| 词条 | Braunau am Inn |
| 释义 |
| name = Braunau am Inn | native_name = | settlement_type = | image_skyline = Stadtplatz Braunau am Inn.jpg | imagesize = 325px | image_caption = Braunau town centre | image_shield = Braunau am Inn COA.svg | shield_size = 80x110px | shield_link = | pushpin_map = Austria | pushpin_mapsize = 270 | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Austria | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = Location within Braunau am Inn district | coordinates = {{coord|48|15|30|N|13|2|6|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Austria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Upper Austria | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Braunau am Inn | parts_type = | parts_style = para | p1 = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Johannes Waidbacher | leader_party = {{Polparty|Austria| ÖVP }} | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | area_footnotes = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_footnotes}} | area_total_km2 = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_total_km2}} | area_metro_km2 = | elevation_m = 352 | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_m = | population_as_of = {{Austria population Wikidata|population_as_of}} | population_footnotes = {{Austria population Wikidata|population_footnotes}} | population_total = {{Austria population Wikidata|population_total}} | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | established_title = | established_date = | timezone = CET | timezone_DST = CEST | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | registration_plate = BR | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 5280, 5282A | area_code_type = Area code | area_code = 07722 | website = {{URL|http://www.braunau.at/}} | footnotes = }}{{Audio|Braunau am Inn.ogg|Braunau am Inn}} (German for "Braunau at the Inn") is a town in Upper Austria. Located on the border with Germany, it is the largest town in the Upper Austrian Innviertel region. Braunau is known for being the birthplace of Adolf Hitler. GeographyThe town is situated on the lower Inn River below its confluence with the Salzach, where it forms the border with the German state of Bavaria. It is located halfway on the road between the state capital Linz and the Bavarian capital Munich, about {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north of Salzburg. Braunau is connected by bridges over the River Inn with its Bavarian counterpart Simbach am Inn. A traditional port of entry, all border controls have been abolished since the implementation of the Schengen Agreement by Austria in 1997. The town gave its name to the administrative district ({{lang|de|Bezirk}}). The population of Braunau am Inn was 16,182 in 2011. The municipal area comprises the cadastral communities of Braunau am Inn, Osternberg, and Ranshofen. HistoryWhile the abbey of Ranshofen was already mentioned in the course of the deposition of Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, in 788, Braunau itself first appeared as Prounaw in an 1120 deed. The Innviertel region then was part of the Duchy of Bavaria. Braunau received town rights in 1260, one of the first in present-day Austria. It became a fortress town and important trading route junction, dealing with the salt trade and with ship traffic on the River Inn. As a major Bavarian settlement, the town played an outstanding role in the Bavarian uprising against the Austrian occupation during the War of the Spanish Succession, when it hosted the Braunau Parliament, a provisional Bavarian Parliament in 1705 headed by Georg Sebastian Plinganser (born 16 April 1680 in Pfarrkirchen; died 7 May 1738 in Augsburg). The Late Gothic Braunau parish church dedicated to Saint Stephen was built from 1439 to 1466, replacing an older chapel. Its {{convert|87|m|ft|abbr=on}} high spire is one of the tallest in Austria and the town's landmark. The remains of the fortress today house a museum and parts of the former town walls can still be seen. Another museum is housed in refurbished 18th-century public baths. Within 40 years, Braunau changed hands three times: In 1779, it became an Austrian town under the terms of the Treaty of Teschen, which settled the War of the Bavarian Succession. During War of the Third Coalition, the Nuremberg bookseller Johann Philipp Palm was arrested at the