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词条 Charon (moon)
释义

  1. Discovery

  2. Name

  3. Formation

  4. Orbit

  5. Physical characteristics

      Interior    Surface    Mountain in a moat  

  6. Observation and exploration

  7. Classification

  8. Gallery

     Videos 

  9. See also

  10. Notes

  11. References

  12. External links

{{distinguish|text=the minor planet 2060 Chiron}}{{Infobox planet
| name = Charon
| image = Charon in True Color - High-Res.jpg
| caption = Charon in true color, imaged by New Horizons
| discoverer = James W. Christy
| discovered = 22 June 1978
| alt_names = (134340) Pluto I[1]
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ær|ən}} {{respell|SHARR|ən}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛər|ən}} {{respell|KAIR|ən}}[2]
| note = yes
| adjectives = Charonian
| named_after = Discoverer's wife, Charlene and Charon
| orbit_ref =  [3]
| epoch = {{val|2452600.5}}
(2002 Nov 22)
| semimajor = {{val|19591}} km[4]
| eccentricity = 0.0002[4]
|periapsis=17,536 km| period = {{val|6.3872304|0.0000011|u=d}}
(6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 36.7 ± 0.1 s)
| avg_speed = 0.21 km/s{{efn|group=note|name=calculated|Calculated on the basis of other parameters.}}
| inclination = {{val|0.080|u=°}} {{nowrap|(to Pluto's equator)}}[4]
{{val|119.591|0.014|u=°}} {{nowrap|(to Pluto's orbit)}}
{{val|112.783|0.014|u=°}} {{nowrap|(to the ecliptic)}}
| asc_node = {{val|223.046|0.014|u=°}} {{nowrap|(to vernal equinox)}}
| satellite_of = Pluto
| mean_radius = {{val|606.0|0.5|u=km}}[7][8] {{nowrap|(0.095 Earths, 0.51 Plutos)}}
| flattening = <0.5% [9]
| surface_area = {{val|4.6|e=6|u=km2}} {{nowrap|(0.0090 Earths)}}
| volume = {{val|9.32|.14|e=8|u=km3}} {{nowrap|(0.00086 Earths)}}
| mass = {{val|1.586|0.015|e=21|u=kg}}[7][8]
({{val|2.66|e=-4|u=Earths}})
(12.2% of Pluto)
| density = {{val|1.702|0.017|u=g/cm3}}[8]
| surface_grav = {{val|0.288|ul=m/s2}}
| escape_velocity = {{val|0.59|u=km/s}}
0.37 mi/s
| single_temperature = {{val|-220|u=°C}} ({{val|53|ul=K}})
| rotation = synchronous
| axial_tilt =
| albedo = 0.2 to 0.5 at a solar phase angle of 15°
| magnitude = 16.8[3]
| abs_magnitude = 1[4]
| angular_size = 55 milli-arcsec[5]
|apoapsis=17,536 km}}

Charon, also known as (134340) Pluto I, is the largest of the five known natural satellites of the dwarf planet Pluto. It has a mean radius of 606 km. It was discovered in 1978 at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., using photographic plates taken at the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station (NOFS).

With half the diameter and one eighth the mass of Pluto, Charon is a very large moon in comparison to its parent body. Its gravitational influence is such that the barycenter of the Plutonian system lies outside Pluto.

The reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins; organic macromolecules that may be essential ingredients of life. These tholins were produced from methane, nitrogen and related gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred over {{convert|19,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the orbiting moon.[6]

The New Horizons spacecraft is the only probe that has visited the Pluto system. It approached Charon to within {{convert|27000|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 2015.

Discovery

{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2017}}

Charon was discovered by United States Naval Observatory astronomer James Christy, using the {{convert|61|in|m |sigfig=3 |order=flip |adj=on |sp=us}} telescope at United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station (NOFS),[7] On June 22, 1978, he had been examining highly magnified images of Pluto on photographic plates taken with the telescope two months prior. Christy noticed that a slight elongation appeared periodically. The bulge was confirmed on plates dating back to April 29, 1965.[8] The International Astronomical Union formally announced Christy's discovery to the world on July 7, 1978.[9]

Subsequent observations of Pluto determined that the bulge was due to a smaller accompanying body. The periodicity of the bulge corresponded to Pluto's rotation period, which was previously known from Pluto's light curve. This indicated a synchronous orbit, which strongly suggested that the bulge effect was real and not spurious. This resulted in reassessments of Pluto's size, mass, and other physical characteristics because the calculated mass and albedo of the Pluto–Charon system had previously been attributed to Pluto alone.

