“Bury St Edmunds”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Bury St Edmunds ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛr|i}}), commonly referred to locally as Bury, is a historic market town and civil parish in the St Edmundsbury district, in the county of Suffolk, England.^[2] Bury St Edmunds Abbey is near the town centre. Bury is the seat of the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich of the Church of England, with the episcopal see at St Edmundsbury Cathedral.

The town, originally called Beodericsworth,^[3] was built on a grid pattern by Abbot Baldwin around 1080.^[4] It is known for brewing and malting (Greene King brewery)^[5] and for a British Sugar processing factory, where Silver Spoon sugar is produced. The town is the cultural and retail centre for West Suffolk and tourism is a major part of the economy.

Etymology

The name Bury is etymologically connected with borough,^[6] which has cognates in other Germanic languages such as the German burg meaning "fortress, castle"; Old Norse borg meaning "wall, castle"; and Gothic baurgs meaning "city".^[7] They all derive from Proto-Germanic *burgs meaning "fortress". This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhrgh meaning "fortified elevation", with cognates including Welsh bera ("stack") and Sanskrit bhrant- ("high, elevated building").

The second section of the name refers to Edmund King of the East Angles, who was killed by the Vikings in the year 869. He became venerated as a saint and a martyr, and his shrine made Bury St Edmunds an important place of pilgrimage.

The formal name of both the borough and the diocese is "St Edmundsbury", and the town is colloquially known as Bury.

History

An archaeological study in the 2010s on the outskirts of Bury St Edmunds (Beodericsworth, Bedrichesworth, St Edmund's Bury) uncovered evidence of bronze age activity in the area. The dig also uncovered Roman coins from the first and second centuries.^[8] Samuel Lewis, writing in 1848, notes the earlier discovery of Roman antiquities, and as with several other writers connects Bury St Edmunds with Villa Faustini or Villa Faustina, although the location of this Roman site is also discussed by E. Gillingwater (1804) who notes the lack of evidence for it being here.^[9]^[10]^[11]

The town was one of the royal boroughs of the Saxons.^[9] Sigebert, king of the East Angles, founded a monastery here about 633, which in 903 became the burial place of King Edmund, who was slain by the Danes in 869, and owed most of its early celebrity to the reputed miracles performed at the shrine of the martyr king. The town grew around Bury St Edmunds Abbey, a site of pilgrimage. By 925 the fame of St Edmund had spread far and wide, and the name of the town was changed to St Edmund's Bury.

In 942 or 945 King Edmund had granted to the abbot and convent jurisdiction over the whole town, free from all secular services, and Canute in 1020 freed it from episcopal control. Edward the Confessor made the abbot lord of the franchise. Sweyn, in 1020, having destroyed the older monastery and ejected the secular priests, built a Benedictine abbey on St Edmund's Bury.^[12] Count Alan Rufus is said to have been interred at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in 1093. In the 12th and 13th centuries the head of the de Hastings family, who held the Lordship of the Manor of Ashill in Norfolk, was hereditary Steward of this abbey.^[13]

On 18 March 1190, two days after the more well-known massacre of Jews at Clifford Tower in York, the people of Bury St Edmunds massacred 57 Jews.^[14]^[15] Later that year, Abbot Samson successfully petitioned King Richard I for permission to evict the town's remaining Jewish inhabitants "on the grounds that everything in the town... belonged by right to St Edmund: therefore, either the Jews should be St Edmund’s men or they should be banished from the town."^[16] This expulsion predates the Edict of Expulsion by 100 years. In 1198, a fire burned the shrine of St Edmund, leading to the inspection of his corpse by Abbot Samson and the translation of St Edmund's body to a new location in the abbey.^[16]

The town is associated with Magna Carta. In 1214 the barons of England are believed to have met in the Abbey Church and sworn to force King John to accept the Charter of Liberties, the document which influenced the creation of the Magna Carta,^[12] a copy of which was displayed in the town's cathedral during the 2014 celebrations. By various grants from the abbots, the town gradually attained the rank of a borough.

