| 词条 | Christopher of Bavaria |
| 释义 |
| image =Christopher of Bavaria seal.jpg | succession = King of Denmark | reign = 9 April 1440 – 5 January 1448 | coronation = 1 January 1443 Ribe Cathedral | cor-type = Coronation | predecessor = Eric VII | successor = Christian I | succession1 = King of Sweden | reign1 = 1441 – 5 January 1448 | coronation1 = 13 September 1441 in Uppsala | predecessor1 = Eric XIII | successor1 = Charles VIII | succession2 = King of Norway | reign2 = June 1442 – 5 January 1448 | coronation2 = 2 July 1442 in Oslo | predecessor2 = Eric III | successor2 = Charles I | spouse = Dorothea of Brandenburg | house = Palatinate-Neumarkt | father = John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt | mother = Catherine of Pomerania | birth_date = 26 February 1416 | birth_place = Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz | death_date = 5/{{death date and age|1448|01|6|1416|02|26|df=y}} | death_place = Helsingborg | place of burial= Roskilde Cathedral, Roskilde | religion = Roman Catholicism |}}Christopher of Bavaria[1] (26 February 1416 – 5/6 January 1448) was King of Denmark (1440–48, as Christopher III), Sweden (1441–48) and Norway (1442–48) during the era of the Kalmar Union.[2] BiographyComing to powerHe was the son of John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt (1383–1443) and Catherine of Pomerania (c. 1390–1426). Catherine was the daughter of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania in Pomerania-Stolp, and sister of the Scandinavian king, Eric of Pomerania. Count Palatine John was a son of King Rupert of Germany (1352–1410). Christopher was probably born at Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz in Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany. In 1445, Christopher married Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430 – 25 November 1495) in Copenhagen. [3][4]Eric of Pomerania was deposed as king of Denmark and Sweden in 1439. As Eric's nephew, Christopher, who was rather unfamiliar with Scandinavian conditions, was elected by the Danish State Council as the successor to his uncle, first as regent from 1439, and then proclaimed King of Denmark at the Viborg Assembly (Danish landsting) on 9 April 1440. He was meant to be a puppet, as evidenced by the saying: "Had the Council demanded the stars of heaven from him, he would have ordered it."[5] However he succeeded in maintaining some personal control. As a whole his rule, according to the politics of the nobility and his succession, might be called the start of the long period of balance between royal power and nobility which lasted until 1660. He was later elected king of Sweden in 1441, and Norway in June 1442. [6]Peasant rebellionsAt the start of his reign, he put down peasant rebellions in Funen and Jutland. Once the rebellion on Funen was suppressed, he turned his attention the uprising in Jutland. North Jutland, especially Vendsyssel, was so restive that a peasant army of 25,000 led by Henrik Tagesen Reventlow (executed 1441) posed a serious threat to Christopher's continued reign. Before the king could act, Jutland's noble families raised their own army and marched west of Aalborg to meet Reventlow's forces.[7] The peasants had created a gigantic wagon fortress three layers deep to protect themselves from the mounted knights they knew would come against them. They also placed tree branches across the bog in front of the camp and then cast earth on top to make it look like solid ground. The overconfident army of nobles led by Eske Jensen Brock appeared at St Jorgen's Hill (St. Jørgensbjerg) on 3 May 1441. The knights charged the camp, and were quickly mired down in the bog. The peasants moved in for the kill. Brock was killed in the Battle of St Jorgen's Hill (Slaget ved Skt. Jørgensbjerg) and dismembered and the pieces sent to the towns in the area as a warning. The peasants then raided Aalborghus (the area's most important manor) forcing the noble Niels Guldenstierne to flee.[5][8][9][10] The treatment of the captives after the battle strengthened Christopher's determination to put down the peasants. With his own army Christopher rode north to the rebel camp at Husby Hole near St Jorgen's Hill in northern Jutland. Because the rebels outnumbered his troops, Christopher sent word that anyone who left the camp and went home would not be punished for rebellion. The men from the island of Mors and Thisted left, for which they were called cowards and traitors ever after. Christopher ordered the attack on the rebel camp on 8 June 1441 and despite fighting ferociously the rebels could not overcome the heavily armed knights. Thousands of rebels were killed, those who survived were fined heavily. The more severe consequence was that rebels lost their free status and became serfs on the farms where they worked.[5] The king made it a capital crime for peasants to carry weapons longer than a short knife. The subjugation of Denmark's once free peasants was complete.[11] Coronation, relations with Swedes{{refimprove|section|date=March 2019}}In May 1442 Christopher traveled to Lödöse to meet with the nobles from all three kingdoms. He was elected King of Norway there and then went to Oslo where he was crowned on 2 July 1442. The next year he was proclaimed King of Denmark at the Urnehoved Assembly near Ribe. When his residence at Roskilde burned down, Christopher moved to Copenhagen and made it the capital of Denmark.