| 词条 | Essouk |
| 释义 |
|name = Essouk |official_name = |other_name = |native_name = {{lang|ar|السوق}} |nickname = |settlement_type = Commune and village |total_type = |motto = |translit_lang1= |translit_lang1_type= |translit_lang1_info= |translit_lang1_type1= |translit_lang1_info1= |translit_lang1_type2= |translit_lang1_info2= |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mali |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption =Location within Mali |pushpin_mapsize =300 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mali}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Kidal Region |subdivision_type2 = Cercle |subdivision_name2 = Kidal Cercle |seat_type = |seat = |parts_type = |parts_style = |p1 = |p2 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title1 = |established_date1 = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |founder = |named_for = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_dunam = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_max_ft = |elevation_min_m = |elevation_min_ft = |population_as_of =2009 |population_footnotes =[2] |population_note = |population_total =2383 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = GMT |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = | coor_type = |coordinates = {{coord|18|45|N|1|10.5|E|region:ML|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |website = |footnotes = }} Essouk (Arabic: {{lang|ar|السوق}}) is a commune and small village in the Kidal Region of Mali. The village lies 45 km northwest of Kidal in the Adrar des Ifoghas massif. The ruins of the medieval town of Tadmakka (Arabic: {{lang|ar|تادمكة}}) lie 2 km northeast of the present village. Between the 9th and the 15th centuries Tadmekka served as an important entrepôt for the trans-Saharan trade. The commune is very large in area but sparsely populated. The 2009 census recorded only 2,383 people[2] in an area of approximately 25,000 km2.[3] The village of Essouk has only a small permanent population. The rainfall is too low for rain-fed agriculture and almost all the population in the area are nomadic pastoralists.[4] HistoryTadmekka prospered between the 9th and 15th centuries as an entrepôt for caravans crossing the Sahara Desert. For caravans travelling south, the town served as the last stopping place before entering the Sudan.{{sfn|Levtzion|1973|p=146}} The town is mentioned by al-Bakri in his Book of Routes and Realms which he completed in 1068: ...across the desert plain to Tādmakka, which of all the towns in the world is the one that resembles Mecca the most. Its name means "Mecca-like". It is a large town amidst the mountains and ravines and is better built than Ghāna or Kawkaw [Gao]. The inhabitants of Tādmakka are Muslim Berbers who veil themselves as Berbers of the desert do. They live on meat as well as on grain which the earth produces without being tilled. Sorghum and other grains are imported for them from the land of the Sūdān.[5] The Arab geographer al-Zuhri writing in the middle of the 12th century, reported that the Almoravids helped Ghana in a war against Tadmekka in 1083-4 and as a result Tadmekka became Muslim.{{sfn|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|pp=98-99}} The historian Nehemia Levtzion pointed out that Tadmekka would have been a Muslim town well before this date and speculated that al-Zuhri may have been referring to the conversion of the population from the Ibadi form of Islam to the more orthodox Maliki school of Sunni Islam. Traders in Tadmekka would have had commercial links with North African towns such as Tahert and Ouargla where there were Ibadi communities.{{sfn|Levtzion|1973|pp=45, 136-137}}{{sfn|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|pp=94, 389 note 25}} The medieval town was spread in a north-south direction between two chains of rocky hills that run parallel to each other on either side of a wadi. The main section of the town was on the east bank and extended for 1 km by 200 m. A central section covering an area of 200 m by 100 m was built on a small island while the third section extended for 500 m by 200 m on the west bank.[6] Associated with the town are number of cemeteries. In a cemetery lying to the southwest of the town, tombstones have been discovered that have Arabic epigraphs with 11th century dates.{{sfn| Moraes Farias|1990|pp=91-105}} Rock faces on either side of the valley contain petroglyphs as well as inscriptions written using either the kufic or tifinagh scripts. Some of the Arabic inscriptions include 11th century dates.{{sfn| Moraes Farias|1990|pp=91-105}} Archaeological excavations were carried out between January and March in 2005 by a team led by Sam Nixon.{{sfn|Nixon|2009|p=223}} Of the three areas of the town investigated, the most complete stratigraphic sequence was obtained at a location opposite the island on the eastern side of the wadi. A 5 m x 5 m area was excavated to a depth of 6.5 m before undisturbed soil was reached. A series of 12 radiometric dates were obtained from carbon containing material. The four samples from the deepest levels produced a range of dates centred on middle of the 8th century while samples from the top levels gave 12th and 14th century dates.{{sfn|Nixon|2009|pp=231, 236}} It is sometimes referred to as the "cradle of Tuareg civilization". The annual Saharan Nights festival showcases traditional Tuareg music as well as featuring various world music performers. Oral tradition holds that Boctou, foundress of Timbuktu, was originally from Essouk. Essouk is also an important archaeological site, featuring rock carvings more than eight thousand years old. World Heritage StatusThe archaeological site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on September 8, 1999 in the Cultural category.[7] Notes1. ^ 2. ^1 {{citation|url=http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/kidal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722220031/http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/kidal.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-07-22 |publisher=République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique |title=Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Kidal) |language=French }}. 3. ^This area is given in the Plan de Securite Alimentaire Commune Rural but appears to be too large. Kidal Cercle covers an area of 25,617 km2 but precise boundaries have not been established for the three communes within the cercle: Anefif, Essouk and the Urban commune of Kidal. See: {{citation | title=Programme de renforcement des capacités nationales pour une gestion stratégique du développement (PRECAGED): Schéma d'aménagement et de développement du Cercle de Kidal | publisher= République du Mali: Ministère de l'économie programme des nations unies et des finances | year=2002 | language=French | url=http://www.bndr-mali.org/bnn-mali/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1519&Itemid=53 }}. 4. ^{{citation | title=Plan de Securite Alimentaire Commune Rurale de Essouk 2007-2011 | publisher=Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali | year=2007 | url=http://www.csa-mali.org/plans/kidal/Kidal/P_S_A_ESSOUK.pdf | language=French | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519032236/http://www.csa-mali.org/plans/kidal/Kidal/P_S_A_ESSOUK.pdf | archivedate=2012-05-19 | df= }}. 5. ^{{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|p=65}}. A translation into French is available online: {{harvnb|El-Bekri|1913|p=339}}. 6. ^{{harvnb|Mauny|1961|pp=487–488}}. Page 488 has a plan of the ruins. 7. ^*{{citation | title=World Heritage Tentative List: Es-souk | year=1999 | url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1349/ | publisher=UNESCO – World Heritage Convention | language=French | accessdate=21 Jan 2011}}. References
Further reading
External links
3 : Populated places in Kidal Region|Communes of Mali|Tuareg |
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