| 词条 | British Airways i360 |
| 释义 |
| name = British Airways i360 | native_name = | former_names = | alternate_names = | status = Completed | image = View of i360 in August 2016 - 5.jpg | image_size = | caption = | location = Brighton & Hove, England | location_country = {{Flag|United Kingdom}} | address = | coordinates = {{coord|50.8214|-0.1507|display=inline,title}} | groundbreaking_date = 29 July 2014[1] | start_date = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | demolition_date = | destruction_date = | architect = David Marks and Julia Barfield | landlord = | owner = | cost = £46.2 million | floor_area = | top_floor = | floor_count = | awards = | ren_awards = | parking = | website = www.britishairwaysi360.com | references = | map_type = East Sussex | altitude = | building_type =Observation tower | architectural_style = | structural_system = | ren_cost = | client = | current_tenants = | renovation_date = | height = {{convert|162|m|ft}} | antenna_spire = | roof = | observatory = | other_dimensions = | elevator_count = | architecture_firm = Marks Barfield | structural_engineer = Jacobs Engineering | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | main_contractor = Hollandia Infra BV | ren_architect = | ren_firm = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | alt = | est_completion = Summer 2016 | opening = 4 August 2016 | developer = }}British Airways i360[2] is a {{convert|162|m|ft|0|adj=on}} observation tower on the seafront of Brighton, East Sussex, England at the landward end of the former West Pier.[3] The tower opened on 4 August 2016.[4] From the fully enclosed viewing pod, visitors experience 360-degree views across Brighton, the South Downs, the English Channel and on the clearest days it is possible to see Beachy Head {{convert|17|miles}} to the east and the Isle of Wight {{convert|41|miles}} to the west.[5] British Airways i360 was designed, engineered, manufactured and promoted by the team responsible for the London Eye.[6] It is estimated by the developers that the i360 will generate more than 440 permanent jobs; 160 posts at the attraction, and additional jobs from the spin-off benefits to other businesses in the city. The attraction cost £46 million, with £36 million being funded by a Public Works Loan Board (PWLB) loan through Brighton and Hove city council. Formerly known as the "Brighton i360", the project aimed to attract 739,000 paying customers every year, but has consistently fallen significantly short of this.[6] The owner of the site, the West Pier Trust, hoped in 2014 that a successful i360 would lead to the rebuilding of the historic West Pier.[6] The i360 carried its 1,000,000th passenger on the 11am flight on 11 March 2019. DesignBritish Airways i360 was designed by architectural company Marks Barfield, which also designed the London Eye. The building was conceived as a "vertical pier". The tower is located at the shore end of the ruined West Pier, and the design recreated the original Italianate ticket booths of the West Pier, placed on both side of the entrance, serving as ticket office and tea room.[4] The design also includes a beachfront building that allows access to the tower and houses a brasserie, café and gift shop.[7] The tower is designed as a {{convert|162|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall needle structure with an ascending and descending circular viewing platform with capacity for 200 people. It is Britain's tallest moving observation tower, with a viewing platform at 138 metres (453 feet), and views along the coast, across the South Downs and across the English Channel.[4] The viewing platform is higher than the nearby Sussex Heights tower block and Whitehawk Hill, and about the same height as Thundersbarrow Hill, Red Hill and Race Hill around Brighton & Hove. The top is about the same height as Beeding Hill to the northwest and Falmer Hill to the northeast, but not as high as parts of Woodingdean, Hollingbury Hill, Ditchling Beacon or Devil's Dyke.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} According to the operator, the "i" in the title stands for "intelligence, innovation and integrity".[12] ConstructionPlans were submitted in June 2006 and were approved by Brighton and Hove City Council later that year with construction projected to start in 2007. Following delays of around 15 months, the off-site construction of the sections of the tower began in 2008 in the Netherlands, and work on reconstructing the arches beneath and east of the pier to allow the tower construction began in November 2012. Work on the tower itself began in May 2014, with the attraction being scheduled to open in 2016.[13] The Dutch steelwork specialist Hollandia prefabricated the cylindrical steel sections of the tower, known by the team as cans. The column is 4 metres in diameter, and with a height-to-diameter ratio of 40:1, it is the world's slenderest tall tower.