The town developed into a flourishing cloth-making town, with a large woollen trade, by the 14th century.^[17] In 1405 Henry IV granted another fair.^[12]

Parliaments were held in the borough in 1272, 1296 and 1446, but the borough was not represented until 1608, when James I conferred on it the privilege of sending two members.^[12] The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 reduced the representation to one.^[12]

The borough of Bury St Edmunds and the surrounding area, like much of East Anglia, being part of the Eastern Association, supported Puritan sentiment during the first half of the 17th century. By 1640, several families had departed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of the wave of emigration that occurred during the Great Migration.^[18] Bury's ancient grammar school also educated such notables as the puritan theologian Richard Sibbes, master of St Catherine's Hall in Cambridge, antiquary and politician Simonds d'Ewes, and John Winthrop the Younger,^[19] who became governor of Connecticut.

Modern history

A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of the Militia Barracks in 1857^[21] and of Gibraltar Barracks in 1878.^[22]

During the Second World War, the USAAF used RAF Station Rougham airfield outside the town.^[23]

On 3 March 1974 a Turkish Airlines DC10 jet Flight 981 crashed near Paris killing all 346 people on board. Among the victims were 17 members of Bury St Edmunds Rugby Football Club, returning from France.^[24]

The town council was formed in 2003.^[25] The election on 3 May 2007 was won by the "Abolish Bury Town Council" party.^[26] The party lost its majority following a by-election in June 2007 and, to date, the Town Council is still in existence.^[27]

In March 2008 a further by-election put Conservatives in control but in the council election of May 2011 the lack of Conservative and other parties' candidates let in a Labour majority before the election was even held.^[28] By 2013 a number of by-elections put Conservatives in control again^[29] and in the 2015 election Conservatives won 14 of the 17 vacancies.^[30]

Notable features

Near the Abbey Gardens stands Britain's first internally illuminated street sign, the Pillar of Salt which was built in 1935. The sign is at the terminus of the A1101, Great Britain's lowest road.

There is a network of tunnels which are evidence of chalk-workings,^[31] though there is no evidence of extensive tunnels under the town centre. Some buildings have inter-communicating cellars. Due to their unsafe nature the chalk-workings are not open to the public, although viewing has been granted to individuals. Some have caused subsidence within living memory, for instance at Jacqueline Close.^[32]

Among noteworthy buildings is St Mary's Church, where Mary Tudor, Queen of France and sister of Tudor king Henry VIII, was re-buried, six years after her death, having been moved from the Abbey after her brother's Dissolution of the Monasteries. Queen Victoria had a stained glass window fitted into the church to commemorate Mary's interment.^[33] Moreton Hall, a Grade II*listed building by Robert Adam, now houses the Moreton Hall Preparatory School.^[34]

Bury St Edmunds has one of the full-time fire stations run by Suffolk Fire and Rescue Service. Originally located in the Traverse (now the Halifax bank),^[35] it moved to Fornham Road in 1953. The Fornham Road site (now Mermaid Close) closed in 1987 and the fire station moved to its current location on Parkway North.^[36]

Since March 2015, Bury St Edmunds has been the home town of the London and South East Regional Divorce Unit and the Maintenance Enforcement Business Centre (for issues with maintenance payments outside Greater London). The former processes divorce documents from across London and South East England as one of five centralised units covering the United Kingdom. Both units are based with Bury St Edmunds County Court in Triton House, St Andrews Street North.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Geography

Bury is located in the middle of an undulating area of East Anglia known as the East Anglian Heights, with land to the east and west of the town rising to above 100 metres (328 feet), though parts of the town itself are as low as 30 metres (98 feet) above sea level where the Rivers Lark and Linnet pass through it.

Climate

There are two Met Office reporting stations in the vicinity of Bury St Edmunds, Brooms Barn (elevation 76m), 6.5 miles to the west of the town centre, and Honington (elevation 51m), about 6.5 miles to the north. According to Usman Majeed, head of Honington, it ceased weather observations in 2003, though Brooms Barn remains operational. Brooms Barn's record maximum temperature stands at 36.7C (98.1F), recorded in August 2003.^[37] The lowest recent temperature was −10.0C (14.0f)^[38] during December 2010.

Rainfall is generally low, at under 600mm, and spread fairly evenly throughout the year.

Religion

Bury St Edmunds has a Gothic Revival cathedral and a large parish church, and used to have an abbey. Its Unitarian meeting house has existed since the early 18th century as a non-conformist chapel.^[41]

Abbey

In the centre of Bury St Edmunds lie the remains of an abbey, surrounded by the Abbey Gardens. The abbey is a shrine to Saint Edmund, the Saxon King of the East Angles. The abbey was sacked by the townspeople in the 14th century and then largely destroyed during the 16th century with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, but the town remained prosperous throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, only falling into relative decline with the Industrial Revolution.