[12] The Swedish nobles were not happy to relinquish any power and thus didn't like him, claiming he was too German for them and that he allowed his uncle (ex-King Eric) to plunder shipping from his castle on Gotland without any attempt to stop him. They blamed a series of bad harvests on him. People were so hungry they mixed ground tree bark with the little flour they could find. Christopher was contemptuously nicknamed the "Bark King" in Sweden. On the other hand, he tried to support the cities and their merchants as far as the limits of nobility and Hanseatic cities allowed. During his reign Copenhagen was made permanently the capital of Denmark (municipal charter of 1443). He carried on an ineffective policy of war and negotiations against Eric in Gotland which did little to help the dissatisfaction within both Sweden and the Hanseatic League. The Kalmar Union Treaty was changed so that the aristocracy had most of the policy-making powers, and the king lost many of the powers monarchs had acquired since Viking times. The results of this policy of balance were still not reached when he suddenly died as the last descendant of Valdemar IV of Denmark. DeathIn 1448, Christopher died suddenly at Helsingborg at age 32. King Christopher was buried in Roskilde Cathedral. On 28 October 1449, his widow Dorothea married King Christian I of Denmark. They were the parents of John, King of Denmark (Kong Hans) who succeeded King Christian.[13] {{commons category|Christopher of Bavaria }}Full titleChristopher's full title was: By the Grace of God, King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria. Ancestry{{unref|section|date=March 2019}}{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Christopher of Bavaria |2= 2. John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt |3= 3. Catherine of Pomerania |4= 4. Rupert of Germany |5= 5. Elisabeth of Nuremberg |6= 6. Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania |7= 7. Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |8= 8. Rupert II, Elector Palatine |9= 9. Beatrice of Sicily |10= 10. Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg |11= 11. Elisabeth of Meissen |12= 12. Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania |13= 13. Adelheid of Brunswick-Grubenhagen |14= 14. Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg |15= 15. Ingeborg of Denmark |16= 16. Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine |17= 17. Irmengard of Oettingen |18= 18. Peter II of Sicily |19= 19. Elisabeth of Carinthia |20= 20. John II, Burgrave of Nuremberg |21= 21. Elisabeth of Henneberg |22= 22. Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen |23= 23. Mathilde of Bavaria |24= 24. Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania |25= 25. Elisabeth of Lindau-Ruppin |26= 26. Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen |27= 27. Adelheid of Everstein |28= 28. Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg |29= 29. Euphemia of Sweden |30= 30. Valdemar IV of Denmark |31= 31. Helvig of Schleswig }} References1. ^Danish and Norwegian: Christoffer af/av Bayern; Swedish Kristofer av Bayern 2. ^{{cite web|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100508011115/http://www.danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/christoffer-3-af-bayern-1416-48/|title=Christoffer 3 af Bayern 1416-48|publisher = Aarhus University|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.mittelalterfreunde-neumarkt.de/geschichtliches/katharina-von-pommern/|title= Katharina von Pommern|publisher= mittelalterfreunde |accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rupert_(king)|title= Rupert (king)|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|date= 1911|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 5. ^1 2 Huitfeldt, Arild. Danmarks Riges Krønike 6. ^{{cite web|url = https://snl.no/Erik_av_Pommern|title=Erik Av Pommern|publisher = Store norske leksikon|author=Erik Opsahl|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|url = http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Landbrug,_skovbrug_og_gartneri/Godsejer/Henrik_Tagesen_Reventlow |title=Henrik Tagesen Reventlow|publisher = Den Store Danske|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web|url = https://snl.no/Gyldenstierne |title=Gyldenstierne|publisher = Store norske leksikon|author= Jon Gunnar Arntzen |accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|url = http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Landbrug,_skovbrug_og_gartneri/Godsejer/Henrik_Tagesen_Reventlow |title=Eske Brock, d. 1441 |publisher = Den Store Danske|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url = http://runeberg.org/dbl/3/0090.html|title= Brock, Eske Jensen |publisher = Den Store Danske|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web|url = http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/Jylland/Husby_Hole|title=Husby Hole|publisher = Den Store Danske|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web|url = http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_f%C3%B8r_Reformationen/Urnehoved |title= Urnehoved |publisher = Den Store Danske|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=5595&s=n&str=Hanss%20met%20gudz%20nade|title=Kong Hans |publisher = Diplomatarium Norvegicum (volumes I-XXI)|accessdate=June 1, 2018}} Other sources
|-{{s-vac|rows=3|last=Eric of Pomerania}}{{s-ttl|title=King of Denmark|years=1440–1448}}{{s-vac|next=Christian I}} |-{{s-ttl|title=King of Sweden|years=1441–1448}}{{s-vac|rows=2|next=Charles VIII & I}} |-{{s-ttl|title=King of Norway|years=1442–1448}}{{s-bef|before=John}}{{s-ttl|title=Count Palatine of Neumarkt|years=1443–1448}}{{s-aft|after=Otto I}}{{s-end}}{{Monarchs of Denmark}}{{Monarchs of Sweden}}{{Monarchs of Norway}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Christopher Of Bavaria}} 15 : 1416 births|1448 deaths|15th-century Swedish monarchs|People from Neumarkt (district)|Danish monarchs|Norwegian monarchs|Swedish monarchs|Rulers of Finland|Kalmar Union|House of Palatinate-Neumarkt|Burials at Roskilde Cathedral|Swedish monarchs of German descent|Roman Catholic monarchs|15th-century monarchs in Europe|15th-century Danish people |
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