[8] The glass passenger pod was designed and built by cable car specialists POMA, which also built the London Eye capsules. The passenger pod is 18 metres in diameter and holds up to 200 people. The viewing pod travels from street level to a height of 138 metres before returning to beach level. The pod provides a 360 degree view through curved glass and is heated and air-conditioned, with full wheelchair accessibility and bench seating. It also contains a bar;[9] and restaurant in the base building called the Belle Vue.[10] English Heritage felt that the 2006 plan would "provide an outstanding feature on the seafront, and a worthy companion to any successor to the West Pier".[11] In a statement, the West Pier Trust hoped that the project would "regenerate a key blighted city site and send out a loud message that Brighton is open for business".[13]The project was the winner of the Judges' Special Award at the British Construction Industry Awards 2017.[12] It also won The Award for Tall or Slender Structures and The Supreme Award for Structural Engineering Excellence at The Institution of Structural Engineers' Structural Awards 2017.[13] FinanceThe project was initially intended to be entirely privately funded. The architect, Marks Barfield, sold its stake in the London Eye and found financial backers to build the tower. Following the financial crisis of 2007–08, Marks Barfield approached Brighton and Hove Council for a loan.[14] The council initially agreed to support the build with a £14.8 million loan, but this was raised after an unnamed private equity investor told the architects it could no longer proceed[15] and withdrew its planned £15 million contribution in 2012. In March 2014, the project was expected to cost £46 million, with Brighton and Hove Council lending £36.2 million from the Public Works Loan Board and architects Marks Barfield contributing £6 million.[13][15][16] The deal includes Marks Barfield paying £1m annual profit to the council.[14] The £36.2 million loan was agreed at a Special Policy & Resources Committee in March 2014, the council agreeing to more than replace the lost investment capital and to again borrow from the Public Works Loan Board to effect the new bailout.[17] The Coast to Capital LEP loan of £3 million was raised to £4 million. The West Pier Trust has suggested the project "will cost the taxpayer nothing",[18] but some residents are concerned that any repayment risk would be borne by the residents of Brighton & Hove.[19] The council has said that if the loan were not repaid, it would have the option to take over the attraction, find another operator or sell it.[20] In June 2018, disappointing visitor numbers forced the owners to ask Brighton and Hove City Council and the LEP for better loan repayment terms. Brighton and Hove News reported that in 'in the first full year, from August 2016, the i360 had just over 500,000 visitors, significantly fewer than the 800,000 predicted.' The shortfall in visitors was 'blamed on poor weather and the unreliable train service to and from London.'[21] Opening and operationBritish Airways i360 opened on 4 August 2016.[22] A scheduled fireworks display was delayed for a week due to a storm off the coast.[23][24] Pod flights depart every 30 minutes with rides lasting approximately 20–25 minutes.[5] The pod was vandalised within the first few weeks of operation, with a foot-long crack in the glass being repaired after it was noticed by customers.[25][26] A spokeswoman described the damage as "aesthetic" that held no risk to customers' safety.[25] The i360 experienced operational issues a month after opening. On two occasions in September 2016 the i360's pod became stuck. A "slight technical fault" resulted in passengers being stranded {{convert|30|ft}} above ground for a time. Just days later 200 visitors were trapped at ground level for over an hour.[27] The tower was closed for a day for checks.[28] A broken cable in February 2017 caused passengers to become stuck part way through the ride for two hours, and the i360 was closed over the weekend for repairs.[29] In March 2017, the tower was closed due to a temporary fault; the third time the attraction has been closed since it opened.[30] OppositionSome local residents have campaigned against the loan and raised petitions,[31] one reaching 1,449 signatures, including those of architects Paul Zara, of Conran and Partners, and Paul Nicholson, of Chalk Architecture; Simon Fanshawe, the writer and broadcaster, and Malcolm Dawes, chairman of the Brighton Society.[32] Zara has since become a supporter of the i360, declaring, "We should embrace it."[33] Valerie Payton of the SaveHOVE campaign said that the tower "will be profoundly out of keeping with the rest of the seafront. It will be a huge, wide and monstrously tall steel structure that will be omnipresent and visible from wherever you look in the city and beyond."