Cathedral

St James' parish church became St Edmundsbury Cathedral when the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich was formed in 1914. The cathedral was extended with an eastern end in the 1960s. A new Gothic revival cathedral tower was built as part of a Millennium project running from 2000 to 2005. The opening for the tower took place in July 2005, and included a brass band concert and fireworks. Parts of the cathedral remain uncompleted, including the cloisters and some areas remain inaccessible to the public due to building work. The tower makes St Edmundsbury the only recently completed Anglican cathedral in the UK and was constructed using original fabrication techniques by six masons who placed the machine pre-cut stone individually as they arrived.

St Mary's Church

St Mary's Church is the civic church of Bury St Edmunds and the third largest parish church in England. It was part of the abbey complex and originally was one of three large churches in the town (the others being St James, now St Edmundsbury Cathedral, and St Margaret's, now gone). It is renowned for its magnificent hammer-beam "angel" roof, and is the final resting place of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk and favourite sister of Henry VIII. St Mary's is also home to the Chapel of the Suffolk and Royal Anglian Regiments.

St Edmund's Catholic Church

St Edmund's Catholic Church, located in Westgate Street, is the parish church of Bury St Edmunds. Founded by the Jesuits in 1763, the present church building is grade II listed. It was built in 1837. It is administered by the Diocese of East Anglia in its Bury St Edmunds deanery.

Culture

The Theatre Royal was built by National Gallery architect William Wilkins in 1819. It is the sole surviving Regency Theatre in the country. The theatre, owned by the Greene King brewery, is leased to the National Trust for a nominal charge, and underwent restoration between 2005 and 2007. It presents a full programme of performances and is also open for public tours.

It holds an original death mask of William Corder who was hanged for the infamous 1827 Red Barn murder.

Smiths Row, a contemporary art gallery, is located in The Market Cross, restored by Robert Adam in the late 1700s. The Gallery was established in 1972 and today hosts a programme of changing contemporary art and craft exhibitions and events by British and international artists. Artists featured in the Gallery have included Cornelia Parker, David Batchelor, Anri Sala and Mark Fairnington.

The town holds several festivals a year. The largest festival is held in May and includes concerts, plays, dance, and lecturers culminating in fireworks. There is an annual Christmas Fair in the town, with food, drink, local crafts and fairground rides available, stretching from the Abbey Gardens to the Arc Shopping Centre. Bury St Edmunds is home to England's oldest Scout group, 1st Bury St Edmunds (Mayors Own).

Sport

The town's main football club, Bury Town, is the fourth oldest non-league team in England. They are members of the Isthmian League and have played at Ram Meadow since moving from Kings Road in the 1970s.^[43] They share the use of Ram Meadow with their feeder club and reserve team Team Bury, who are associated with the football academy at West Suffolk College and play in Division One of the Eastern Counties League.^[44]

Shopping

The local market runs twice a week (Wednesdays and Saturdays) in the historic centre of the town. The central area remains busy with shops, including a Marks and Spencer. Shopping is wide spread, connecting the old town to the modernised part of the town.

In 2008 Bury St Edmunds shopping offering was extended significantly due to the opening of the Arc Shopping Centre. Built on the former Cattle Market, the shopping centre has 38 outlets, a mixture of shops and restaurants. The Apex, at the centre of the complex is used for local events and festivities, from locally ran events (e.g art exhibitions and classes) to concerts, it offers wide ranging events for all ages.

Local economy

Tourism

The Angel Hotel, a Georgian building on Angel Hill, was used by Charles Dickens while giving readings in the nearby Athenaeum and mentioned in The Pickwick Papers. Angelina Jolie also used the hotel as a base during the filming of Tomb Raider. A coaching inn has stood on this spot since the 15th century.^[47]

Brewing

The nation's largest British-owned brewery, Greene King, is situated in Bury St Edmunds, as is the smaller Old Cannon Brewery. Just outside the town, on the site of RAF Bury St Edmunds, is Bartrums Brewery, originally based in Thurston.

