“Breguet 19”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Breguet 19 (Breguet XIX, Br.19 or Bre.19) was a light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, also used for long-distance flights, designed by the French Breguet company and produced from 1924.

Development

The Breguet 19 was designed as a successor to a highly successful World War I light bomber, the 14. Initially, it was designed to be powered by a {{convert|450|hp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}} Bugatti U-16 engine, driving a four-blade propeller, and such a prototype was shown on the 7th Paris Air Show in November 1921.^[1] A new design was flown in March 1922, featuring a conventional layout with a single {{convert|450|hp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}} Renault 12Kb inline engine. The aircraft was built in a sesquiplane platform, with lower wings substantially smaller than the upper ones. After trials, the Breguet 19 was ordered by the French Army{{'}}s Aéronautique Militaire in September 1923.

The first 11 Breguet 19 prototypes were powered by a number of different engines. A "trademark" of Breguet was the wide usage of duralumin as a construction material, instead of steel or wood. At that time, the aircraft was faster than other bombers, and even some fighter aircraft. Therefore, it met with a huge interest in the world, strengthened by its sporting successes. Mass production, for the Aéronautique Militaire and export, started in France in 1924.

Design

The Breguet 19 was a biplane (sesquiplane), conventional in layout, with braced wings. The fuselage, ellipsoid in cross-section, was a frame of duralumin pipes. The front part was covered with duralumin sheets, the tail with canvas. The wings were canvas covered. It had a conventional fixed landing gear with rear skid. The crew of two, pilot and observer/bombardier, sat in tandem in open cockpits, with dual controls.

A wide variety of engine types were fitted, mostly water-cooled V-12 or W-12 inline engines, including the following:

A fixed {{convert|7.7|mm|in|abbr=on|3}} Vickers machine gun with an interrupter gear was operated by the pilot, while the observer had twin {{convert|7.7|mm|in|abbr=on|3}} Lewis Guns. There was also a fourth machine gun, which could be fired by the observer downwards through an opening in the floor. The Br.19CN2 night fighter variant was fitted with two pilot's machine guns.^[2] The bomber variant could carry up to {{convert|472|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of bombs under the fuselage, or in a vertical bomb bay (small bombs up to {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}). The reconnaissance variant could carry 12x {{convert|10|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs. The reconnaissance variant had a camera mounting, which was optional on the bomber variant. All variants had radio.

Operational history

The Breguet had its baptism of fire in the Spanish Civil War. In the Greco-Italian War of World War II, 18 Breguets were on line at the outbreak of war, with 1 Observation (or Army Cooperation) Mira, under I Corp Command, based at Perigiali, near Corinth and with 2 Observation Mira under II Corps command, based at Larissa and Kozani.^[3]

On 4 November 1940, a RHAF (Royal Hellenic Air Force) Breguet from 2 Mira was sent looking for the attacking 3rd Julia Alpine Division, locating it in a mountain pass near Metsovo. Three more Breguets sent to bomb the Italian division were in turn attacked by three Fiat CR.42 fighters. A Breguet was shot down, one crash-landed and the third returned to base, though badly shot up.^[4]

Variants

In total, more than 2,000 Breguet 19s were manufactured in France, and about 700 license-built by Spanish CASA, Japanese Nakajima, Belgian SABCA and the Yugoslavian aircraft factory in Kraljevo.^[8]

Operators

Record variants

Both standard and modified Breguet 19s were used for numerous record-breaking flights. The first was the Br.19 prototype, which won a military aircraft speed contest in Madrid on 17 February 1923. On 12 March 1923, it also set an international altitude record of {{convert|5,992|m|ft|abbr=on}} carrying a {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} load. It was later bought by the Spanish government.

Many crews made long-distance flights in Br.19s. In February 1925, Thieffry flew from Brussels to Leopoldville in central Africa, a distance of {{convert|8900|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Two Br.19 A2s were bought by the Japanese Asahi Shimbun newspaper and fitted with additional fuel tanks. They were flown by H. Abe and K. Kawachi on the Tokyo-Paris-London route in July 1925, covering {{convert|13800|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Between 27 August and 25 September 1926, the Polish crew of Boleslaw Orlinski flew the Warsaw-Tokyo route ({{convert|10300|km|mi|abbr=on}}) and back, in a modified Br.19 A2, despite the fact that one of its lower wings was broken on the way. On June 8, 1928 a modified Greek Br.A2 ("ΕΛΛΑΣ"), flown by C. Adamides and E. Papadakos, embarked on a long distance tour around the Mediterranean landing without incident at Tatoi airfield, Athens, on July 1st. Between 1927 and 1930, Romanian, Yugoslavian and Polish Br.19s were often used in Little Entente air races.

