| 词条 | Carrauntoohil |
| 释义 |
| name = Carrauntoohil | other_name = Corrán Tuathail | photo = Carrauntoohil 2016.JPG | photo_caption = Carrauntoohil's east face (l), and north-east face (r, in shadow), as seen from the Hag's Glen. | photo_size = | elevation = {{convert|1038.6|m|abbr=off}} | elevation_ref =[1][1][2] | prominence = {{convert|1038.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} | prominence_ref = [1][1] | map = island of Ireland | map_relief = yes | map_caption = Location in Ireland | map_size = 300 | label_position = none | listing = Country high point, County top (Kerry), P600, Marilyn, Furth, Hewitt, Arderin, Simm, Vandeleur-Lynam | translation = Tuathal's sickle | language = Irish | location = County Kerry, Ireland | range = MacGillycuddy's Reeks | coordinates = {{coord|51.999445|N|9.742693|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = [1] | grid_ref_Ireland = V803844 | topo = OSI Discovery 78 | type= Purple sandstone & siltstone, (Ballinskelligs Sandstone Formation)[3] | easiest_route = Devil's Ladder (via Hag's Glen) | period=Devonian[3] }}Carrauntoohil ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|ær|ə|n|ˈ|t|uː|l}},{{nbsp}}{{lga|Corrán Tuathail|Tuathal's sickle}})[4][5] is the highest mountain on the island of Ireland at {{convert|1038.6|m|ft}}. Located in County Kerry, Carrauntoohil is the central peak of the MacGillycuddy's Reeks, Ireland's highest mountain range.[11] Geology{{Main article|MacGillycuddy's Reeks#Geology}}Carrauntoohil is composed of sandstone particles of various sizes which are collectively known as Old Red Sandstone.[11] Old Red Sandstone has a purple–reddish colour (stained green in places), and has virtually no fossils.[11][14] Carrauntoohil was subject to significant glaciation the result of which are deep fracturing of the rock, and the surrounding of Carrauntoohil by U-shaped valleys, sharp arêtes, and deep corries.[11] GeographyCarrauntoohil is the central peak of the MacGillycuddy's Reeks, and has three major ridges.[6] A narrow rocky ridge, or arête, to the north, known as the Beenkeragh Ridge, summits The Bones (Na Cnámha), and leads to Ireland's second-highest peak, Beenkeragh (Binn Chaorach) at {{convert|1,008|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The ridge westward, called the Caher Ridge, also an arête, leads to Ireland's third-highest peak, Caher at {{convert|1,000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. A third and much wider, but unnamed, south-easterly ridge, or spur, leads down to a col where sits the top of the Devil's Ladder (a classic access route for Carrauntoohil from the Hag's Glen), but then rises back up to Cnoc na Toinne {{convert|845|m|ft|abbr=on}}, from which the long easterly ridge section of the MacGillycuddy's Reeks is accessed.[7][8] Carrauntoohil overlooks three U-shaped valleys, each with their own lakes. To the east is Hag's Glen (Com Caillí, "hollow of the Cailleach"), to the west is Coomloughra (Com Luachra, "hollow of the rushes") and to the south is Curragh More (Currach Mór, "great marsh").[8][7] {{anchor|Eagle's Nest}}Carrauntoohil has a deep corrie, known as the Eagle's Nest, at its north-east face,[8] which is accessed from the Hag's Glen, and rises up through three levels. At the top, the third level, is Lough Cummeenoughter, Ireland's highest lake.[9] The Eagle's Nest gives views of the gullies on Carrauntoohil's north-east face: Curved Gully, Central Gully, and Brother O'Shea's Gully.[10] Sometimes the term Eagle's Nest is used to refer to the small stone Mountain Rescue Hut that sits on the first level of the corrie, where the Heavenly Gates descent gully meets the Eagle's Nest corrie.[8]Carrauntoohil is the highest mountain in Ireland on all classification scales.[6][26] It is the 133rd–highest mountain, and 4th most prominent mountain, in Britain and Ireland, on the Simms classification.[11] Carrauntoohil is regarded by the Scottish Mountaineering Club ("SMC") as one of 34 Furths, which is a mountain above {{convert|3000|ft|0|abbr=on}} in elevation, and meets the other SMC criteria for a Munro (e.g. "sufficient separation"), but which is outside of (or furth) Scotland;[12] which is why Carrauntoohil is referred to as one of the 13 Irish Munros.[13][14] Carrauntoohil's larger prominence qualifies it to meet the P600 classification and the Britain and Ireland Marilyn classification.[11] Carrauntoohil is the highest mountain in the MountainViews Online Database, 100 Highest Irish Mountains.