The Greene King pub The Nutshell is situated in the centre of the town, and is one of several that claim to be Britain's smallest public house.^[48]

Sugar beet

Bury's largest landmark is the British Sugar factory near the A14, which processes sugar beet into refined crystal sugar. It was built in 1925 when the town's MP, Walter Guinness, was Minister of Agriculture, and for many of its early years was managed by Martin Neumann, former manager of a sugar beet refinery in Šurany, then part of Czechoslovakia. Neumann was invited by the British government to oversee the refinement of sugar in Bury St Edmunds and, with his family, immigrated to the United Kingdom.

The refinery processes beet from 1,300 growers. 660 lorry-loads of beet can be accepted each day when beet is being harvested. Not all the beet can be crystallised immediately, and some is kept in solution in holding tanks until late spring and early summer, when the plant has spare crystallising capacity. The sugar is sold under the Silver Spoon name (the other major British brand, Tate & Lyle, is made from imported sugar cane). By-products include molassed sugar beet feed for cattle and LimeX70, a soil improver. The factory has its own power station,^[49] which powers around 110,000 homes. A smell of burnt starch from the plant is noticeable on some days.^[50]

Governance

Bury St Edmunds is the main town of the non-metropolitan district St Edmundsbury. Until 1974 Bury was the county town of West Suffolk, which then combined with East Suffolk to create the unified county that exists today. The council's main offices are located in the West Suffolk House, located in the town. Bury is also the main town of the Westminster parliamentary constituency also named Bury St Edmunds. Since becoming a single-seat constituency in 1885 it has always returned Conservative MPs. The current representative, Jo Churchill, was first elected in the 2015 General Election.^[51]

Notable people

Notable people from Bury St Edmunds include the Bishop of Winchester and Lord High Chancellor Stephen Gardiner,^[52] the 18th-century landscape architect Humphry Repton,^[53] the hymn writer Alice Flowerdew, the micrographer and micromosaic artist Henry Dalton,^[54] the author Maria Louise Ramé (also known as Ouida), the engineer and inventor Hiram Codd,^[55] the cyclist James Moore, and the portrait painter Rose Mead. More recent figures from the town include artist and printer Sybil Andrews, Canadian World War II general Guy Simonds, theatre director Sir Peter Hall, Canadian journalist and author Richard Gwyn, actors Bob Hoskins^[56] and Michael Maloney,^[57] Norwich City goalkeeper Andy Marshall, television presenter Becky Jago, and digital writer and artist Chris Joseph.

Thomas Clarkson, a leading abolitionist, lived in the town for parts of his life. Though born in Bedford, actor John Le Mesurier grew up in the town.^[58] Sir James Reynolds, junior, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, lived in the town for much of his life and was buried in the Cathedral in 1739. Messenger Monsey, later physician to the Royal Hospital Chelsea and a man notorious in London society for his bad manners, practised in Bury in the 1720s.^[59] Author Norah Lofts, though actually born in Shipham, Norfolk, bases many of her stories in Baildon, a fictionalised Bury St Edmunds.

Although not from Bury St Edmunds, BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel lived nearby in Great Finborough and, on 12 November 2004, his funeral took place at the cathedral.^[60] It was attended by approximately a thousand people including many artists he had championed. During a peak of local musical activity in Bury St Edmunds in 2002, he referred (tongue-in-cheek) to the town as 'The New Seattle'.^[61] Notable bands from Bury St Edmunds include Jacob's Mouse, Miss Black America, The Dawn Parade and Kate Jackson of The Long Blondes.

Among notable people who have chosen to retire to or have second homes in Bury St Edmunds are former members of parliament and government ministers Lord Tebbit,^[62] Sir John Wheeler,^[63] Sir Eldon Griffiths,^[64]^[65] and former senior Royal Air Force commander, Air Marshal Sir Reginald Harland.^[66]

Education

Primary and secondary

At present Suffolk County Council operates a two-tier school system. However, state education in Bury St Edmunds and its catchment area form a three-tier system. On 17 February 2014, Suffolk County Council announced that its cabinet would be advised to recommend moving 20 schools in the town from three-tier to a two-tier system – including the closure of four middle schools.^[67] Under the recommendations, Hardwick, Howard, St James and St Louis middle schools will all close under the changes, which will have been fully implemented by September 2016.^[67]

Upper schools include Sybil Andrews Academy, County Upper School, King Edward VI, and St Benedict's. Middle schools include Hardwick; Howard Middle; St James; Westley Middle and Horringer Court Middle School, a training school.^[68] The public school Culford School is located just north of the town in the village of Culford.