Breguet 19 GRs and TRs set several world records, mostly of long-distance non-stop flights, starting with Arrachart and Lemaitre's {{convert|3166|km|mi|abbr=on}} flight from Paris to Villa Cisneros in 24½ hours on 2–3 February 1925. On 14–15 July 1926, Girier and Dordilly set a new record of {{convert|4716|km|mi|abbr=on}} between Paris and Omsk, beaten on 31 August-1 September by Challe and Weiser's {{convert|5,174|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and on 28 October by Dieudonne Costes and Rignot's {{convert|5,450|km|mi|abbr=on}}. From 10 October 1927 – 14 April 1928, Costes and Le Brix flew a Br.19 GR (named Nungesser-Coli) around the world, covering {{convert|57000|km|mi|abbr=on}} - though the journey between San Francisco and Tokyo was taken by ship.

The Super Bidon was created especially for the purpose of a transatlantic flight. It was named Point d'Interrogation ("The Question Mark"). Dieudonne Costes and Maurice Bellonte set a non-stop distance record of {{convert|7905|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Paris to Moullart on 27–29 September 1929 on this aircraft. Then on 1–2 September 1930, they flew from Paris to New York City, a distance of {{convert|6200|km|mi|abbr=on}} making the first non-stop east-west crossing of the North Atlantic by a fixed-wing aircraft.^[11] The second Super Bidon, the Spanish Cuatro Vientos, vanished over Mexico with M. Barberan and J. Collar Serra, after a transatlantic flight from Seville to Cuba on 10–11 June 1933.

Specifications (Br 19 A.2)

|crew=2
|length m=9.61
|span m=14.83
|height m=3.69
|wing area sqm=50
|empty weight kg=1387
|max takeoff weight kg=2500
|fuel capacity= {{convert|365|l|USgal impgal|abbr=on}}

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=Lorraine 12Ed Courlis
|eng1 type=W-12 liquid-cooled piston engine
|eng1 hp=450

|guns=1 × fixed, forward-firing {{convert|7.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} Vickers machine gun, and two flexible, rearward-firing {{convert|7.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} Lewis Guns.
|bombs= Provision for light bombs.
}}

Surviving aircraft

See also

The Breguet XIX played a central role in Nevil Shute's second published work "So Disdained".

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bugattirevue.com/revue3/rev3-4.htm#leviathan |title=Bugatti Powered Aircraft |publisher=the Bugatti revue |date=1922-06-30 |accessdate=2010-07-30}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite journal|last1=Claveau|first1=Charles|title=Les Avions Louis Breguet 1919–1945|journal=Le Trait d'Union|date=March–April 1997|issue=172|language=French}}
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Carr|first1=John|title=On spartan wings : the Royal Hellenic Air Force in World War Two|date=2012|publisher=Pen & Sword Military|location=Barnsley|page=17|isbn=978-1-84884-798-9}}
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Carr|first1=John|title=On spartan wings : the Royal Hellenic Air Force in World War Two|date=2012|publisher=Pen & Sword Military|location=Barnsley|pages=30–31|isbn=978-1-84884-798-9}}
5. ^{{cite web|last1=Pérez San Emeterio|first1=Carlos|title=Entre Oriente y Occidente: Los vuelos del Jesús del Gran Poder|url=http://www.ejercitodelaire.mde.es/stweb/ea/ficheros/pdf/540906BC15203C9EC12574E10048B743.pdf|website=ejercitodelaire.mde.es|publisher=Ejército del Aire|accessdate=7 August 2014|language=Spanish}}
6. ^Sources differ by a small amount on the exact fuel capacity.
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Betes|first1=Antonio|title=Gloria y Tragedia del Vuelo Sevilla-Cuba-Méjico|url=http://www.ejercitodelaire.mde.es/stweb/ea/ficheros/pdf/34BBB165546B71ADC12574DD00226847.pdf|website=ejercitodelaire.mde.es|publisher=Ejército del Aire|accessdate=7 August 2014|language=Spanish}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/BregeriePierre/9607.htm |title=Breguet 19 |publisher=1000aircraftphotos.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-30}}
9. ^{{cite journal|author1=Green|author2=Swanborough|author3=Layvastre|title=The Saga of the Ubiquitous Breguet|authorlink1=y|journal=Air Enthusiast|date=July–September 1978|page=168}}
10. ^Andersson 2009, p. 253.
11. ^{{cite journal|title=Captain Costa's World Famous Question Mark|journal=Popular Mechanics|date=December 1930|page=908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA908&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&hl=en&ei=_7BlTsWeBYTWgQf9mIiLCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&sqi=2&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=true|accessdate=7 August 2014}}
12. ^{{cite book | editor = David Donald | title = The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft | year = 1997 | publisher = Aerospace Publishing | isbn =1-85605-375-X }}
13. ^Pictures of the Nungesser et Coli stored in the museum.
14. ^Pictures of the Point d'Interrogation in the museum.