“Chūichi Nagumo”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Nagumo was born in the city of Yonezawa, Yamagata Prefecture in northern Japan in 1887. He graduated from the 36th class of the IJN Academy in 1908, with a ranking of 8 out of a class of 191 cadets. As a midshipman, he served in the protected cruisers {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Soya||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Niitaka||2}} and the armored cruiser {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Nisshin||2}}. After his promotion to ensign in 1910, he was assigned to cruiser {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Asama||2}}.

After attending torpedo and naval artillery schools, he was promoted to sub-lieutenant and served in the battleship {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Aki||2}}, followed by the destroyer {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Hatsuyuki|1906|2}}. In 1914, he was promoted to lieutenant and was assigned to the battlecruiser {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Kirishima||2}}, followed by the destroyer {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Sugi|1915|2}}. He was assigned his first command, the destroyer {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Kisaragi|1905|2}}, on 15 December 1917.

Nagumo graduated from the Naval War College, and was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1920. His specialty was torpedo and destroyer tactics. From 1920 to 1921, he was captain of the destroyer {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Momi|1919|2}}, but was soon sent to shore duty with various assignments by the IJN General Staff. He became a commander in 1924. From 1925 to 1926, Nagumo accompanied a Japanese mission to study naval warfare strategy, tactics, and equipment in Europe and the United States.

After his return to Japan, Nagumo was appointed captain of the river gunboat {{ship|Japanese gunboat|Saga||2}} from 20 March 1926 to 15 October 1926, followed by the gunboat {{ship|Japanese gunboat|Uji|1903|2}} from 15 October 1926 to 15 November 1927. He then

served as an instructor at the IJN Academy from 1927 to 1929. Nagumo was promoted to captain in November 1929 and assumed command of the light cruiser {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Naka||2}} and from 1930 to 1931 was commander of the 11th Destroyer Division. After serving in administrative positions from 1931 to 1933, he assumed command of the heavy cruiser {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Takao|1930|2}} from 1933 to 1934, and the battleship {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Yamashiro||2}} from 1934 to 1935. He was promoted to rear admiral on 1 November 1935.

As a rear admiral, Nagumo commanded the 8th Cruiser Division to support Imperial Japanese Army movements in China from the Yellow Sea. As a leading officer of the militaristic Fleet Faction, he also received a boost in his career from political forces.

From 1937 to 1938, he was commandant of the Torpedo School, and from 1938 to 1939, he was commander of the 3rd Cruiser Division. Nagumo was promoted to vice admiral on 15 November 1939. From November 1940-April 1941, Nagumo was commandant of the Naval War College.

World War II

On 10 April 1941, Nagumo was appointed commander-in-chief of the First Air Fleet, the IJN′s main aircraft carrier force, largely due to his seniority. Many contemporaries and historians have doubted his suitability for this command, given his lack of familiarity with naval aviation.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

By this time, he had visibly aged, physically and mentally. Physically, he suffered from arthritis, perhaps from his younger days as a kendoka.^[5] Mentally, he had become a cautious officer who worked much going over tactical plans of every operation he was involved in.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

Admiral Nishizo Tsukahara had doubts about Nagumo's appointment, and commented, "Nagumo was an officer of the old school, a specialist of torpedo and surface maneuvers.... He did not have any idea of the capability and potential of naval aviation." One son of Nagumo described him as a brooding father, obsessed with and later regretful about pressuring his sons into the IJN. By contrast, Nagumo's junior naval officers thought of him as a father figure.^[4]

Despite his limited experience, he was a strong advocate of combining sea and air power although he was opposed to Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's plan to attack the U.S. Naval installation at Pearl Harbor.^[5] While commanding the First Air Fleet, Nagumo oversaw the attack on Pearl Harbor, but he was later criticized for his failure to launch a third attack,^[6] which might have destroyed the fuel oil storage and repair facilities. This could have rendered the most important U.S. naval base in the Pacific useless, especially as the use of the submarine base and intelligence station at the installation were critical factors in Japan's defeat.^[7]

Nagumo was surrounded by able lieutenants such as Minoru Genda and Mitsuo Fuchida. He also fought well in the early 1942 campaigns, obtaining success as a fleet commander at the Bombing of Darwin and at the Indian Ocean raid on the British Eastern Fleet, the latter of which sank an aircraft carrier, two cruisers, and two destroyers, and caused Admiral Sir James Somerville to retreat to East Africa.

The Battle of Midway, in June 1942, brought Nagumo's near-perfect record to an end. His Carrier Striking Task Force lost four carriers during the turning point of the Pacific War, and the massive losses of carrier aircraft maintenance personnel would prove detrimental to the performance of the IJN in later engagements. The loss of the four carriers, their aircraft, and their maintenance crews, plus the loss of 120 experienced pilots, resulted in Japan losing the strategic initiative in the Pacific.^[8]

Afterwards, Nagumo was reassigned as commander-in-chief of the Third Fleet and commanded aircraft carriers in the Guadalcanal campaign, although there his actions were largely indecisive and slowly frittered away much of Japan's maritime strength.

Final days

On 11 November 1942, Nagumo was reassigned to Japan, where he was given command of the Sasebo Naval District. He transferred to the Kure Naval District on 21 June 1943. From October 1943 to February 1944, Nagumo was again commander-in-chief of First Fleet, which was by that time largely involved in only training duties.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}

As Japan's military situation deteriorated, Nagumo was deployed on 4 March 1944 for the short-lived command of the 14th Air Fleet and the Central Pacific Area Fleet in the Mariana Islands.

The Battle of Saipan began on 15 June 1944. The IJN, under Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa, was overwhelmed within days by the U.S. 5th Fleet in the decisive Battle of the Philippine Sea, where Japan lost three fleet carriers and about 600 aircraft. Nagumo and his Army peer General Yoshitsugu Saito then were on their own to keep control of Saipan. On 6 July, Nagumo killed himself with a pistol to the temple rather than the traditional seppuku. His remains were recovered by the U.S. Marines in the cave where he spent his last days as the Japanese commander of Saipan.^[9] He was posthumously promoted to admiral and awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Kite.

Nagumo's grave is located at the Ōbai-in sub-temple of Engaku-ji in Kanagawa, next to the grave of his son, Susumu Nagumo, who was killed in battle aboard the destroyer {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Kishinami||2}} on 2 December 1944.

Promotions

In popular culture

Notes

1. ^¹Nishida, Imperial Japanese Navy
2. ^¹Nagumo Chuichi at navalhistory.flixco.info
3. ^{{cite web |last=Klemen |first=L |title=Vice-Admiral Chuichi Nagumo |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url=http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/nagumo.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630044158/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/nagumo.html |archivedate=2012-06-30 |df= }}
4. ^¹World War II Database page on Nagumo.
5. ^Evans, Kaigun, p. 529
6. ^Blair, Clay, Jr. Silent Victory (Lippincott, 1975); Willmott, H. P. Barrier and the Javelin (United States Naval Institute Press, 1983); Holmes, W. J. Double-Edged Secrets (United States Naval Institute Press, 1979).
7. ^Blair, passim; Holmes, passim.
8. ^{{Cite book|title=The Turn of the Tide in the Pacific War|last=Judge|first=Sean M.|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2018|isbn=|editor-last=House|editor-first=Jonathan M.|location=|pages=143}}
9. ^Breaching the Marianas: The Battle for Saipan

References

External links

Biography