State primary schools that serve the town are Howard Community Primary School, Westgate, Hardwick, Sebert Wood, Abbots Green, Sextons Manor, Guildhall Feoffment, St Edmunds, St Edmundsbury and Tollgate. The town also has two independent primary schools, South Lee School and Moreton Hall Preparatory School.

At one time the Japanese overseas private school Shitennoji School UK was in Herringswell,^[69] near Bury St. Edmunds.^[70]

Higher and further

The town's largest further education provider is West Suffolk College, with over 10,000 students studying with the college every year.^[71] The college is due to expand in September 2018, following a £7m government grant to help pay for an £8m energy, engineering and manufacturing teaching centre.^[72] From 2015, students have been able to study foundation and undergraduate degrees at the University of Suffolk at West Suffolk College.^[73]

Transport

Bury St Edmunds railway station serves the town, operated by Abellio Greater Anglia, on the Ipswich to Ely Line. Trains run seven days a week, every two hours to Peterborough and hourly to Ipswich and Cambridge. Trains from Peterborough continue to Ipswich after Bury St Edmunds. Onward train connections from Cambridge link with London King's Cross, London Liverpool Street, Stansted Airport, and Ipswich which provides connections to Liverpool Street via Colchester for example.

The main interchange for bus and coach services for Bury St Edmunds is the bus and coach station, located on St Andrews Street North in the town centre. Bus services link the town centre with the main residential housing areas of the town. From November 2012 Sunday bus services were introduced over some of these routes. There are regular bus services to the neighbouring towns of Brandon, Cambridge, Diss, Haverhill],[Ipswich, Mildenhall, Newmarket, Stowmarket, Sudbury and Thetford and many of the villages in between. Daily National Express coach services between Victoria Coach Station in London and Bury

stop at the town's bus and coach station, as does the cross-country service between Clacton-on-Sea and Liverpool which travels via Cambridge, Peterborough, Leicester, Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester.

Twin towns

Affiliations

Literature

Bury St Edmunds is a location mentioned several times in the short ghost story The Ash Tree by M.R. James published in Ghost Stories of an Antiquary in 1904

