“Catcher”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player. When a batter takes his/her turn to hit, the catcher crouches behind home plate, in front of the (home) umpire, and receives the ball from the pitcher. In addition to this primary duty, the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well. The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket.

Positioned behind home plate, the catcher can see the whole field, and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play. The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals. The calls are based on the pitcher's mechanics and strengths, as well as the batter's tendencies and weaknesses. Foul tips, bouncing balls in the dirt, and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher, necessitating the use of protective equipment. This includes a mask, chest and throat protectors, shin guards, and a heavily padded catcher's mitt.

Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game's strategies, the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball, including such prominent examples as Connie Mack, Steve O'Neill, Al López, Mike Scioscia, Joe Girardi, and Joe Torre.^[1] The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season, and can have a negative effect on their offensive output.^[2]

Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching, if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills, teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses.^[2] A knowledgeable catcher's ability to work with the pitcher, via pitch selection and location, can diminish the effectiveness of the opposing team's offense.^[3] Many great defensive catchers toiled in relative anonymity, because they did not produce large offensive numbers. Notable examples of light-hitting, defensive specialists were Ray Schalk, Jim Hegan, Jim Sundberg and Brad Ausmus. Schalk's career batting average of .253 is the lowest of any position player in the Baseball Hall of Fame.^[4] That he was selected for enshrinement in 1955 was largely a tribute to his outstanding defensive skills.^[4] Catchers are often able to play first base and less commonly third base.

In the numbering system used to record baseball plays, the catcher is assigned the number '2'. (See Baseball scorekeeping.)

History and Evolution of the position

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the game of baseball began to evolve from a sport played by amateurs for recreation into a more serious game played by professionals.^[5] One of the most dramatic changes was the transition of the pitcher's delivery from an underhand motion to an overhanded throw.^[5] Before the American Civil War, the pitcher's role was to initiate the action by offering an underhanded throw to the batter, in much the same way that a basketball referee offers up a jump ball to begin play.^[5] Since this type of pitching often caused the batter to hit lazy, foul pop-ups, catchers played their position approximately twenty to twenty-five feet behind the batter, and wore no protective equipment.^[5]

As the game progressed towards professionals and became more serious, pitchers began to attempt to prevent the batter from hitting the ball by throwing faster pitches.^[5] With the introduction of the called strike in {{Baseball year|1858}}, catchers began inching closer to home plate due to the rules requirement that a strikeout could only be completed by a catch.^[5] The rules governing the delivery of pitches proved to be hard to enforce, and pitchers continued to stretch the boundaries of the rules until the 1870s when the release point of pitches had reached the pitcher's waist level.^[5] Pitchers had begun throwing overhand by {{Baseball year|1884}}, when, the National League made a rule change removing all restrictions on the pitcher's delivery.^[6]

These developments meant that catchers began to take on a crucial defensive role, as a pitcher's deceptive deliveries could only be effective if the catcher was capable of fielding them.^[5] The progression of the catcher positioning himself closer to the plate would lead to changes in pitching deliveries that would revolutionize the sport.^[5] In the 1870s, pitcher Candy Cummings was able to introduce the curveball because his catcher, Nat Hicks, fielded his position in close proximity to home plate and was able to catch the deceptive pitch.^[5] Other specialized pitches such as the spitball and the knuckleball followed, which further emphasized the defensive importance of the catcher's position.^[5]

At about the same time that catchers began fielding their position closer to home plate, baseball teams began using a less rubbery ball which led to a decline in the number of runs scored.^[7] In the 1860s it was common for teams to score fifty or sixty runs in a game.^[5] The combination of the new, harder ball and the continuation of the rise in pitcher's release points helped usher in what became known as the Dead-ball era.^[5] The decrease in run production placed greater significance on stolen bases and bunts, which in turn emphasized the crucial defensive role played by catchers.^[5] In {{Baseball year|1901}}, the National League introduced a new rule specifying that the catcher must stand within 10 feet of home plate.^[6] The American League adopted the rule the following year.^[6]