Braunau fortress by French troops and executed for high treason by personal order of Napoleon in 1806. Under the terms of the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn, Braunau became Bavarian again in 1809. In 1816, during reorganisation of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars at the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Bavaria ceded the town to the Austrian Empire and was compensated by the gain of Aschaffenburg. Braunau has been Austrian ever since. Braunau remained a garrison town of the Austro-Hungarian Army and became the site of a large prisoner of war camp in World War I. After the Nazi {{lang|de|Anschluss}} to Nazi Germany in 1938, Ranshofen, which at that time had one of Austria's largest aluminium plants, was incorporated into Braunau. Since 1992, the annual Braunau Contemporary History Days initiated by Andreas Maislinger concentrate on accounting for the past; the town's administration awards the Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer Award, named after native diplomat Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer, to honour committed Austrians abroad. Several {{lang|de|Stolpersteine}} were installed in Braunau by the artist Gunter Demnig. Adolf Hitler's birthplaceAdolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn where his father Alois Hitler served as a customs official. He and his family left Braunau and moved to Passau in 1892.[1] Hitler was born in an apartment building recorded at Salzburger Vorstadt 15 in an 1890 register, which housed a craft brewery and several rental flats, one of them occupied by Alois Hitler, his third wife Klara, their son Adolf, and his elder half-siblings Alois Jr. and Angela. In April 1934, the Passau {{lang|de|Donauzeitung}} published a commemorative article, marking the room where Hitler was born.[2] In April 1938, Braunau renamed {{lang|de|Salzburger Vorstadt}} {{lang|de|Adolf-Hitler-Straße}}, and its town plaza {{lang|de|Adolf-Hitler-Platz}},[3] but the building itself remained a {{linktext|Gasthaus}}, with a sign advertising beer on tap.[4] After Hitler's personal secretary Martin Bormann purchased the house where Hitler was born for the Nazi Party, it became a cult centre containing an art gallery and a public library. Occupied by US troops at the end of World War II, the building temporarily housed a documentary exhibition on Nazi concentration camps. In 1952, it was restored to its original owners{{Clarify|date=February 2017}} and thereafter used as a city library, a technical college and a day-care centre for disabled people. Since 2011, the house remains vacant. In 2014, the Austrian Ministry{{Clarify|date=February 2017}} decided to open in the house a "House of Responsibility"—a museum dedicated to Hitler's crimes during the existence of the Third Reich. In the course of the process of coming to terms with the history of Austria in the time of National Socialism, the Braunau mayor Gerhard Skiba in April 1989 — two weeks before Hitler's centenary — took the initiative and placed a memorial stone in front of the building. The stone, commemorating the victims of World War II, is made of granite from the quarry at the Mauthausen concentration camp. It states, {{lang|de|Für Frieden, Freiheit und Demokratie. Nie wieder Faschismus. Millionen Tote mahnen}} ("For peace, freedom and democracy; never again fascism: millions of dead remind us"). The memorial also serves as a disincentive to "Hitler tourism". In 1972 the Austrian government took over the main lease on the building to further discourage any notion of making it a pilgrimage site, and continues to pay its current owner approximately 4,800 euros in monthly rental.[5] Austria's government has since announced that the house would be torn down and replaced with a new building that has no association with Adolf Hitler. The demolition was recommended by a government-appointed commission and the plan still required formalization via legislation and a parliamentary vote.[6] On 18 October 2016, Austrian interior minister Wolfgang Sobotka said the building would instead be changed to the extent that it "will not be recognizable."