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11121509&c=IP33+1HN&d=16&e=62&g=6466655&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=0&s=1471516468188&enc=1|title= Town Population 2011|accessdate=18 August 2016|publisher=Office for National Statistics|work=Neighbourhood Statistics}}
2. ^OS Explorer map 211: Bury St.Edmunds and Stowmarket Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton A2 edition. Publishing Date:2008. {{ISBN|978 0319240519}}
3. ^{{Cite web|title = Magna Carta 800 – Bury St Edmunds|url = http://magnacarta800.org.uk/blogpart3.html|website = magnacarta800.org.uk|accessdate = 22 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923061830/http://magnacarta800.org.uk/blogpart3.html|archive-date = 23 September 2015|dead-url = yes|df = dmy-all}}
4. ^{{Cite web|title = Our Bury St. Edmunds|url = http://www.ourburystedmunds.com/bid-home|website = www.ourburystedmunds.com|accessdate = 22 September 2015}}
5. ^{{Cite web|title = Greene King – Beers & breweries – Our breweries – Greene King Brewery|url = http://www.greeneking.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=10|website = www.greeneking.co.uk|accessdate = 22 September 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web | last = Dictionary | first = reference | work = | title = Borough | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Boroughs | accessdate = 15 September 2010}}
7. ^{{cite web | last = dorothea | first = david | work = | title = Gothic Lessons: An Introduction | url = http://members.terracom.net/~dorothea/david/gothic/intro.html | accessdate = 15 September 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040109131448/http://members.terracom.net/~dorothea/david/gothic/intro.html | archivedate = 9 January 2004 | df = dmy-all }}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/prehistoric-remains-uncovered-by-archaeologists-in-bury-st-edmunds-1-5302606|title=Prehistoric remains uncovered by archaeologists in Bury St Edmunds|work=East Anglian Daily Times|date=30 November 2017|accessdate=9 February 2018}}
9. ^¹{{cite book|section=Burton-upon-Trent – Bushey|title=A Topographical Dictionary of England|editor=Samuel Lewis|location=London|year=1848|pages=452–460|via=British History Online |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp452-460 |accessdate=9 February 2018}}
10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Oj8QAAAAYAAJ|title=A Guide to the Town, Abbey and Antiquities of Bury St. Edmunds…|author=J. Deck|year=1821|page=2|accessdate=9 February 2018}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bG1HAAAAYAAJ|title=An Historical and Descriptive Account of St. Edmund's Bury, in the County of Suffolk…|author=Edmund Gillingwater|publisher=J. Rackham|year=1804|pages=3–6|accessdate=9 February 2018}}
12. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|volume=4|page=868}}
13. ^Richardson, Douglas, Magna Carta Ancestry, Baltimore, Md., 2005, p.297.
14. ^Hillaby, Joe. "Jewish Colonisation in the Twelfth Century," in The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary, and Archaeological Perspectives, ed. Patricia Skinner (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2003), p. 31.
15. ^Roth, Cecil. A History of the Jews in England (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978).
16. ^¹Jocelin of Brakelond, Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds, trans. Diana Greenway and Jane Sayers (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989)
17. ^¹²³{{cite book |title= The Book of Bury St Edmunds |last= Statham|first= Margaret|year= 1988|publisher= Barracuda Books|location= Buckingham, England|isbn= 0-86023-405-3|pages= 12 –13}}
18. ^Thompson, Roger, Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994.
19. ^Thompson, Roger, Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994, 18.
20. ^Notestein, Wallace A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718, American Historical Association 1911 (reissued 1965) New York Russell & Russell,{{OCLC|223043}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101022574-numbers-37-38-and-39-and-attached-walls-bury-st-edmunds#.Wi1gukpl8dU|title=Numbers 37, 38 and 39 and Attached Walls|publisher=British listed buildings|accessdate=10 December 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.s234171324.websitehome.co.uk/saunders/the_suffolks.htm|title=History of the Suffolk Regiment|accessdate=18 April 2014}}
23. ^{{cite web | work = St Edmundsbury Borough Council | title = America in Suffolk | url = http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/suffolk-america.cfm | accessdate = 30 December 2007 }}
24. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/3/newsid_2514000/2514823.stm | title=On This Day, 3 March – 1974: Turkish jet crashes killing 345 | work=BBC News Online | accessdate=24 July 2008 | date=3 March 1974}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.onesuffolk.co.uk/burystedmundsTC |title=Welcome to One Suffolk |location=GB |publisher=Onesuffolk.co.uk |date= |accessdate=12 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721231843/http://www.onesuffolk.co.uk/burystedmundsTC |archivedate=21 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
26. ^{{cite web |last = Thewlis |first = Jo |work = Bury Free Press |title = Uproar at town council meeting |url = http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/Uproar-at-town-council-meeting.2887445.jp |accessdate = 14 January 2008 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130114014530/http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/Uproar-at-town-council-meeting.2887445.jp |archive-date = 14 January 2013 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
27. ^{{cite web |last = Marais |first = Kirsty |work = Bury Free Press |title = Plug pulled on displays |url = http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/Plug-pulled-on-displays.3199823.jp |accessdate = 14 January 2008 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20120802202829/http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/Plug-pulled-on-displays.3199823.jp |archive-date = 2 August 2012 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