[32] She expressed concern that if the project failed for any reason, the city would have to repay the loan.[32] Selma Montford of the Brighton Society, which aims to conserve and improve the city's amenities, described the i360 as a "horrendous thing in the sky" which would belittle nearby Regency Square. She said that she did not believe it would achieve the predicted visitor figures.[33] Brighton residents who dislike the i360 have nicknamed it the "iSore".[34][35] Writing in The Independent on the day following the launch, Janet Street-Porter criticised the i360, comparing it unfavourably with Brighton's "egalitarian" West Pier.[36] The Seattle Times also reported on unfavourable reactions to the opening.[37] GallerySee also
References1. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-28548066|title=Construction work on Brighton's i360 tower begins |author= |accessdate=31 July 2014|date=29 July 2014 |work= |publisher=BBC }} 2. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-34933365 British Airways sponsors Brighton's i360 seafront tower], BBC 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.westpier.co.uk/I360/key_facts.html|title= The i360 at Brighton West Pier |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929230446/http://www.westpier.co.uk/I360/key_facts.html |archivedate=29 September 2006 |work= Brighton West Pier Trust}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/brighton/articles/brighton-i360-vertical-pier-lift-off-launch/ |title=First look inside Brighton's i360 'vertical pier' - the world's tallest moving observation tower |author=Kashmira Gander |date= 1 August 2016 |work=The Daily Telegraph }} 5. ^1 http://www.britishairwaysi360.com 6. ^{{cite web | url=http://thelatest.co.uk/brighton/2014/06/30/workers-complete-demolition-of-brightons-west-pier-ahead-of-i360-build/ | title=Workers complete demolition of sections of Brighton's West Pier ahead of i360 build | publisher=The Latest | accessdate=2 July 2014}} 7. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-34933365 |title=British Airways sponsors Brighton's i360 seafront tower|date=26 November 2015 |work=BBC }} 8. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/26/brighton-i360-tower-reverse-lost-decade-of-neglect |title=Brighton reaches for the sky in bid to reverse its ‘lost decade’ of neglect |author=Brian Oliver|date= 26 December 2015 |work=The Guardian }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marksbarfield.com/#/in-the-news/2015/i360-glass-passenger-pod-under-construction|title=i360 Glass Passenger Pod Under Construction |publisher=Marks Barfield Architects}} 10. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/property-and-architecture/london-eye-architects-marks-barfield-on-their-maddest-project-ye/ |title=London Eye architects Marks Barfield on their maddest project yet |first= Dominic |last=Bradbury |date=9 July 2016 |work=The Daily Telegraph }} 11. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/891264.Vital_support_for_i360_proposals/ |title= Vital support for i360 proposals |publisher= |date= 24 August 2006 |first= Rob |last= Hustwayte |work=The Argus }} 12. ^{{cite web|title=2017 Winners {{!}} BCI Awards 2017|url=https://bcia.newcivilengineer.com/2017-winners}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=www.structuralawards.org - Award categories - Awards - The Institution of Structural Engineers|url=https://www.istructe.org/structuralawards/2017-winners}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/aug/02/brighton-i360-review-marks-barfield-british-airways |title=Brighton i360 review – London Eye team go pole dancing at the seaside |first=Oliver |last=Wainwright |date=2 August 2016 |work=Guardian }} 15. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.brightonandhovenews.org/2014/03/05/funding-for-brighton-i360-to-be-decided-tomorrow/27824 |title=Funding for Brighton i360 to be decided tomorrow |publisher=Brighton and Hove News |date= |accessdate=3 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044716/http://www.brightonandhovenews.org/2014/03/05/funding-for-brighton-i360-to-be-decided-tomorrow/27824 |archivedate=7 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dmo.gov.uk/index.aspx?page=PWLB/Introduction |title=Public Works Loan Board |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119150706/http://www.dmo.gov.uk/index.aspx?page=PWLB%2FIntroduction# |archive-date=19 November 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://present.brighton-hove.gov.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=689&MId=5195 |title=Brighton & Hove City Council - Agenda for Policy & Resources Committee on Thursday, 6th March, 2014, 4.00pm |publisher=Present.brighton-hove.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=3 April 2014}} 18. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=http://thelatest.co.uk/brighton/2014/03/07/work-on-the-brighton-i360-to-start-within-weeks/ | title=Work on the Brighton i360 to start within weeks | publisher=thelatest.co.uk | accessdate=31 March 2014 }} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/223936491129024/photos/a.239431866246153.1073741829.223936491129024/239431349579538/ |title=A Tall Order - Daniel Raven is No Longer Enjoying the View|publisher=Sussex Style magazine|date=April 2014|accessdate=11 June 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/planning/major-developments/i360-west-pier-observation-tower-and-heritage-centre |title='i360' West Pier Observation Tower and Heritage Centre | Brighton & Hove City Council |publisher=Brighton-hove.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=3 April 2014}} 21. ^Frank le Duc, 'Disappointing visitor numbers prompt Brighton i360 to seek better loan terms', Brighton and Hove News, 5 June 2018 22. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-36954675 |title=Brighton's i360: World's thinnest tower to open |date=2 August 2016 |work=BBC }} 23. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-36973368 |title=Brighton's i360: Fireworks called off at world's thinnest tower |date=4 August 2016 |work=BBC }} 24. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.itv.com/news/meridian/update/2016-08-13/i360-fireworks-re-scheduled-for-tonight/ |title=i360 fireworks re-scheduled for tonight |date=13 August 2016 |work=ITV }} 25. ^1 {{cite news |url= http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/14703867.i360_vandalised_just_weeks_after_opening/ |title=i360 vandalised just weeks after opening |date=25 August 2016 |first= Flora |last= Thompson |work=The Argus }} 26. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2016-08-25/crack-in-glass-pod-of-brighton-i360-posed-no-risk-to-customers/ |title=Crack in glass pod of Brighton i360 'posed no risk to customers' |date=25 August 2016 |work=ITV News }} 27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-37334674|title=Brighton's i360 tower: Passengers stuck for second time within days|website=BBC News|access-date=2016-09-12}} 28. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/12/brightons-i360-tower-closed-after-technical-problems |title=Brighton's i360 tower closed after technical problems |author=Press Association|date= 12 September 2016 |work=The Guardian }} 29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-39089667|title=Brighton's i360 tower closed after breakdown|date=2017-02-25|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=2017-02-25|language=en-GB}} 30. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-39402909|title=Brighton's i360 tower closed again due to temporary fault|publisher=BBC News|date=27 March 2017}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/11077129.Hundreds_sign_online_petition_against_i360_loan_agreement/ |title=Hundreds sign online petition against i360 loan agreement |work=The Argus |date=14 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014}} 32. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/10763286/High-price-to-pay-Observation-tower-divides-Brighton.html|title=High price to pay? Observation tower divides Brighton |first=Patrick|last= Sawyer|date=13 April 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph}} 33. ^1 {{Cite news|title = 'It's a bonkers, outsized flagpole': Brighton greets the world's tallest moving observation tower|url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/aug/28/its-a-bonkers-outsized-flagpole-brighton-greets-the-worlds-tallest-moving-observation-tower|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 28 August 2015|access-date = 2 February 2016|issn = 0261-3077|language = en-GB|first = Leo|last = Benedictus}} 34. ^David Bramwell and Tim Bick, The Cheeky Guide to Brighton, Cheeky Guides Ltd, 2015, p34 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.citymetric.com/business/i-sore-will-brighton-s-new-i360-observation-tower-ever-win-over-public-2051|title="The i-sore": Will Brighton's new i360 observation tower ever win over the public?|author=John Keenan |date=9 May 2016 |publisher=CityMetric}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/brighton-s-i360-is-an-expensive-and-hideous-eyesore-a7173536.html|title=Janet Street-Porter, 'Brighton's i360 is an expensive and hideous eyesore', The Independent, 6 August 2016|publisher=}} 37. ^Dan Bilefsky, 'iSore? World’s most slender tower, the i360, opens in England to jeers', Seattle Times, 4 August 2016 External links{{commons category|British Airways i360}}
3 : Buildings and structures in Brighton and Hove|Tourist attractions in Brighton and Hove|Observation towers in the United Kingdom |
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