The rising velocity of pitches in conjunction with catchers gradually moving closer to home plate significantly increased the risk of injuries for catchers, especially face and hand injuries. By the late 1870s, catchers began to use padded, fingerless gloves to protect their hands, and in {{Baseball year|1877}} the first protective catcher's mask was used.^[5] The first catchers to use protective masks sometimes had their courage called into question, but the effectiveness of the masks in preventing injuries meant that they became widely accepted.^[5] In the 1880s, the first padded chest protectors came into use, and in {{Baseball year|1888}} specialized catcher's mitts used on the non-throwing hand began to be used.^[5]^[6] The final pieces of protective gear were shin guards which were first worn by catcher Roger Bresnahan in {{Baseball year|1907}}.^[8] Together, the rules changes and the new protective equipment transformed the catcher's defensive role to the way that it is presently played.^[5]

Catching pitches

The catcher is usually the first to notice the tendencies, quirks, and peculiarities of each home-plate umpire. Some umpires favor high strikes, pitched balls that are technically above the strike zone but appear, to the umpire, to be good. Conversely, some umpires will call low pitches strikes even when they are slightly below the knees. Other umpires have an inside bias or an outside bias; some umpires have more than one bias; some are uniformly lenient; some have very restricted notions of the strike zone, and the pitcher will constantly feel that his pitches are unfairly judged. The catcher can exploit an umpire's tendencies by taking him into account in how he chooses to receive the ball.

The catcher can help his pitcher get more strike calls from the umpire by using a technique called "framing". This practice is a matter of a catcher keeping his mitt inside the strike zone, or making the pitch appear as close to the strikezone, when receiving the pitch, thereby giving the plate umpire the impression that the pitch is in the strike zone, even if it is not. When framing, a catcher will also hold his mitt still for a second or two so that the umpire has an opportunity to thoroughly consider his call (and, hopefully, let his innate biases influence his decision in a direction favorable to the catcher's team).

The catcher, when receiving a borderline pitch, usually has several options in how he makes the catch. He can catch the pitch in the webbing of his mitt or in the heel; he can catch the pitch on his forehand or backhand, as necessary; he can catch a low pitch with the mitt pointed upward or downward. These choices help the catcher to create a favorable presentation (or frame) for the umpire.

A variation on "framing" is called "pulling pitches". The general approach is to catch the half of the ball that is outside the strike zone and show the umpire only the half of the ball, lodged in the mitt, that is closer to the zone. The illusion is often enhanced with a slight 'tug' of the mitt (of an inch or two) toward the strike zone.

By rule the catcher must station directly back of the plate (generally in the catcher's box) the moment a pitch is thrown but may leave at any time to catch a pitch or make a play. The moment an intentional ball leaves a pitcher's hand, the catcher must have both feet in the catcher's box.^[9] The catcher is the only defensive player who is allowed to be in foul territory when a pitch is thrown.^[10]

Catcher's Interference

If at the time a pitch is about to be thrown in play, and the catcher has overextended the arm resulting in the catcher's glove being over the homeplate, a catcher's interference is called and the batter walks to first base. This is recorded as an error. In the event that the bases would be loaded and the batter would walk to first base, thus resulting in a run being scored, since it is an error, it is not awarded to the batter as run batted in. The catcher's interference call is not very commonly seen.

Calling the game

Calling the game refers to the act of catchers to decide the type of pitch delivered to home plate.^[1] Catchers comprise a high percentage of baseball managers. {{asof|2011|04}} 15 of 30 Major League Baseball managers were former catchers.^[11] Because the catcher is considered a captain on the field (and some, such as Thurman Munson and Jason Varitek were in fact team captains), he is often in charge of planning defensive plays. The catcher will give signs to the pitcher for what pitch is to be thrown.^[1] The majority of the time it is done through a number system. Each number will represent a different pitch, and then the pitcher can either agree or disagree with a shake of his head.^[1] These signals get more complicated when a runner is on second base, because the runner's vantage point when he takes his lead gives him a direct view of the catcher's hand and a simple signal can be relayed by the runner to the batter. Signals are not always done by the number system. Varitek was known for giving signals by touching certain parts of his chest protector.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

The selection of which pitch to use can depend on a wide variety of situations such as; the type of hitter that is being faced, whether there are any base runners, how many outs have been made in the inning, or the current score, among others. The responsibility for selecting the type of pitch was traditionally made by the catcher.^[1] However, current form is to have the manager or a coach relay the pitch selection to the catcher, via secret hand signals to prevent the opposing team from having the advantage of knowing what the next pitch will be.

