“Chromoblastomycosis”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Chromoblastomycosis (also known as chromomycosis,^[1] cladosporiosis,^[1] Fonseca's disease,^[1] Pedroso's disease,^[1] phaeosporotrichosis,^[1] or verrucous dermatitis^[1]) is a long-term fungal infection of the skin^[2] and subcutaneous tissue (a chronic subcutaneous mycosis).^[3] The infection occurs most commonly in tropical or subtropical climates, often in rural areas. It can be caused by many different types of fungi which become implanted under the skin, often by thorns or splinters^[4]. Chromoblastomycosis spreads very slowly; it is rarely fatal and usually has a good prognosis, but it can be very difficult to cure. The several treatment options include medication and surgery^[5].

Presentation

The initial trauma causing the infection is often forgotten or not noticed. The infection builds at the site over a period of years, and a small red papule (skin elevation) appears. The lesion is usually not painful, with few, if any symptoms. Patients rarely seek medical care at this point.

Several complications may occur. Usually, the infection slowly spreads to the surrounding tissue while still remaining localized to the area around the original wound. However, sometimes the fungi may spread through the blood vessels or lymph vessels, producing metastatic lesions at distant sites. Another possibility is secondary infection with bacteria. This may lead to lymph stasis (obstruction of the lymph vessels) and elephantiasis. The nodules may become ulcerated, or multiple nodules may grow and coalesce, affecting a large area of a limb.

Pathophysiology

Chromoblastomycosis is believed to originate in minor trauma to the skin, usually from vegetative material such as thorns or splinters; this trauma implants fungi in the subcutaneous tissue. In many cases, the patient will not notice or remember the initial trauma, as symptoms often do not appear for years. The fungi most commonly observed to cause chromoblastomycosis are:

Over months to years, an erythematous papule appears at the site of inoculation. Although the mycosis slowly spreads, it usually remains localized to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Hematogenous and/or lymphatic spread may occur. Multiple nodules may appear on the same limb, sometimes coalescing into a large plaque. Secondary bacterial infection may occur, sometimes inducing lymphatic obstruction. The central portion of the lesion may heal, producing a scar, or it may ulcerate.

Diagnosis

The most informative test is to scrape the lesion and add potassium hydroxide (KOH), then examine under a microscope. (KOH scrapings are commonly used to examine fungal infections.) The pathognomonic finding is observing medlar bodies (also called muriform bodies or sclerotic cells). Scrapings from the lesion can also be cultured to identify the organism involved. Blood tests and imaging studies are not commonly used.

On histology, chromoblastomycosis manifests as pigmented yeasts resembling "copper pennies". Special stains, such as periodic acid schiff and Gömöri methenamine silver, can be used to demonstrate the fungal organisms if needed.

Prevention

No preventive measure is known aside from avoiding the traumatic inoculation of fungi. At least one study found a correlation between walking barefoot in endemic areas and occurrence of chromoblastomycosis on the foot.

Treatment

Chromoblastomycosis is very difficult to cure. The primary treatments of choice are:

Other treatment options are the antifungal drug terbinafine,^[11] an experimental drug posaconazole, and heat therapy.

Prognosis

The prognosis for chromoblastomycosis is very good for small lesions. Severe cases are difficult to cure, although the prognosis is still quite good. The primary complications are ulceration, lymphedema, and secondary bacterial infection. A few cases of malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma have been reported. Chromoblastomycosis is very rarely fatal.

Epidemiology

Chromoblastomycosis occurs around the world, but is most common in rural areas between approximately 30°N and 30°S latitude. Madagascar and Japan have the highest incidence. Over two-thirds of patients are male, and usually between the ages of 30 and 50. A correlation with HLA-A29 suggests genetic factors may play a role, as well.

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book |author=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-4160-2999-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
2. ^{{DorlandsDict|two/000021022|chromoblastomycosis}}
3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=López Martínez R, Méndez Tovar LJ |title=Chromoblastomycosis |journal=Clin. Dermatol. |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=188–94 |year=2007 |pmid=17350498 |doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.05.007 }}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/1319/chromoblastomycosis|title=Chromoblastomycosis {{!}} Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/chromoblastomycosis/|title=Chromoblastomycosis {{!}} DermNet New Zealand|website=www.dermnetnz.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}
6. ^{{cite book |doi=10.5772/61850 |isbn=978-953-51-2252-4 |chapter=Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy |author=Ran Yuping |title=Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences |editor=Janecek, Milos |editor2=Kral, Robert |publisher=InTech |year=2016}}
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Bonifaz A, Carrasco-Gerard E, Saúl A |title=Chromoblastomycosis: clinical and mycologic experience of 51 cases |journal=Mycoses |volume=44 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11398635 |doi= 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00613.x}}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=de Andrade TS, Cury AE, de Castro LG, Hirata MH, Hirata RD |title=Rapid identification of Fonsecaea by duplex polymerase chain reaction in isolates from patients with chromoblastomycosis |journal=Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=267–72 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338941 |doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.08.024 }}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Park SG, Oh SH, Suh SB, Lee KH, Chung KY |title=A case of chromoblastomycosis with an unusual clinical manifestation caused by Phialophora verrucosa on an unexposed area: treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |volume=152 |issue=3 |pages=560–4 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15787829 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06424.x }}
10. ^{{cite journal |author=Attapattu MC |title=Chromoblastomycosis--a clinical and mycological study of 71 cases from Sri Lanka |journal=Mycopathologia |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=145–51 |year=1997 |pmid=9368408 |doi= 10.1023/A:1006819530825}}
11. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Bonifaz A, Saúl A, Paredes-Solis V, Araiza J, Fierro-Arias L |title=Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with terbinafine: experience with four cases |journal=J Dermatolog Treat |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=47–51 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15897168 |doi=10.1080/09546630410024538 }}
12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Colella MT, Negrín DC |title=Extensive chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B and itraconazole |journal=Med. Mycol. |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=179–84 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18324498 |doi=10.1080/13693780701721856 }}