28. ^{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/local/local_election_results_2011_1_2658940 |title=Local election results 2011 |publisher=Bury Free Press |date=9 May 2011 |accessdate=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826091912/http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/local/local_election_results_2011_1_2658940 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
29. ^{{cite web |last=Beaumont |first=Mark |url=http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/latest-news/conservatives-regain-control-of-bury-st-edmunds-town-council-1-4902328 |title=Conservatives regain control of Bury St Edmunds Town Council |publisher=Bury Free Press |date=15 March 2013 |accessdate=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130419203258/http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/latest-news/conservatives-regain-control-of-bury-st-edmunds-town-council-1-4902328 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westsuffolk.gov.uk/Council/Voting_and_Elections/separishtownelections.cfm|title=St Edmundsbury Borough parish and town elections|publisher=|accessdate=7 December 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web | publisher = English Nature | url = http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003555.pdf |format=PDF| title = The Glen Chalk Caves, Bury St Edmunds | accessdate = 22 January 2008}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1978/nov/29/housing-subsidence |title=HOUSING SUBSIDENCE (Hansard, 29 November 1978) |publisher=Hansard.millbanksystems.com |date=29 November 1978 |accessdate=12 October 2013}}
33. ^{{cite web | last = Knott | first = Simon | title = Suffolk Churches | url=http://www.simonknott.co.uk/suffolkchurches/burymary.htm | accessdate = 30 December 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071203124850/http://www.simonknott.co.uk/suffolkchurches/burymary.htm |archivedate = 3 December 2007}}
34. ^British Listed Buildings. Moreton Hall School, Bury St Edmund's (English Heritage Building ID: 466967)
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/runninginsuffolk/1107130879/in/pool-50views |title=Old Fire Station Bury St Edmunds Suffolk | Flickr – Photo Sharing! |publisher=Flickr |date=16 March 2007 |accessdate=10 January 2014}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/40382097@N05/3836748422/ |title=Suffolk F&RS – Bury St Edmunds Fire Station | Flickr – Photo Sharing! |publisher=Flickr |date=20 August 2009 |accessdate=10 January 2014}}
37. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1256/wea.10.04A|title=>2003 Heatwave}}
38. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/dec/20/winter-weather-coldest-places-britain|title=Winter weather: the coldest places in Britain|accessdate=23 February 2011|location=London|work=The Guardian|date=21 December 2010}}
39. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.yr.no/place/United_Kingdom/England/Great_Cornard~2648131/statistics.html | title=Honington 1971–2000 | publisher=YR.NO | accessdate=23 February 2011}}
40. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N52E000+2100+03586W | title=1981–90 Rainfall | publisher=WorldClimate | accessdate=23 February 2011}}
41. ^300 Years for Great Asset to the Town {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724055307/http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/community/300_years_for_great_asset_to_the_town_1_2297221 |date=24 July 2011 }} Bury Free Press
42. ^{{cite web | work = St Edmundsbury Borough Council | title = Moyse's Hall Museum | url=http://www.moyseshall.org | accessdate = 30 December 2007 }}
43. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.burytownfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2|title=History of Bury Town Football Club – Founded in 1872|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123050937/http://www.burytownfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2|archive-date=23 January 2018|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
44. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.teambury.co.uk/History/index.php|title=History of Team Bury|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/burystedmunds/a/history-8750.html |title=History – Bury St Edmunds RUFC |publisher=Pitchero.com |date=29 April 2013 |accessdate=12 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014081713/http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/burystedmunds/a/history-8750.html |archivedate=14 October 2013 |df= }}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westsuffolkac.com/index.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=8 January 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504062627/http://www.westsuffolkac.com/index.html |archivedate=4 May 2015 |df=dmy }}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/mar/29/angel-hotel-bury-st-edmunds|title=Checking in: The Angel Hotel, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk|author=Joanne O'Connor|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 December 2015}}
48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/heritage/england/suffolk/article_1.shtml|title=BBC – Legacies – Architectural Heritage – England – Suffolk – Beer in a Nutshell – Article Page 1|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2018-04-05}}
49. ^Industrial-scale evaporators {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926053124/http://www.cheng.cam.ac.uk/exemplarch2002/mcp21/backimgs.html |date=26 September 2008 }} Chemical Engineering Department, University of Cambridge
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.englishtowns.net/bury-st-edmunds/|title=Bury St Edmunds|publisher=|accessdate=7 December 2015}}