Doubts about Charon's existence were erased when it and Pluto entered a five-year period of mutual eclipses and transits between 1985 and 1990. This occurs when the Pluto–Charon orbital plane is edge-on as seen from Earth, which only happens at two intervals in Pluto's 248-year orbital period. It was fortuitous that one of these intervals happened to occur soon after Charon's discovery.

Name

Author Edmond Hamilton referred to three moons of Pluto in his 1940 science fiction novel Calling Captain Future, naming them {{em|Charon}}, {{em|Styx}}, and {{em|Cerberus}}.[10]

After its discovery, Charon was originally known by the temporary designation S/1978 P 1, according to the then recently instituted convention. On June 24, 1978, Christy first suggested the name Charon as a scientific-sounding version of his wife Charlene's nickname, "Char".[20][11] Although colleagues at the Naval Observatory proposed Persephone, Christy stuck with Charon after discovering that it coincidentally refers to a Greek mythological figure:[12] Charon ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛər|ɒ|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛər|ən}}; Greek Χάρων) is the ferryman of the dead, closely associated in myth with the god Hades, whom the Romans identified with their god Pluto. The IAU officially adopted the name in late 1985 and it was announced on January 3, 1986.[13]

There is minor debate over the preferred pronunciation of the name. The practice of following the classical pronunciation established for the mythological ferryman Charon (IPA {{IPA|[ˈkɛ:rən]}}) is used by major English-language dictionaries, such as the Merriam-Webster and Oxford English Dictionary.[14][15] These indicate only one pronunciation of "Charon" when referring specifically to Pluto's moon: with an initial "k" sound. Speakers of many languages other than English, and many English-speaking astronomers as well, follow this pronunciation.[28]

However, Christy himself pronounced the ch as sh (IPA {{IPA|[ʃ]}}), after his wife Charlene. Because of this, as an acknowledgement of Christy and sometimes as an in-joke or shibboleth, the initial sh pronunciation is common among astronomers when speaking English,[16][17][18][19] and this is the prescribed pronunciation at NASA and of the New Horizons team.[20][21]

Formation

Simulation work published in 2005 by Robin Canup suggested that Charon could have been formed by a collision around 4.5 billion years ago, much like Earth and the Moon. In this model, a large Kuiper belt object struck Pluto at high velocity, destroying itself and blasting off much of Pluto's outer mantle, and Charon coalesced from the debris.[22] However, such an impact should result in an icier Charon and rockier Pluto than scientists have found. It is now thought that Pluto and Charon might have been two bodies that collided before going into orbit about each other. The collision would have been violent enough to boil off volatile ices like methane ({{chem|C|H|4}}) but not violent enough to have destroyed either body. The very similar density of Pluto and Charon implies that the parent bodies were not fully differentiated when the impact occurred.[7]

Orbit

{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | width =
| header = Animation of moons of Pluto around the barycenter of Pluto - Ecliptic plane
| image1 = Animation of moons of Pluto - Front view.gif
| caption1 = Front view
| image2 = Animation of moons of Pluto - Side view.gif
| caption2 = Side view
| footer ={{legend2|khaki| Pluto}}{{·}}{{legend2|RoyalBlue| Charon}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime| Styx}}{{·}}{{legend2|Magenta| Nix}}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan| Kerberos}}{{·}}{{legend2|Orangered| Hydra}}
}}

Charon and Pluto orbit each other every 6.387 days. The two objects are gravitationally locked to one another, so each keeps the same face towards the other. This is a case of mutual tidal locking, as compared to that of the Earth and the Moon, where the Moon always shows the same face to Earth, but not vice versa. The average distance between Charon and Pluto is {{convert|19570|km}}. The discovery of Charon allowed astronomers to calculate accurately the mass of the Plutonian system, and mutual occultations revealed their sizes. However, neither indicated the two bodies' individual masses, which could only be estimated, until the discovery of Pluto's outer moons in late 2005. Details in the orbits of the outer moons revealed that Charon has approximately 12% of the mass of Pluto.[3]{{Clear}}

Physical characteristics

{{main|Geology of Charon}}{{see also|List of geological features on Charon}}

Charon's diameter is {{convert|1212|km}}, just over half that of Pluto,[7][8] and larger than the dwarf planet Ceres, and the twelfth largest natural satellite in the solar system. Charon is sufficiently massive to have collapsed into a spheroid under its own gravity. Charon's slow rotation means that there is almost no flattening. Its equatorial and polar radii differ by less than 1%.[7]