[15][6] SummitA wooden cross was erected on the summit, a privately owned commonage, in the 1950s by the local community.[34] In 1976 it was replaced by a {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=in}} steel cross. In 2014, the cross was cut down by unknown persons in protest against the Catholic Church,[16][17] but it was re-erected shortly after.[18] Because of the dangers of the steep north-east and east faces of Carrauntoohil, Kerry Mountain Rescue ("KMR") have placed danger signs on the summit, and particularly above the Howling Ridge sector (the ridge between the north-east and east faces), whose initial section can be mistaken for a hill-walkers descent route.[19][20] Name'Carrauntoohil' is the common spelling and used by Ordnance Survey Ireland.[5] Others include 'Carrantoohil', 'Carrantouhil', 'Carrauntouhil' and 'Carrantuohill', which are an anglicisations of an Irish placename. Paul Tempan's Irish Hill and Mountain Names (2010) notes that "its name is shrouded in uncertainty", and that "Unlike some lesser peaks, such as Mangerton or Croagh Patrick, it is not mentioned in any surviving early Irish texts".[5] The official Irish name is Corrán Tuathail, which Tempan notes is interpreted as "Tuathal's sickle", Tuathal being a male first name.[5] Patrick Weston Joyce previously interpreted it as "inverted sickle".[5] However, one of the earliest written accounts of the mountain, by Isaac Weld in 1812, calls it 'Gheraun-Tuel',[5] and Samuel Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837) calls it 'Garran Tual'.[21] This suggests that the first element was géarán ("fang")—which is found in the names of other Kerry mountains—and that the earlier name may have been Géarán Tuathail ("Tuathal's fang").[5][22] OwnershipClimber and author Jim Ryan noted in his 2006 book, Carrauntoohil and MacGillycuddy’s Reeks, that the actual mountain of Carrauntoohil, including most of the Hag's Glen, is in private ownership.[8] The freehold is owned by four families: Donal Doona, John O'Shea, John B. Doona, and James Sullivan. Their great-grandfathers bought the land from the Irish Land Commission, "paying the sum of eleven shillings and two cents (70 cents in today's money), twice a year for many decades".[8] Ryan's book commended the owners for providing access over the years,[23] despite damage to their farms.[24] A State–sponsored report into access for the range in December 2013 titled MacGillycuddy Reeks Mountain Access Development Assessment (also called the Mountain Access Project, or MAP), mapped the complex network of land titles.[14] Unlike many other national mountain ranges, the MacGillycuddy's Reeks are not part of a national park or a trust structure, and are instead completely privately owned.[25] Hill walking{{anchor|Devil's Ladder}}{{anchor|Devils Ladder}}The straightforward route is via the Devil's Ladder,{{efn|It is not clear whether the term Devil's Ladder is linked to the Irish proverb: "Go ndeine an diabhal dréimire de cnámh do dhroma ag piocadh úll i ngairdín Ifrinn." (May the devil make a ladder of your backbone [and] pluck apples in the garden of hell).[26]}} which starts at Cronin's Yard ({{gbm4ibx|V837873}}) in the north-east, moves into the Hag's Glen, continues along between Lough Gouragh and Lough Calee, until the Devil's Ladder, a worn path from the glen to the col between Carrauntoohil and Cnoc na Toinne {{convert|845|m|ft|abbr=on}} is visible.[8] No special climbing equipment is needed, but caution is advised as the Devil's Ladder has become unstable with overuse; alternatives to the ladder include the Bothar na Gige Zig Zag track (the north-east spur of Cnoc na Toinne 845 m (2,772 ft)).[8] The full route back to Cronin's Yard is 12–kilometres and takes 4–5 hours.[27][28] Other popular, but more serious, routes to Carrauntoohil from the Hag's Glen are via the Hag's Tooth Ridge up to Beenkeragh, and then across the Beenkeragh Ridge to Carrauntoohil; or via the Eagle's Nest route to Lough Cummeenoughter, Ireland's highest lake, and up to the summit via Brother O'Shea's Gully or Curved Gully.[10][8][29]{{anchor|Heavenly Gates}}Instead of descending via the Devil's Ladder, some climbers use a route known as the Heavenly Gates, which starts above the col of the Devil's Ladder but takes a small stone path that cuts across the east-face of Carrauntoohil, through a narrow gap, known as the Heavenly Gates (see photo), and then heads diagonally down a deep gully to the base of the first level of Eagle's Nest corrie, where the Mountain Rescue Hut is situated.