Throwing

A catcher nearly always throws with his right hand. Since most hitters are right-handed and stand to the left side of the plate when batting, a catcher who throws left-handed is forced to take some time to sidestep (or otherwise avoid) the right-handed hitter when he throws from behind the plate. In addition, a lefty's throw would tend to come in on the shortstop side of the bag, while a righty's throw would be on the second base side of the bag, which is where the runner is coming in. Consequently, players who are left-handed rarely play catcher. Left-handed catchers have only caught eleven big-league games since 1902,^[12] and Jack Clements, who played for 17 years at the end of the nineteenth century, is the only man in the history of baseball to play more than three hundred games as a left-handed catcher.^[13] However, some observers, including the famed statistician Bill James and ESPN writer Rob Neyer,^[14] have suggested that the real reason that there are no left-handed catchers is because left-handed players with strong throwing arms are almost always encouraged, at an early age, to become pitchers. Benny Distefano, the last lefty thrower to catch a big-league game (in 1989), noted that lefty catchers have difficulty on bunts up the third base line and on fielding throws home for plays at the plate.^[15]

Blocking balls in the dirt

To block balls that a pitcher throws on a bounce toward home plate (pitches that are said to be "in the dirt"), the catcher will slide his body to the left or right, as necessary, to place himself directly in the path of the ball. Once in position, he drops to his knees, places his mitt between his legs to prevent the ball from passing through, and leans forward to deaden the rebound when, and if, the ball bounces off his thigh or torso. Although inexperienced catchers may try to catch the errant pitch with his mitt, coaches often prioritize the catcher's ability to "keep the ball in front of him" than to make a catch with his mitt.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Ideally, the catcher will be able to knock the ball to the ground where it will stop within arm's reach. To perform this properly, without the ball being deflected in an undesirable direction, the catcher must angle his body so that his chest is always leaning forward, toward home plate. This maneuver is often difficult, and its difficulty depends largely on how fast the ball is traveling, the angle at which the ball is thrown into the ground, where it first hits the ground, the firmness of the ground it hits, and the manner in which it is spinning.

Defensive plays

Unlike the other fielders, the catcher and pitcher must start every play in a designated area. The catcher must be behind home plate in the catcher's box, while the pitcher must be on the pitcher's mound, with one foot in contact with the pitcher's rubber. Once the ball is in play, however, the catcher and pitcher, like the other fielders, can respond to any part of the field necessary to make or assist in a defensive play.^[16] The defensive plays expected of catchers, aside from managing the pitcher by calling for pitches and catching them, include:

Preventing wild pitches and avoiding passed balls. Although the pitcher has a responsibility to throw with reasonable accuracy, catchers must be mobile enough to catch (or block) errant pitches. By doing so, a catcher prevents baserunners from advancing while the loose ball is retrieved. An errant pitch that eludes the catcher and allows a baserunner to take one or more additional bases is called a wild pitch. (Techniques for blocking wild pitches are described in the previous section.) A pitched ball which would require only ordinary effort to be caught or blocked by the catcher—but is nonetheless misplayed, allowing a base runner to advance—is called a "passed ball".

Fielding weakly hit fair ground balls (including bunts) in front of home plate in order to throw to a base to complete a groundout or a fielder's choice play. The catcher must avoid hitting the batter-runner with the thrown ball, implying that he must move to a position in which he has a clear throw to the infielder at first base.

Preventing stolen bases by throwing to second base or third base to allow an infielder to tag a baserunner attempting to reach the base. A catcher who is very good at preventing stolen bases is said to have a low stolen-base percentage; a poor one has many bases stolen while he catches. (A pitcher who is slow to deliver is often more at fault for stolen bases than the catcher is.) Ideally, a catcher should be able to get the ball from his glove to that of the player covering second base in under two seconds. This is referred to as a catcher's "pop time", the time elapsing between the popping sound of the pitch striking the catcher's mitt and the similar pop when the ball arrives at the glove of the fielder covering second base.

