of the first American steel mills which used the Bessemer process. As of 2010, it continues operation as a part of the United States Steel Corporation. This era of the town's history is depicted in Thomas Bell's novel Out of This Furnace. Braddock is also the location of the first of Andrew Carnegie's 1,679 (some sources list 1,689) public libraries in the US, designed by William Halsey Wood of Newark, New Jersey, and dedicated on March 30, 1889. The Braddock Library included a tunnel entrance for Carnegie's millworkers to enter a bathhouse in the basement to clean up before entering the facilities (which originally included billiard tables). An addition in 1893, by Longfellow, Alden and Harlow (Boston & Pittsburgh, successors to Henry Hobson Richardson), added a swimming pool, indoor basketball court, and 964-seat music hall that included a Votey pipe organ. The building was rescued from demolition in 1978 by the Braddock's Field Historical Society, and is still in use as a public library. The bathhouse has recently been converted to a pottery studio; the music hall is currently under restoration. During the early 1900s many immigrants settled in Braddock, primarily from Croatia, Slovenia, and Hungary. Braddock lost its importance with the collapse of the steel industry in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. This coincided with the crack cocaine epidemic of the early 1980s, and the combination of the two woes nearly destroyed the community. In 1988, Braddock was designated a financially distressed municipality. The entire water distribution system was rebuilt in 1990-1991 at a cost of $4.7 million, resulting in a fine system where only 5% of piped water is deemed "unaccounted-for."{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. From its peak in the 1920s, Braddock has since lost 90% of its population.[4] Since 2005, colorful mayor John Fetterman, the 2018 Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, has launched a campaign to attract new residents to the area from the artistic and creative communities.[4] He has also initiated various revitalization efforts, including the nonprofit organization Braddock Redux.[5] Fetterman has appeared in various media to discuss his vision of Braddock's needs, including PBS,[6] The Colbert Report on Comedy Central,[7] CNN, Fox News, CNBC, and The New York Times.[8] In the UK, The Guardian[9] and the BBC have reported on him.[10] He has also had his own episode on Hulu's original series A Day in the Life.[11] Since 1974, Braddock resident Tony Buba has made many films. One of his earlier films is "Justice League" centering on the borough and its industrial decline, including Struggles in Steel.[12] In September 2010, the IFC and Sundance television channels showed the film Ready to Work: Portraits of Braddock, produced by the Levi Strauss corporation. This film interviews many of the local residents and shows their efforts to revitalize the town.[13] GeographyAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of {{convert|0.6|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|0.6|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.1|sqmi|km2}} (13.85%) is water. Its average elevation is {{convert|764|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level.[14] Government and politics
Surrounding and adjacent neighborhoodsBraddock has two land borders, including North Braddock from the north to the southeast, and Rankin to the northwest. Across the Monongahela River to the south, Braddock runs adjacent with Whitaker and West Mifflin. Demographics{{US Census population|1870= 1290 |1880= 3310 |1890= 8561 |1900= 15654 |1910= 19357 |1920= 20879 |1930= 19329 |1940= 18326 |1950= 16488 |1960= 12337 |1970= 8795 |1980= 5634 |1990= 4682 |2000= 2912 |2010= 2159 |estyear=2017 |estimate=2116 |estref=[17] |footnote=Sources:[18][19][20][21] }} As of the census[20] of 2000, there were 2,912 people, 1,161 households, and 695 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,159.9 people per square mile (2,007.7/km²). There were 1,624 housing units at an average density of 2,877.6 per square mile (1,119.7/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 30.12% White, 66.52% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.69% from other races, and 2.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.51% of the population. There were 1,161 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.4% were married couples living together, 31.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.24. In the borough the population was spread out, with 31.5% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.1 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $18,473, and the median income for a family was $20,669. Males had a median income of $26,333 versus $19,867 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $13,135. About 34.4% of families and 35.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 54.4% of those under age 18 and 14.5% of those age 65 or over. In popular culture{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=January 2013}}
Notable people
See also{{Portal|Pittsburgh}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2017_Gazetteer/2017_gaz_place_42.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Mar 24, 2019}} 2. ^{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a4NIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G24DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2867%2C2505444 | title=Town names carry a little bit of history | work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=May 10, 1984 | accessdate=26 May 2015 | author=Porter, Thomas J. Jr. | pages=1}} 3. ^{{cite web| url =http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/counties/pdfs/Allegheny.pdf | title = Allegheny County - 2nd Class | accessdate = 2007-08-18}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| url = http://www.15104.cc| title = Braddock, Pennsylvania| accessdate = 2007-08-18}} 5. ^BraddockRedux.org, accessdate September 4, 2009 6. ^[https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/615/index.html Profile of Fetterman and Braddock] on the show NOW on PBS 7. ^http://www.levistrauss.com/blogs/fetterman-v-colbert {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113130/http://www.levistrauss.com/blogs/fetterman-v-colbert |date=August 20, 2010 }} 8. ^{{ cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/us/01braddock.html |title=Rock Bottom for Decades, but Showing Signs of Life |publisher= The New York Times |date=January 31, 2009 |quote='Space is cheap here,' said Mr. Gustafson, 30. 'We can afford to focus on our hobbies.' He is a graphic designer; she is a photographer. |accessdate=October 19, 2010 }} 9. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/15/us-mayor-postcode-tattoo |title=Coolest mayor in America? Why John Fetterman has his postcode tattooed on his arm |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=July 15, 2009 | location=London | first=Ed | last=Pilkington | date=July 15, 2009}} 10. ^BBC.co.uk: US mayor strikes unconventional note 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hulu.com/watch/358111/a-day-in-the-life-john-fetterman |title=John Fetterman |publisher=HULU |date=May 7, 2012 |accessdate=May 23, 2012}} 12. ^https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0117780/ 13. ^Braddock Film Gets Additional Airing, WDUQ News 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25}} 15. ^{{cite web|last1=EL|title=2012 Allegheny County election|url=http://triblive.com/politics/2907065-74/pittsburgh-ward-hills-west-borough-braddock-east-elizabeth-north-park|website=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|accessdate=15 October 2017}} 16. ^{{cite web|last1=EL|title=2016 Pennsylvani general election...|url=http://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/electionresultsgen2016/|website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|accessdate=15 October 2017}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=March 24, 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/17216604v1p40ch02.pdf|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-40.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 20. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/|archivedate=2013-09-11|df=}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012-3.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 22. ^http://www.groceteria.com/store/national-chains/ap/ap-history/ 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://explore.levi.com/news/we-are-all-workers/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013180354/http://explore.levi.com/news/we-are-all-workers/ |archivedate=2010-10-13 |df= }} 24. ^1 Braddock, Pennsylvania - Out of the Furnace and into the Fire 25. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/documents/frankscott.htm| title = Corporal Frank S. Scott| accessdate = 2006-08-31| date = 2006-04-17| publisher = Scott AFB History Office}} External links{{commonscat|Braddock, Pennsylvania}}{{EB1911 poster|Braddock}}
6 : Populated places established in 1742|Pittsburgh metropolitan area|Company towns in Pennsylvania|Boroughs in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Populated places on the Monongahela River|1867 establishments in Pennsylvania |
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