[8] This route, however, is hazardous, difficult to find as it is not marked, and particularly dangerous in poor visibility; it has been the source of several serious accidents on Carrauntoohil.[8][30][31]{{anchor|Coomloughra Horseshoe}}A strenuous undertaking is the 15–kilometre Coomloughra Horseshoe, which takes 6–8 hours and is described as "one of Ireland’s classic ridge walks".[28][32] It starts from the north-west up the Hydro-Track ({{gbm4ibx|V772871}}), and is usually done clockwise, first climbing Skregmore {{convert|848|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and then to Beenkeragh {{convert|1008|m|ft|abbr=on}}, across the famous Beenkeragh Ridge, at the centre of which is The Bones {{convert|956|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and on to the summit of Carrauntoohil itself. The horseshoe is completed by continuing to Caher {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}, Caher West Top {{convert|973|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and descending to the starting point.[28][33][34]Rock and winter climbing{{anchor|Howling Ridge}}Although the Reeks are not particularly known for their advanced rock climbing (e.g. unlike Ailladie in Clare, or Fair Head in Antrim), the east face of Carrauntoohil, looking into the Hag's Glen, and the north-east face, looking into Brothers O'Shea's Gully, have a number of multi-pitch, mixed route, rock climbing routes. The most well-known is the 450 m Howling Ridge (grade V–Diff) which starts at the base of the Heavenly Gates, and takes the arete between Carrauntoohil's east and north-east faces.[35][36] The same faces are used for winter snow and ice climbing, conditions permitting, and 7 routes of Grade V are marked amongst almost 80 in total.[37][38][39]Bibliography
| last1 = Fairbairn | first1 = Helen | title = Ireland's Best Walks: A Walking Guide | publisher = Collins Press | isbn = 978-1848892118 | year = 2014
| last1 = Dillion | first1 = Paddy | title = The Mountains of Ireland: A Guide to Walking the Summits | publisher = Cicerone | isbn = 978-1852841102 | year = 1993 See also{{commons category|MacGillycuddy's Reeks}}{{commons category|Carrauntoohil}}
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.osi.ie/blog/irelands-top-10-most-spectacular-peaks/|title=Ireland’s Top 10 Most Spectacular Peaks | publisher=Ordnance Survey Ireland |year=20 March 2018|quote=1. Carrauntoohil Height: 1,038m}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&rf=20001|title=Carrauntoohil [Corran Tuathail]|publisher=HillBaggingUK Database of British and Irish Hills|access-date=4 January 2019|quote=Height=1038.6m / 3407ft}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url=https://mountainviews.ie/summit/1/ | title=Carrauntoohil | publisher=MountainViews Online Database | access-date=4 January 2019}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.logainm.ie/101080.aspx |title=Carrauntoohil|publisher=Placenames Database of Ireland|accessdate=2010-01-28}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url= http://www.mountaineering.ie/_files/Paul%20Tempan%20Irish%20Mountain%20Placenames%20-%20Feb%202012.pdf|title=Irish Hill and Mountain Names|publisher=MountainViews.ie|author=Paul Tempan|date=February 2012}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book| author=MountainViews Online Database (Simon Stewart)|year=2013 | title=A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins |publisher=Collins Books | isbn=978-1-84889-164-7}} 7. ^1 {{cite book | last1 = Dillion | first1 = Paddy | title = The Mountains of Ireland: A Guide to Walking the Summits | publisher = Cicerone | isbn = 978-1852841102 | year = 1993}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite book | last1 = Ryan | first1 = Jim | title = Carrauntoohil and MacGillycuddy's Reeks: A Walking Guide to Ireland's Highest Mountains | publisher = Collins Press | isbn = 978-1905172337 | year = 2006 }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/travel/ireland/fancy-a-swim-in-ireland-s-highest-lake-halfway-up-carrauntoohil-1.3538867|title=Fancy a swim in Ireland’s highest lake, halfway up Carrauntoohil?|publisher=Irish Times|author=Helen Fairborn|date=30 June 2018|quote=Located at an elevation of 707m, Lough Cummeenoughter in Co Kerry is a unique swimming spot. Not only is this the highest lake in Ireland, it’s also one of the most dramatic. Nestled at the base of a natural amphitheatre with the country’s two tallest peaks towering on either side, Irish swimming doesn’t come any wilder than this. The lake itself is surprisingly hospitable; it has a sandy bed and becomes deep quickly enough to dive into.