Rarely, a catcher can make a successful pick-off throw to a base to surprise an inattentive or incautious baserunner. Especially at the higher levels of baseball (where this play almost never results in an out), the catcher's snap throws are mainly for psychological effect. If the runner knows that the catcher often attempts snap throws, the runner is likely to take a smaller lead from his base before each pitch, which will allow the infielders an extra fraction of a second to throw the runner out at the next base if he attempts to advance (as, for example, when a ground ball is hit). Yadier Molina of the St. Louis Cardinals and former MLB catcher Iván Rodríguez are known for using pickoffs with success, particularly at first base.^[18] Teams may sometimes call a deliberate play, the pitchout, wherein the pitcher intentionally throws the ball wide and high to the catcher, who comes out of his crouch to receive it and relays the ball quickly to a base to put a runner out.

In certain game situations, typically a ball batted to the shortstop or third baseman with no runners on base, the catcher may be expected to back-up first base in case the first baseman misses or mishandles a throw.

In certain game situations, when a runner is on first and the batter bunts the ball or hits the ball softly, which causes the third baseman to rush in to get the ball and throw to first base, the catcher must cover third base so that the runner from first base does not advance to third base on the play and this then forces the third baseman to cover home plate.

Any failure by the catcher can have dire consequences for his team. Passed balls are possible whenever one or more runners are on base. A failure to catch a ball thrown from the outfield on a play at home plate, or a failure to tag a runner, means that the defensive team fails to record an all-important out and, instead, it allows a run. On an attempt to prevent a stolen base, a catcher's bad throw might careen past the infielder and skip into the outfield, allowing an additional advance by the baserunner.

Personal catcher

Because of the close mental relationship and trust that a successful pitcher must have with his catcher, a number of catchers throughout history have become preferred by pitchers on their teams, to the point that that catcher will almost always (especially during the regular season) start along with the pitcher. The catcher is then informally referred to as that pitcher's personal catcher.^[19]

Naturally, the potential problem with this arrangement is that if the pitcher prefers to work with the team's backup catcher, then the regular catcher—presumably the better player—must be benched. However, this is somewhat leavened by the fact that, due to the physically grueling nature of the position, even "regular" catchers are normally asked to rest relatively frequently.

Personal catchers are often used for pitchers that specialize in throwing knuckleballs, due to the difficulty of catching such an inconsistent and erratic pitch.

Injury

The catcher is the most physically demanding position in baseball, more so than the pitcher. Despite being heavily padded, catchers routinely suffer some of the worst physical abuse in baseball. The catcher has the physically risky job of blocking the plate to prevent base runners from reaching home and scoring runs. Catchers also constantly get bruised and battered by pitches, foul balls, and occasionally the bat in an undisciplined follow-through of the batter's swing.

Catchers also are prone to knee ailments stemming from the awkward crouching stance they assume. Because of this, catchers have a reputation of being slow baserunners; even if they have speed at the beginning of their careers, the eventual toll taken on their knees slows them down, although there are some exceptions, such as Manny Sanguillén and Alex Avila. Some players who begin their career as catchers are moved to other positions in order to preserve their running speed, increase their availability for games, and take advantage of their prowess with the bat. Prominent examples of catchers switching position in mid-career include Mike Napoli, Craig Biggio, B. J. Surhoff, Joe Mauer, Brandon Inge, and Dale Murphy (although Murphy was also known as a poor thrower to the pitcher and to second base, nearly hitting pitchers in the process).^[26]

As a result, catchers often have shorter careers than players at other positions; consequently, few catchers hold batting records that require many seasons of play to compile. Mike Piazza is the only catcher in history with more than 400 career home runs, and no catcher has amassed 3,000 career hits. Although 3,000 hit club member Craig Biggio played his first three full seasons as a catcher, he played his remaining sixteen seasons at second base and in the outfield.