51. ^{{Cite web|title = Jo Chuchhill says she is about reaping the benefits of hard work following huge majority win|url = http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/election_2015_jo_churchill_says_she_is_about_reaping_the_benefits_of_hard_work_following_huge_majority_win_1_4065671|accessdate = 19 September 2015|first = Paul|last = Geater}}
52. ^Mee, Arthur, The King's England, Suffolk, Our Farthest East, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1947 (reprint), 89.
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/History/bio/repton.htm|title=Humphry Repton|publisher=Britain Express|accessdate=13 August 2008}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=COLLECTIONS AND EXHIBITIONS|url=http://www.mjt.org/exhibits/dalton/dalton.html|publisher=The Museum of Jurassic Technology|accessdate=17 April 2014}}
55. ^{{cite web| title = An Act of Codd| work = Digger Odell Bottle Price Guides| publisher = Digger Odell Publications | year = 2007| url = http://www.bottlebooks.com/Codd/an_act_of_codd.htm| accessdate = 2008-03-02}}
56. ^{{IMDb name|id=0001364|name="Bob" Hoskins}}
57. ^{{IMDb name|id=0540585|name=Michael Maloney}}
58. ^Biography of John Le Mesurier on Tony Hancock.Org {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212105059/http://www.tonyhancock.org.uk/mesurier.html |date=12 December 2008 }} retrieved 19 November 2008
59. ^J. F. Payne/Michael Bevan: "Monsey, Messenger", ODNB (Oxford:OUP, 2004) Retrieved 27 December 2014. Pay-walled.
60. ^{{cite news | last= Briggs| first= Caroline | work = BBC News Online | title= Final send-off for John Peel | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4008379.stm | accessdate= 14 January 2008 | date=12 November 2004}}
61. ^{{Cite web|title = Five Songs To Hear This Week – Jon Hopkins, Horse Party, Wye Oak, Rouge, Kutosis – Q MagazineQ Magazine|url = http://www.qthemusic.com/2524/five-songs-to-hear-this-week-jon-hopkins-horse-party-wye-oak-rouge-kutosis/|website = www.qthemusic.com|access-date = 27 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203170848/http://www.qthemusic.com/2524/five-songs-to-hear-this-week-jon-hopkins-horse-party-wye-oak-rouge-kutosis/|archive-date = 3 February 2016|dead-url = yes|df = dmy-all}}
62. ^{{cite news|author=Deborah Ross |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/norman-tebbit-margaret-and-i-both-made-the-same-mistake-we-neglected-to-clone-ourselves-1796187.html |title=Norman Tebbit: 'Margaret and I both made the same mistake. We neglected to clone ourselves'|work=The Independent |date=3 October 2009 |accessdate=12 October 2013}}
63. ^{{Cite web|title = About Bury St Edmunds: Well-Known People, Films, Books, Music, Odd Facts|url = http://www.uniquewebsites.co.uk/blog/bury-st-edmunds-facts/|website = www.uniquewebsites.co.uk|accessdate = 22 September 2015}}
64. ^{{Cite news|title = Sir Eldon Griffiths – obituary|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10872932/Sir-Eldon-Griffiths-obituary.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate = 22 September 2015}}
65. ^Interview with Mariam Ghaemi, Ipswich Evening Star, 25 March 2011
66. ^{{cite web|title=Air Marshal Sir Reginald Harland|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10321739/Air-Marshal-Sir-Reginald-Harland.html|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=12 October 2017}}
67. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/bury_st_edmunds_four_schools_set_to_close_as_town_moves_towards_controversial_two_tier_system_1_3339342|title=Bury St Edmunds: Four schools set to close as town moves towards controversial two-tier system|author=Jon Vale|work=East Anglian Daily Times|accessdate=7 December 2015}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/trainingschools/schools_directory/?view=get&school=718633&t=1190734444|title=Directory of Training Schools|accessdate=25 March 2008}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
69. ^McNeill, Phil. "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3359022/Shrine-of-the-times.html Shrine of the times]." ([https://www.webcitation.org/6MUE5hS8A?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3359022/Shrine-of-the-times.html Archive]) The Telegraph. 22 July 2007. Retrieved on 8 January 2014.
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naec.go.jp/kaigai/pschool2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001101180115/http://www.naec.go.jp/kaigai/pschool2.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2000-11-01|title=私立在外教育施設一覧|publisher=National Education Center, Japan (国立教育会館)|date=2000-11-01|accessdate=2019-01-12}}
71. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.westsuffolkcollege.ac.uk/about-us/about-us/key-facts.aspx|title=Key facts {{!}} News and Events{{!}} West Suffolk College|website=www.westsuffolkcollege.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-02-10}}
72. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.westsuffolkcollege.ac.uk/news-and-events/latest-news/559/Energy-engineering-and-manufacturing-skills-get-7million-boost-at-West-Suffolk-College|title=Latest news {{!}} News and Events {{!}} West Suffolk College|website=www.westsuffolkcollege.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081402/http://www.westsuffolkcollege.ac.uk/news-and-events/latest-news/559/Energy-engineering-and-manufacturing-skills-get-7million-boost-at-West-Suffolk-College|archive-date=11 February 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
73. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.westsuffolkcollege.ac.uk/about-us/about-us/key-facts.aspx|title=Key facts {{!}} News and Events{{!}} West Suffolk College|website=www.westsuffolkcollege.ac.uk|accessdate=2015-09-16}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/submarine-service/ballistic-submarines-ssbn/hms-vengeance/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=15 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107224620/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/submarine-service/ballistic-submarines-ssbn/hms-vengeance/ |archivedate=7 January 2010 |df=dmy }}