[7] In October 2016, the Austrian government approved a plan to move or demolish the building at Salzburger Vorstadt 15. In July of the same year, the Austrian Parliament passed a law to expropriate the house with its last private owner, Gerlinde Pommer, being compensated for the property. Following the emptying of the building in 2011, Pommer had received €4,700 ($5,200) per month in rent from the Austrian government as it had taken over the main lease. Interior Minister Wolfgang Sobotka lobbied for replacing the original building with an entirely new structure.[8][9] In 2011, the Braunau town council voted to revoke any honorary citizenship that may have been conferred on Hitler in 1933. The action was described as "precautionary" as no archival evidence could be found to confirm that he had received it in the first place.[10][11][12][13] Population{{Historical populations|align=none |1869|4553 |1880|5078 |1890|5584 |1900|6021 |1910|6340 |1923|6678 |1934|6998 |1939|7850 |1951|12013 |1961|14457 |1971|16436 |1981|16318 |1991|16264 |2001|16337 |2011|16182 |2015|16380 }} EconomyBraunau has a full range of industries including electronics, metal (AMAG), woodworking, and glass. The town also has the largest aluminium works in Austria. EducationThe BHAK Braunau is the oldest educational establishment in the Innviertel. SportAfter two successful seasons, the local football team, SV Braunau, reached the Austrian 1st Division before suddenly going bankrupt in 2000. The team was re-founded as FC Braunau. Notable residents
Climate{{Weather box|collapsed= |open= |metric first= yes |single line= yes |location= Aspach |temperature colour= |Jan maximum humidex= |Feb maximum humidex= |Mar maximum humidex= |Apr maximum humidex= |May maximum humidex= |Jun maximum humidex= |Jul maximum humidex= |Aug maximum humidex= |Sep maximum humidex= |Oct maximum humidex= |Nov maximum humidex= |Dec maximum humidex= |year maximum humidex= |Jan record high C=16.2 |Feb record high C=19.9 |Mar record high C=23.6 |Apr record high C=26.4 |May record high C=29.7 |Jun record high C=32.2 |Jul record high C=35.3 |Aug record high C=34.4 |Sep record high C=31.4 |Oct record high C=24.5 |Nov record high C=21.6 |Dec record high C=16.6 |year record high C=35.3 |Jan high C=1.9 |Feb high C=3.9 |Mar high C=8.9 |Apr high C=13.0 |May high C=18.7 |Jun high C=21.1 |Jul high C=23.4 |Aug high C=23.0 |Sep high C=18.9 |Oct high C=13.4 |Nov high C=6.3 |Dec high C=3.3 |year high C= |Jan mean C=-1.9 |Feb mean C=-0.6 |Mar mean C=3.7 |Apr mean C=7.4 |May mean C=12.8 |Jun mean C=15.7 |Jul mean C=17.7 |Aug mean C=17.1 |Sep mean C=12.9 |Oct mean C=7.9 |Nov mean C=2.6 |Dec mean C=-0.1 |year mean C=7.9 |Jan low C=-5.1 |Feb low C=-4.0 |Mar low C=-0.3 |Apr low C=2.4 |May low C=6.7 |Jun low C=10.1 |Jul low C=12.0 |Aug low C=11.5 |Sep low C=8.5 |Oct low C=4.0 |Nov low C=-0.4 |Dec low C=-3.2 |year low C=3.5 |Jan record low C=-33.2 |Feb record low C=-23.1 |Mar record low C=-22.4 |Apr record low C=-6.9 |May record low C=-5.2 |Jun record low C=1.0 |Jul record low C=2.2 |Aug record low C=-2.1 |Sep record low C=-2.1 |Oct record low C=-7.6 |Nov record low C=-25.0 |Dec record low C=-25.6 |year record low C=-33.2 |Jan chill= |Feb chill= |Mar chill= |Apr chill= |May chill= |Jun chill= |Jul chill= |Aug chill= |Sep chill= |Oct chill= |Nov chill= |Dec chill= |year chill= |precipitation colour= |Jan precipitation mm= |Feb precipitation mm= |Mar precipitation mm= |Apr precipitation mm= |May precipitation mm= |Jun precipitation mm= |Jul precipitation mm= |Aug precipitation mm= |Sep precipitation mm= |Oct precipitation mm= |Nov precipitation mm= |Dec precipitation mm= |year precipitation mm= |Jan precipitation cm= |Feb precipitation cm= |Mar precipitation cm= |Apr precipitation cm= |May precipitation cm= |Jun precipitation cm= |Jul precipitation cm= |Aug precipitation cm= |Sep precipitation cm= |Oct precipitation cm= |Nov precipitation cm= |Dec precipitation cm= |year precipitation cm= |rain colour= |Jan rain mm=57.5 |Feb rain mm=44.9 |Mar rain mm=66.8 |Apr rain mm=71.2 |May rain mm=76.6 |Jun rain mm=104.9 |Jul rain mm=113.2 |Aug rain mm=91.8 |Sep rain mm=74.7 |Oct rain mm=58.9 |Nov rain mm=64.6 |Dec rain mm=68.0 |year rain mm=893.1 |Jan snow cm= 9.8 |Feb snow cm= 8.9 |Mar snow cm= 5.0 |Apr snow cm= 2.3 |May snow cm= 0.0 |Jun snow cm= 0.0 |Jul snow cm= 0.0 |Aug snow cm= 0.0 |Sep snow cm= 0.0 |Oct snow cm= 0.0 |Nov snow cm= 4.6 |Dec snow cm= 11.2 |year snow cm= 3.5 |humidity colour= |Jan humidity= |Feb humidity= |Mar humidity= |Apr humidity= |May humidity= |Jun humidity= |Jul humidity= |Aug