The larger or heavier the catcher, the greater the health risks associated with repeatedly assuming a crouching or squatting position; knees and backs are especially vulnerable to "wear-and-tear" injuries. Catchers also have an increased risk of circulatory abnormalities in the catching hand. A study of minor-league ballplayers showed that, of 36 players in various positions, all nine of the catchers had hand pain during a game, and several had chronic pain in the catching hand. Catching high-speed pitches can, in some cases, cause the index finger on the gloved hand to swell to twice the size of the other fingers. Ultrasound and blood-pressure tests showed altered blood flow in the gloved hand of five of the catchers, a far higher incidence than in the hands of players at other baseball positions.^[27]

Equipment

Catchers in baseball use the following equipment to help prevent injury while behind the plate:

In addition to his protective equipment, a catcher usually also adopts practices that minimize his risk of injury. For instance, unlike fielders elsewhere on the field, a catcher tries, to the extent possible, to catch the ball with his gloved hand alone. An outfielder may catch a fly ball by covering the ball, once it strikes the pocket of his glove, with his bare hand in order to secure it. The catcher, however, tries to keep his bare hand, which is highly vulnerable to injury, out of harm's way by presenting the pitcher with a target (the large round glove) while hiding his unprotected throwing hand behind his back. By doing so, the bare hand cannot be struck by a foul tip. Many broken fingers, split fingernails, and grotesque dislocations are avoided by adherence to this simple expedient.

Given the physical punishment suffered by catchers, the pieces of equipment associated with the position are often referred to as "the tools of ignorance". This is an ironic expression; the catcher typically has the most thorough understanding of baseball tactics and strategies of any player on his team.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

Catchers often experience knee tendonitis because of the constant squatting and bending of the knees while catching.

Hall of Fame catchers

As of 2017, eighteen men who played primarily as catchers have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, in Cooperstown, NY. They are:

Catchers are also represented in a number of other Baseball Halls of Fame around the world, such as in the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame or the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame.^[29]