Interior

Charon's volume and mass allow calculation of its density, {{val|1.702|0.017|u=g/cm3}},[8] from which it can be determined that Charon is slightly less dense than Pluto and suggesting a composition of 55% rock to 45% ice (± 5%), whereas Pluto is about 70% rock. The difference is considerably lower than that of most suspected collisional satellites. Before New Horizons flyby, there were two conflicting theories about Charon's internal structure: some scientists thought Charon to be a differentiated body like Pluto, with a rocky core and an icy mantle, whereas others thought it would be uniform throughout.[23] Evidence in support of the former position was found in 2007, when observations by the Gemini Observatory of patches of ammonia hydrates and water crystals on the surface of Charon suggested the presence of active cryogeysers. The fact that the ice was still in crystalline form suggested it had been deposited recently, because solar radiation would have degraded it to an amorphous state after roughly thirty thousand years.[43]

Surface

Unlike Pluto's surface, which is composed of nitrogen and methane ices, Charon's surface appears to be dominated by the less volatile water ice. In 2007, observations by the Gemini Observatory of patches of ammonia hydrates and water crystals on the surface of Charon suggested the presence of active cryogeysers and cryovolcanoes.[24][25]

Photometric mapping of Charon's surface shows a latitudinal trend in albedo, with a bright equatorial band and darker poles. The north polar region is dominated by a very large dark area informally dubbed "Mordor" by the New Horizons team.[26][27][28] The favored explanation for this phenomenon is that they are formed by condensation of gases that escaped from Pluto's atmosphere. In winter, the temperature is −258 °C, and these gases, which include nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, condense into their solid forms; when these ices are subjected to solar radiation, they chemically react to form various reddish tholins. Later, when the area is again heated by the Sun as Charon's seasons change, the temperature at the pole rises to −213 °C, resulting in the volatiles sublimating and escaping Charon, leaving only the tholins behind. Over millions of years, the residual tholin builds up thick layers, obscuring the icy crust.[29] In addition to Mordor, New Horizons found evidence of extensive past geology that suggests that Charon is probably differentiated;[27] in particular, the southern hemisphere has fewer craters than the northern and is considerably less rugged, suggesting that a massive resurfacing event—perhaps prompted by the partial or complete freezing of an internal ocean—occurred at some point in the past and removed many of the earlier craters.[30]

In 2018,the International Astronomical Union named one crater on Charon, as Revati who is a character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata.[31][32]

Charon has a series of extensive grabens or canyons, such as Serenity Chasma, which extend as an equatorial belt for at least {{val|1000|u=km}}. Argo Chasma potentially reaches as deep as {{val|9|u=km}}, with steep cliffs that may rival Verona Rupes on Miranda for the title of tallest cliff in the solar system.[33]

Mountain in a moat

{{main|Kubrick Mons}}

In a released photo by New Horizons, an unusual surface feature has captivated and baffled the scientist team of the mission. The image reveals a mountain rising out of a depression. It's "a large mountain sitting in a moat", said Jeff Moore, of NASA's Ames Research Center, in a statement. "This is a feature that has geologists stunned and stumped", he added. New Horizons captured the photo from a distance of {{Convert|49,000|mi|km}}.[34][35]

Observation and exploration

Since the first blurred images of the moon (1), images showing Pluto and Charon resolved into separate disks were taken for the first time by the Hubble Space Telescope in the 1990s (2). The telescope was responsible for the best, yet low quality images of the moon. In 1994, the clearest picture of the Pluto-Charon system showed two distinct and well defined circles (3). The image was taken by Hubble's Faint Object Camera (FOC) when the system was 2.6 billion miles (4.4 billion kilometers) away from Earth[36] Later, the development of adaptive optics made it possible to resolve Pluto and Charon into separate disks using ground-based telescopes.[11]

In June 2015, the New Horizons spacecraft captured consecutive images of the Pluto–Charon system as it approached it. The images were put together in an animation. It was the best image of Charon to that date (4). In July 2015, the New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the Pluto system. It is the only spacecraft to date to have visited and studied Charon. Charon's discoverer James Christy and the children of Clyde Tombaugh were guests at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory during the New Horizons closest approach.