}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://kerrymountainrescue.ie/carrauntoohil-route-descriptions/|title=CARRAUNTOOHIL ROUTE DESCRIPTIONS: BROTHER O'SHEA'S GULLY (LOUGH CUMMEENOUGHTER) ROUTE|publisher=Kerry Mountain Rescue|date=2018}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.hills-database.co.uk/downloads.html|title=The Database of British and Irish Hills|date=2018|author1=Chris Cocker|author2=Graham Jackson|publisher=Database of British and Irish Hills}} 12. ^Mountains – Key Facts. The Munros, Corbetts, Grahams, Donalds & Furths {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AQXbX3qZ?url=http://www.smc.org.uk/Hillwalking/HillKeyFacts.php# |date=2012-09-04 }} at www.smc.org.uk. Accessed on 5 Feb 2013. 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.smc.org.uk/hills/hill-lists#furths|title=Hill Lists: Furths|quote=The list of peaks of 3000ft or more within the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland outside (furth) of Scotland. There are currently 34 Furths.|publisher=Scottish Mountaineering Club}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irelandsown.ie/irelands-munros/|title=Ireland's Munros|publisher=Ireland's Own|date=26 June 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://mountainviews.ie/lists/highest/|title=Irish Highest 100: The highest 100 Irish mountains with a prominence of +100m|publisher=MountainViews Online Database|date=September 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=Vandals cut down iconic Cross on Ireland's highest mountain |publisher=BreakingNews.ie |date=2014-11-22 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/vandals-cut-down-iconic-cross-on-irelands-highest-mountain-652017.html |accessdate=22 November 2014}} 17. ^{{cite web |title=Video of the Carrauntoohil Cross being cut down sent to journalists |publisher=TheJournal.ie |date=2 December 2014 |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/carrauntoohil-cross-3-1810988-Dec2014/ |accessdate=15 December 2016}} 18. ^1 {{cite web |title=Carrauntoohil cross restored in dawn mission |publisher=IrishExaminer.com |date=1 December 2014|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/carrauntoohil-cross-restored-in-dawn-mission-300265.html |accessdate=9 January 2015}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/travel/ireland/chaos-on-carrauntoohil-too-few-guides-too-late-starting-1.3401951|title=Chaos on Carrauntoohil: Too few guides, too late starting|publisher=Irish Times|author=Lorna Siggins|date=24 February 2018}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/hillwalkers-at-risk-by-ignoring-danger-sign-223761.html|title=Hillwalkers at risk by ignoring danger sign|date=26 February 2013|publisher=Irish Examiner|quote=Hillwalkers ignoring a sign warning them to stay away from potentially dangerous paths near the summit of Ireland’s highest mountain are putting themselves in serious danger. The Kerry Mountain Rescue Team (KMRT) is concerned about a rising number of accidents and rescues on the northern and eastern sides of Carrantuohill. The warning sign, with a skull and crossbones, is on the summit of the mountain.|author=Donal Hickey}} 21. ^Lewis, Samuel (1837). [https://www.libraryireland.com/topog/K/Knockane-Dunkerron-Kerry.php "Knockane"]. A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland. Library Ireland. 22. ^Hendroff, Adrian. From High Places: A Journey Through Ireland's Great Mountains. History Press Ireland, 2012. p.220 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/praise-for-carrauntoohil-owners-in-walkers-guide-18775.html|title=Praise for Carrauntoohil owners in walkers’ guide|publisher=Irish Examiner|date=21 November 2006|author=Eoin English|quote=He praised landowners Donal Doona, John O’Shea, John B Doona, James Sullivan and Michael O’Sullivan for allowing public access to their lands on and around Carrauntoohil and the Macgillycuddy’s Reeks over the years. “They are amongst the most welcoming people in the country,” he said. He met the men, their families and recorded their history and association with the lands for the book.}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/dogs-banned-from-carrantuohill-238367.html|title=Dogs banned from Carrauntoohil|publisher=Irish Examiner|date=31 July 2013|author=Donal Hickey|quote=Carrantuohill is actually owned by private landowners and some people don’t realise that. The owners mainly earn their livelihoods from the land through farming.}} 25. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.keepirelandopen.org/Reeks_Report.pdf|title=MacGillycuddy Reeks Mountain Access Development Assessment|publisher=South Kerry Development Partnership|date=December 2013}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.daltai.com/proverbs/relationships-dealing-with-others/go-ndeine-an-diabhal-dreimire-de-cnamh-do-dhroma-ag-piocadh-ull-i-ngairdin-/|title=May the devil make a ladder of your backbone [and] pluck apples in the garden of hell. |publisher=Daltaí na Gaeilge|access-date=12 December 2018|quote=Go ndeine an diabhal dréimire de cnámh do dhroma ag piocadh úll i ngairdín Ifrinn / May the devil make a ladder of your backbone [and] pluck apples in the garden of hell.}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=https://outsider.ie/ireland/hiking-carrauntoohil-essential-information/|title=Hiking Carrauntoohil: Everything you Need to Know|publisher=Outsider|date=2018}} 28. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://kerrymountainrescue.ie/carrauntoohil-route-descriptions/|title=Route Descriptions|publisher=Kerry Mountain Rescue Teams|date=2018}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/travel/go-walk-curved-gully-carrauntoohil-co-kerry-1.1314431|title=Go walk: Curved Gully, Carrauntoohil, Co Kerry|date=23 February 2013|publisher=Irish Times|author=John G. O'Dwyer}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/kerry-mountain-volunteers-risked-lives-to-retrieve-body-439908.html|title=Kerry mountain volunteers risked lives to retrieve body|publisher=Irish Examiner|date=20 January 2017}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/kerryman/news/man-dies-in-fall-on-reeks-34915015.html|title=Man dies in fall on Reeks|publisher=The Kerryman|date=30 July 2016|quote=Gardaí in Killarney said the man was alone when the accident happened at a section known as the Heavenly Gates. [..] Mr Wallace also said the area where the man fell is not normally frequented by walkers as it is a very steep rock face, adding the number of recorded incidents in the past 10 to 15 years at this section tended to be of a serious nature.}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/travel/our-finest-mountain-route-1.788946|title=Our Nation's Finest Mountain Route|publisher=Irish Times|author=John O'Dwyer|date=20 June 2009|quote=There are a few candidates for this honour; Dingle’s Brandon Ridge, Connemara’s Glencoaghan Horseshoe and Mayo’s Mweelrea Circuit immediately spring to mind. But nearly all hillwalkers now agree that one route stands out above even such splendour. Kerry’s Coomloughra Horseshoe is virtually impossible to match in an Irish context, as it takes in our three highest summits and offers an adrenalin–filled crossing of a memorable mountain ridge, great long-range coastal views and a bird’s-eye panorama over some of Killarney’s renowned lakes and fells.}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.corkbackpackers.ie/irelands-iconic-mountains/|title=Ireland’s Iconic Hillwalks – The Coomloughra Horseshoe|publisher=Cork Hill Walkers Club|date=2017}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=https://mountaintrails.ie/the-coomloughra-horseshoe-the-best-mountain-ridge-walk-in-ireland/|title=The Coomloughra Horseshoe – the best mountain ridge walk in Ireland?|publisher=Mountaintrails.ie|date=23 June 2014}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kerryclimbing.ie/howling-ridge/|title=Howling Ridge|publisher=KerryClimbing|date=2017}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/life/travel/travel-tv/watch-the-incredible-howling-ridge-climb-on-irelands-highest-peak-36735648.html|title=Watch the incredible Howling Ridge climb on Ireland's highest peak|publisher=Irish Independent|date=23 March 2018}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/crag.php?id=2023#guidebooks|title=Carrauntoohil Winter Climbs|publisher=UKClimbing.com|date=12 August 2018}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiki.climbing.ie/index.php/Winter_Climbing_around_Carrauntoohil|title=Winter Climbing around Carrauntoohil|publisher=IrishClimbingWiki}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kerryclimbing.ie/rock-climbing-guides-ireland/|title=Rock and Winder Guide: Carrauntoohil|publisher=KerryClimbing.ie|date=2017}} External links
9 : Marilyns of Ireland|Hewitts of Ireland|Mountains and hills of County Kerry|Highest points of Irish counties|Furths|One-thousanders of the British Isles|Iveragh Peninsula|Highest points of countries|Mountains and hills of Ireland |
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