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pC0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=catchers+least+appreciated+players+baseball+digest&source=bl&ots=7YSTJQ1cP3&sig=f1gb-PHYnyvh9LVZeHBGNVYe9lk&hl=en&ei=rAQ7TJX2H4P7lwfY-OjSBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=catchers%20least%20appreciated%20players%20baseball%20digest&f=false |title=Catchers Are Baseball's Least Appreciated Players |author=Andriesen, David |publisher=Books.Google.com |date=November 2003 |work=Baseball Digest |accessdate=9 March 2012 }}
2. ^¹{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=baseball+digest+defensive+catchers&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title=Never Underestimate A Good Defensive Catcher |author=Doyle, Al |publisher=Books.Google.com |date=June 1997 |work=Baseball Digest |accessdate=9 March 2012 }}
3. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26&dq=baseball+digest+defensive+catchers#v=onepage&q=baseball%20digest%20defensive%20catchers&f=false |title=For Catchers, The Name of the Game is Defense |author=Vass, George |publisher=Books.Google.com |date=May 2005 |work=Baseball Digest |accessdate=9 March 2012 }}
4. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/ray-schalk-hof.htm |title=howstuffworks.com |publisher=Entertainment.howstuffworks.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷{{cite book |title=Catcher: How the Man Behind the Plate Became an American Folk Hero |last=Morris |first=Peter |year=2010 |publisher=Government Institutes |isbn=1-56663-870-4 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86P2pteOc40C&lpg=PP1&dq=catcher%20peter%20morris&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=catcher%20peter%20morris&f=false |accessdate=11 July 2012}}
6. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=https://sabr.org/research/evolution-catchers-equipment |title=The Evolution of Catcher’s Equipment |publisher=sabr.org |accessdate=May 16, 2018}}
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8. ^Appel, Marty. A Second Look at Hall of Famer Roger Bresnahan. Memories and Dreams (Vol. 33, No. 6; Winter 2011[-2012], p. 39). National Baseball Hall of Fame official magazine. "A pair of his shin guards is ... part of the Hall of Fame's collection ...."
9. ^{{cite web|title=MLB Rules|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2011/Official_Baseball_Rules.pdf}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/official_info/official_rules/start_end_4.jsp |title=The Official Site of Major League Baseball: Official Rules |publisher=mlb.com |accessdate=13 July 2012 }}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espnmag/story?id=3448382|title=Could One of These Guys be Your Team's Next Manager?|work=ESPN|date=2011-04-11|accessdate=March 11, 2012|author=Neel, Eric}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/top-10-left-handed-catchers-for-2006 |title=Top 10 Left-Handed Catchers for 2006 – ''The Hardball Times'' |publisher=Hardballtimes.com |date=2006-04-06 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/bb_catchers/catchers/catchleft2.htm |title=''Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers'' – Left-Handed Throwing Catchers |publisher=Members.tripod.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/sweetspot/0-4-196/Where-are-the-lefty-catchers-.html |title=Where are the lefty catchers? |publisher=Myespn.go.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826093447/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/sweetspot/0-4-196/Where-are-the-lefty-catchers-.html |archivedate=2009-08-26 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/sports/baseball/16catcher.html?_r=1&8dpc |title=Left-handed catchers |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2009-08-16 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
16. ^Baseball Explained, by Phillip Mahony. McFarland Books, 2014. See www.baseballexplained.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034018/http://www.baseballexplained.com/ |date=August 13, 2014 }}
17. ^{{cite web|last=Imber|first=Gil|title=MLB Rules Committee Approves HP Collision Ban|url=http://www.closecallsports.com/2013/12/mlb-rules-committee-approves-hp.html|work=Close Call Sports/Umpire Ejection Fantasy League|accessdate=12 December 2013}}
18. ^Bernie Bytes: Molina needs help St. Louis Post-Dispatch (September 24, 2010)
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Personal_Catcher |title=Personal Catcher – BR Bullpen |publisher=Baseball-Reference.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timmccarver.com/about-mlb.html |title=Tim McCarver Show – About Tim McCarver Baseball Career |publisher=Timmccarver.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-01-07/sports/1997007025_1_niekro-knuckleball-pitch |title=Niekro finally flutters into Hall of Fame Braves knuckleballer's 15-year wait ends as he is only inducte|work=Baltimore Sun |date=1997-01-07 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/1995-10-14/sports/17990844_1_maddux-charlie-o-brien-atlanta |title=Daily News America – Breaking national news, video, and photos |work=New York Daily News |date=2013-09-11 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
23. ^{{cite web |author=Knox Bardeen %BloggerTitle% |url=http://www.aolnews.com/2009/07/17/greg-maddux-inducted-into-atlanta-braves-hall-of-fame/ |title=Greg Maddux Inducted Into Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame |publisher=Aolnews.com |date=2009-07-17 |accessdate=2013-09-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925173818/http://www.aolnews.com/2009/07/17/greg-maddux-inducted-into-atlanta-braves-hall-of-fame/ |archivedate=2013-09-25 |df= }}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nesn.com/2012/05/doug-mirabelli-arrives-in-police-car-to-catch-tim-wakefields-first-pitch-video.html |title=Doug Mirabelli Arrives in Police Car to Catch Tim Wakefield's First Pitch (Video) | Boston Red Sox |publisher=NESN.com |date=2012-05-15 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://fantasynews.cbssports.com/fantasybaseball/players/playerpage/1661439/josh-thole |title=Josh Thole; Toronto Blue Jays |publisher=CBSsports.com |date=2014-03-26 |accessdate=2014-04-21}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://profiles.incredible-people.com/dale-murphy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819093347/http://profiles.incredible-people.com/dale-murphy/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-08-19 |title=Dale Murphy » – Biographies of famous people : Famous People biography Biography – World Famous Biographies- Biographies of famous people : Famous People biography |publisher=Profiles.incredible-people.com |date=1956-03-12 |accessdate=2013-09-21 }}
27. ^Ginn, et al., 2005)
28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.catchershome.com/catchers-gear-101/|title=An Introduction and Overview of Catchers Gear|last=|first=|date=|website=www.catchershome.com}}
29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.catchershome.com/hof-catchers/|title=Catchers in the Hall of Fame|date=2017-10-24|work=CatchersHome.com|access-date=2017-11-05|language=en-US}}