{{multiple image|center|caption_align=center|header_align=center|align=center|header=Timeline of Charon observations |width= |direction=horizontal
|image1=Charon Discovery.jpg
|width1=220
|caption1=(1) Discovery;
1978
|image2=Pluto-picture.jpg
|width2=225
|caption2=
(2) HST – before correction;
1990

|image3=Pluto and charon.jpg
|width3=323
|caption3=
(3) HST – after correction;
1994

|image4=First Color Animated Images show Pluto and its Moon Charon.gif
|width4=168
|caption4=
(4) 1st color animated view;
2015

}}

Classification

The center of mass (barycenter) of the Pluto–Charon system lies outside either body. Because neither object truly orbits the other, and Charon has 12.2% the mass of Pluto, it has been argued that Charon should be considered to be part of a binary system with Pluto. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) states that Charon is considered to be just a satellite of Pluto, but the idea that Charon might be classified a dwarf planet in its own right may be considered at a later date.[37]

In a draft proposal for the 2006 redefinition of the term, the IAU proposed that a planet be defined as a body that orbits the Sun that is large enough for gravitational forces to render the object (nearly) spherical. Under this proposal, Charon would have been classified as a planet, because the draft explicitly defined a planetary satellite as one in which the barycenter lies within the major body. In the final definition, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet, but the formal definition of a planetary satellite was not decided upon. Charon is not in the list of dwarf planets currently recognized by the IAU.[37] Had the draft proposal been accepted, even the Moon would be classified as a planet in billions of years when the tidal acceleration that is gradually moving the Moon away from Earth takes it far enough away that the center of mass of the system no longer lies within Earth.[38]

The other moons of Pluto, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos and Styx, orbit the same barycenter, but they are not large enough to be spherical, and they are simply considered to be satellites of Pluto (or of Pluto–Charon).[39]

{{clear}}

Gallery

{{Gallery |align=center
|File:Cpmap cyl PS717 HR 180.jpg|Global map of Charon
|File:Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg|Identically processed enhanced-color views of Pluto and Charon
|File:PIA19967 - Charon in Detail.jpg|High resolution enhanced-color mosaic of Charon
|File:Pluto charon 150709 color final.png|Pluto and Charon, to scale. Viewed by New Horizons on approach.
|File:NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg|Pluto and Charon as viewed by New Horizons
(color; July 11, 2015).
|File:NH-071315-PlutoCharon-FalseColorComposite-20150713.jpg|Pluto and Charon as viewed by New Horizons
(false-color; July 13, 2015).
|File:PIA20375-PlutoMoon-Charon-NightSide-20150717.jpg|Charon – night-side as viewed by New Horizons
(July 17, 2015).
}}

