| 词条 | Clark electrode |
| 释义 |
The Clark electrode[1][2] is an electrode that measures ambient oxygen concentration in a liquid using a catalytic platinum surface according to the net reaction:[3] O2 + 4 e− + 4 H+ → 2 H2O It improves on a bare platinum electrode by use of a membrane to reduce fouling and metal plating onto the platinum.[4] HistoryLeland Clark (Professor of Chemistry, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, and Fels Research Institute, Yellow Springs, Ohio) had developed the first bubble oxygenator for use in cardiac surgery. However, when he came to publish his results, his article was refused by the editor since the oxygen tension in the blood coming out from the device could not be measured. This motivated Clark to develop the oxygen electrode.[5]The electrode, when implanted in vivo, will reduce oxygen and thus required stirring in order to maintain an equilibrium with the environment. Severinghaus improved the design by adding a stirred cuvette in a thermostat. A discrepancy between the measured partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) between blood samples and gaseous mixtures of identical pO2, meant that the modified electrode required calibration; consequently a microtonometer was added to the water thermostat.[5] Mechanism of ActionThe electrode compartment is isolated from the reaction chamber by a thin Teflon membrane; the membrane is permeable to molecular oxygen and allows this gas to reach the cathode, where it is electrolytically reduced. The above reaction requires a steady stream of electrons to the cathode, which depends on the rate at which oxygen can reach the electrode surface. Increasing the voltage applied (between the Pt electrode and a second Ag electrode) will increase the rate of electrocatalysis. Clark affixed an oxygen permselective membrane over the Pt electrode. This limits the diffusion rate of oxygen to the Pt electrode. Above a certain voltage, the current plateaus and increasing the potential any further does not result in a higher rate of electrocatalysis of the reaction. At this point, the reaction is diffusion-limited and depends only on the permeability properties of the membrane (which is ideally well characterized, the electrode being calibrated against known standard solutions) and by the oxygen gas concentration, which is the measured quantity. Applications{{Main article|Blood glucose monitoring}}The Clark oxygen electrode laid the basis for the first glucose biosensor (in fact the first biosensor of any type), invented by Clark and Lyons in 1962. [6]This sensor used a single Clark oxygen electrode coupled with a counter-electrode. As with the Clark electrode, a permselective membrane covers the Pt electrode. Now, however, the membrane is impregnated with immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx).[7] The GOx will consume some of the oxygen as it diffuses towards the PT electrode, incorporating it into H2O2 and gluconic acid.[3] The rate of reaction current is limited by the diffusion of both glucose and oxygen. This diffusion can be well characterized for a membrane for both the oxygen and glucose, leaving as the only variable the oxygen and glucose concentrations on the analyte-side of the glucose membrane, which is the quantity being measured. References1. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Clark Jr | first1 = LC | last2 = Wolf | first2 = R | last3 = Granger | first3 = D | last4 = Taylor | first4 = Z | title = Continuous recording of blood oxygen tensions by polarography | journal = Journal of Applied Physiology | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 189–93 | year = 1953 | pmid = 13096460 | doi=10.1152/jappl.1953.6.3.189}} 2. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Severinghaus | first1 = JW | last2 = Astrup | first2 = PB | title = History of blood gas analysis. IV. Leland Clark's oxygen electrode | journal = Journal of Clinical Monitoring | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–39 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3519875 | doi = 10.1007/BF01637680 }} 3. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Wang | first = Joseph | title = Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 108 | issue =2 | pages = 814–825|date=2007 | language = | doi =10.1021/cr068123a| pmid = 18154363 }} 4. ^{{cite journal | url=http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_4/issue_2/0210.pdf | title=Polarographic oxygen electrode | author=KANWISHER, JOHN | journal=Limnology and Oceanography | year=1959 | volume=4 | issue=2 | pages=210–217 | doi=10.4319/lo.1959.4.2.0210| bibcode=1959LimOc...4..210K }} 5. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Severinghaus | first1 = J | year = 2002 | title = The Invention and Development of Blood Gas Analysis Apparatus | url = | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 97 | issue = 1| pages = 253–6 | doi=10.1097/00000542-200207000-00031| pmid = 12131126 }} 6. ^{{cite journal | last = Clark | first = L. | last2 = Lyons | first2 = C. | title = ELECTRODE SYSTEMS FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING IN CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 102 | issue =29 | pages = 29–45 | date=1962 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13623.x| bibcode = 1962NYASA.102...29C }} 7. ^{{cite book | last = Wise | first = Donald L. | title = Bioinstrumentation and Biosensors | pages = 233|date=1991 | isbn =9780824783372}} External links
2 : Electrodes|Gas sensors |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。