humidity= |Sep humidity= |Oct humidity= |Nov humidity= |Dec humidity= |year humidity= |unit precipitation days= 1.0 mm |precip days colour= |Jan precipitation days=9.2 |Feb precipitation days=8.1 |Mar precipitation days=10.0 |Apr precipitation days=10.2 |May precipitation days=8.7 |Jun precipitation days=11.7 |Jul precipitation days=10.9 |Aug precipitation days=8.8 |Sep precipitation days=8.4 |Oct precipitation days=7.6 |Nov precipitation days=9.6 |Dec precipitation days=10.6 |year precipitation days=113.8 |unit rain days= |Jan rain days= |Feb rain days= |Mar rain days= |Apr rain days= |May rain days= |Jun rain days= |Jul rain days= |Aug rain days= |Sep rain days= |Oct rain days= |Nov rain days= |Dec rain days= |year rain days= |unit snow days= 1.0 cm |Jan snow days=14.1 |Feb snow days=9.6 |Mar snow days=4.9 |Apr snow days=1.7 |May snow days=0.0 |Jun snow days=0.0 |Jul snow days=0.0 |Aug snow days=0.0 |Sep snow days=0.0 |Oct snow days=0.1 |Nov snow days=4.0 |Dec snow days=9.6 |year snow days=3.7 |Jan sun=55.3 |Feb sun=86.0 |Mar sun=126.0 |Apr sun=158.3 |May sun=221.5 |Jun sun=204.8 |Jul sun=234.1 |Aug sun=226.9 |Sep sun=164.8 |Oct sun=119.1 |Nov sun=60.0 |Dec sun=44.9 |year sun= |Jand sun= |Febd sun= |Mard sun= |Aprd sun= |Mayd sun= |Jund sun= |Juld sun= |Augd sun= |Sepd sun= |Octd sun= |Novd sun= |Decd sun= |yeard sun= |Jan percentsun= |Feb percentsun= |Mar percentsun= |Apr percentsun= |May percentsun= |Jun percentsun= |Jul percentsun= |Aug percentsun= |Sep percentsun= |Oct percentsun= |Nov percentsun= |Dec percentsun= |year percentsun= |source 1= [14] |source 2= }} References1. ^Anna Rosmus: Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 20f 2. ^Anna Rosmus Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 97f 3. ^Anna Rosmus Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 151f 4. ^{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n41/mode/2up | title=Inside Europe | publisher=Harper & Brothers | author=Gunther, John |location=New York|authorlink=John Gunther| year=1940 | page=20}} 5. ^{{cite news |last=Eddy |first=M |date=11 February 2015 |title=In Adolf Hitler’s Hometown, Trying to Overcome a Legacy of Evil. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/12/world/europe/in-adolf-hitlers-hometown-trying-to-overcome-a-legacy-of-evil.html |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=24 April 2015 }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/18/austria-to-demolish-house-where-adolf-hitler-was-born.html |title=Austria to Demolish House Where Adolf Hitler Was Born |date=18 October 2016 |website=CNBC.com |access-date=19 October 2016 }} 7. ^{{cite news |title=Austria: Hitler's house will be remodeled, not torn down |url=http://www.greensboro.com/ap/us_world/austria-hitler-s-house-will-be-remodeled-not-torn-down/article_760eaad3-288f-5643-a81b-900a823f6111.html |accessdate=3 November 2016 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=News & Record |date=18 October 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 8. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/19/world/europe/adolf-hitler-birth-house.html Austria Seeks to Seize, and Possibly Tear Down, Hitler’s House] 9. ^Austria to demolish house where Adolf Hitler was born 10. ^{{cite news |title=Adolf Hitler's Austrian hometown revokes honour title |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14084913 |accessdate=27 January 2012 |newspaper=BBC News |date=8 July 2011 }} 11. ^{{cite news |title=Hitler’s birthplace strips Fuehrer of honorary citizenship |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1021728--hitler-s-birthplace-strips-fuehrer-of-honorary-citizenship |accessdate=8 July 2011 |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=8 July 2011 }} 12. ^http://www.dw.com/en/austria-to-tear-down-adolf-hitlers-place-of-birth-in-braunau-am-inn/a-36071976 13. ^https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/house-adolf-hitler-born-to-be-torn-down-austria-interior-minister-a7365921.html 14. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm |title=Klimadaten von Österreich, 1971–2000 |publisher=Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics |accessdate=January 2, 2014 }} External links{{Commons|Braunau am Inn}}
3 : Braunau am Inn|Cities and towns in Upper Austria|Populated places on the Inn (river) |
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