Videos

See also

{{Portal|Astronomy}}
  • List of natural satellites

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |date=2009-11-09 |title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |publisher=IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) |author=Jennifer Blue |url = http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets |accessdate=2010-02-24}}
2. ^The former is the discoverer's original pronunciation. The latter per the anglicized pronunciation of the {{Lang-el|Χάρων}}.
3. ^{{cite web |title = Classic Satellites of the Solar System |url = http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm |website = Observatorio ARVAL |date = April 15, 2007 |accessdate = 2007-10-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100731193653/http://www.oarval.org/ClasSaten.htm# |archive-date = 2010-07-31 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
4. ^{{cite web | date = June 2008 | title = The 1000 km Scale KBOs | publisher = Institute for Astronomy (UH) | author = David Jewitt | url = http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/big_kbo.html | accessdate = 2008-06-13 }}
5. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/press-rel/pr-2006/pr-02-06.html | title = Measuring the Size of a Small, Frost World | publisher = European Southern Observatory | date = 2006-01-04 | accessdate = 2007-10-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118020147/http://eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2006/pr-02-06.html |archive-date=2006-01-18}}
6. ^{{cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah Engel |last2=St. Fleur |first2=Nicholas |title=Why Pluto’s Moon Charon Wears a Red Cap |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/15/science/pluto-moon-charon.html |date=14 September 2016 |work=The New York Times |accessdate= 2016-09-14 }}
7. ^{{cite web |date=16 December 2003 |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=572 |website=Solar System Exploration |title=Charon Discovery Image |publisher=NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory |accessdate=2013-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502041319/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=572# |archive-date=2013-05-02 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Dick |first=Steven J. |date=2013 |title=Discovery and Classification in Astronomy: Controversy and Consensus |chapter=The Pluto Affair |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IT8oAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|pages=15–17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03361-0}}
9. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03200/03241.html |title=IAUC 3241: 1978 P 1; 1978 (532) 1; 1977n |date=July 7, 1978 |website=Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams |accessdate=2011-07-05}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=Pluto & Charon|author=Codex Regius|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2016|isbn=978-1534960749}}
11. ^1 {{cite web |title=Charon: Pluto’s Largest Moon |url= http://www.universetoday.com/41619/charon/ |website= Universe Today |date=14 Jul 2015 |first=Matt |last=Williams |accessdate=2015-10-08}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite magazine |first=Govert |last=Shilling |title=A Bump in the Night |magazine=Sky & Telescope |date=June 2008 |pages=26–27}} Prior to this, Christy had considered naming the moon Oz.
13. ^{{cite web|title = IAUC 4157: CH Cyg; R Aqr; Sats OF SATURN AND PLUTO|date = January 3, 1986|url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/04100/04157.html|website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams|accessdate = 2011-07-05 }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Charon?r=75 |title=Charon |website=Dictionary.com}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50037018?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=charon&first=1&max_to_show=10 |title=Charon |website=Oxford English Dictionary}}
16. ^Astronomer Mike Brown can be heard pronouncing it {{IPA|[ˈʃɛɹɪn]}} in ordinary conversation on the KCET interview [{{cite web |title=Julia Sweeney and Michael E. Brown |work=Hammer Conversations: KCET podcast |url= http://www.pluggd.tv/audio/channels/kcet_podcast__hammer_conversations/episodes/2h10l |year=2007 |accessdate=2008-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006182705/http://www.pluggd.tv/audio/channels/kcet_podcast__hammer_conversations/episodes/2h10l |archivedate=2008-10-06}}] at 42min 48sec. Being a long-time resident of California, he does not distinguish the {{IPA|/ær/}} vowel of the name Sharon and the {{IPA|/ɛər/}} vowel of the classical pronunciation of Charon.
17. ^1 Pronounced "KAIR en" or "SHAHR en" per {{cite web |title=Pluto Facts |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/pluto.html#charon |website=Nine Planets |accessdate=2008-10-03}}
18. ^Pronounced 'with a soft "sh" ' per {{cite web |title=Welcome to the solar system, Nix and Hydra! |work=The Planetary Society Weblog |url=http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00000613/ |accessdate=2008-10-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210115425/http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00000613/ |archivedate=2009-02-10 |df= }}
19. ^US Naval Observatory spokesman Jeff Chester, when interviewed on the NPR commentary {{cite web |title=Letters: Radiology Dangers, AIDS, Charon |work=Morning Edition |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5162958 |date=2006-01-19 |accessdate=2008-10-03}} (at 2min 49sec), says Christy pronounced it {{IPA|[ˈʃɛɹɒn]}} rather than classical {{IPA|[ˈkɛɹɒn]}}. In normal conversation, the second vowel is reduced to a schwa: {{IPA|/ˈkɛərən/}} in RP (ref: OED).
20. ^Pronounced "Sharon" {{IPA|/ˈʃærən/}} per {{cite web|title=NASA New Horizons: The PI's Perspective—Two for the Price of One |url = http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=17180 |accessdate=2008-10-03}} and per {{cite web|title=New Horizons Team Names Science Ops Center After Charon's Discoverer |url= http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=9477|accessdate=2008-10-03}}
21. ^Hal Weaver, who led the team that discovered Nix and Hydra, also pronounces it {{IPA|[ˈʃɛɹɪn]}} ({{IPA|/ˈʃærən/}} with a generic American accent) on the Discovery Science Channel documentary Passport to Pluto, premiered 2006-01-15.
22. ^{{cite journal |title=A Giant Impact Origin of Pluto–Charon |last=Canup |first=Robin |journal=Science |date=January 28, 2005 |url= http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5709/546|doi=10.1126/science.1106818 |bibcode=2005Sci...307..546C |pmid=15681378 |volume=307 |issue=5709 |pages=546–50}}
23. ^{{Cite web |title=Charon |url= http://www.planetsedu.com/moon/charon/ |website=Planetsedu.com |accessdate = 2015-10-08}}
24. ^1 {{cite web |title=Charon: An ice machine in the ultimate deep freeze |work=Gemini Observatory |year=2007 |url= http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0707/17charon/ |accessdate=2007-07-18}}
25. ^{{cite journal |url= http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/663/2/1406/70488.html|author=Cook|title=Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Charon: Possible Evidence for Cryovolcanism on Kuiper Belt Objects|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=663 |issue=2 |pages=1406–1419 |year=2007 |doi=10.1086/518222 |last2=Desch |first2=Steven J. |last3=Roush |first3=Ted L. |last4=Trujillo |first4=Chadwick A. |last5=Geballe |first5=T. R. |bibcode=2007ApJ...663.1406C}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/566694/new-horizons-team-refers-dark-patch-plutos-moon-mordor |title=The New Horizons team refers to a dark patch on Pluto's moon as 'Mordor' |work=The Week |accessdate=2015-07-15}}
27. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/pluto-photo-n392691 |title=New Horizons Photos Show Pluto's Ice Mountains and Charon's Huge Crater |work=NBC News |accessdate=2015-07-15}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/15/science/space/new-horizons-pluto-flyby-photos.html |title=New Horizons Reveals Ice Mountains on Pluto |first=Jonathan |last=Corum |date=15 July 2015 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=2015-07-15}}
29. ^{{cite web |last1=Howett |first1=Carley |title=New Horizons probes the mystery of Charon's red pole |url=http://phys.org/news/2015-09-horizons-probes-mystery-charon-red.html |accessdate=2015-09-16 |date=11 September 2015}}
30. ^{{cite news |last=Beatty |first=Kelly |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/charon-cracked-cratered-and-crazy-100220155/ |title=Charon: Cracked, Cratered, and Colorful |work=Sky and Telescope |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=2015-10-03 }}
31. ^https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/naming-crater-pluto-s-largest-moon-revati-astronomers-honour-india-79705
32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/news+patrolling-epaper-newspatr/hindus+welcome+naming+crater+on+pluto+s+largest+moon+charon+after+revati-newsid-87295150|title=Hindus welcome naming crater on Pluto's largest moon Charon after Revati - News Patrolling|website=Dailyhunt}}
33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/a-super-grand-canyon-on-pluto-s-moon-charon|title=A ‘Super Grand Canyon’ on Pluto’s Moon Charon|last=Keeter|first=Bill|date=2016-06-23|work=NASA|access-date=2017-08-03|language=en}}
34. ^{{Cite web|title = Pluto's Big Moon Charon Has a Bizarre Mountain in a Moat (Photo)|url = http://www.space.com/29970-pluto-moon-charon-mountain-photo.html|website = Space.com|accessdate = 2015-10-08}}
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{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist
|colwidth=36em
|refs=[40][42][43][44][45]
}}

External links

{{Commons category|Charon (moon)}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20141008221417/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Plu_Charon Charon Profile] at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
  • {{cite journal |bibcode=1978AJ.....83.1005C |title=The satellite of Pluto |journal=Astronomical Journal |volume=83 |pages=1005 |author1=Christy |first1=J. W |last2=Harrington |first2=R. S |year=1978 |doi=10.1086/112284}}
  • Hubble reveals new map of Pluto, BBC News, September 12, 2005
  • {{Cite journal |arxiv=astro-ph/0602082 |last1=Person |first1=M. J |title=Charon's radius and density from the combined data sets of the 2005 July 11 occultation |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=1575–1580 |last2=Elliot |first2=J. L |last3=Gulbis |first3=A. A. S |last4=Pasachoff |first4=J. M |last5=Babcock |first5=B. A |last6=Souza |first6=S. P |last7=Gangestad |first7=J |year=2006 |doi=10.1086/507330|bibcode=2006AJ....132.1575P }}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090320174750/http://spacescience.arc.nasa.gov/agu/abstracts/Deschetal.pdf Cryovolcanism on Charon and other Kuiper Belt Objects]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20131208200701/http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/20130710.php New Horizons Camera Spots Pluto’s Largest Moon – July 10, 2013]
  • New Horizons in the PHSF clean room at KSC, Nov 4, 2005
  • [https://www.nasa.gov/feature/charon-at-40-four-decades-of-discovery-on-pluto-s-largest-moon 40th anniversary NASA video] describing the discovery and naming of Charon (22 June 2018)
  • NASA CGI video of Charon flyover (14 July 2017)
  • [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/36101560426/ CGI video] simulation of rotating Charon by Seán Doran (see [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157686474817595 album] for more)
  • [https://www.google.com/maps/space/charon/@23.0752291,9.3670842,8033611m/data=!3m1!1e3 Google Charon 3D], interactive map of the moon
  • {{cite web |url=http://livestream.com/viewnow/LPSC2016 |title=2016 Lunar & Planetary Science Conference by National Institute of Aerospace}}
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