“Clark Gable”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor and military officer, at his height during the 1930s and 1940s and often referred to as "The King of Hollywood".^[1] He began his career as an extra in Hollywood silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1930. He landed his first leading role in 1931 and was a leading man in more than 60 motion pictures over the following three decades.

Gable was best known for Gone With The Wind (1939), as Rhett Butler opposite co-star Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for Frank Capra's It Happened One Night (1934),^[2] and was nominated for his role in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935). He also found success commercially and critically with Red Dust (1932), Manhattan Melodrama (1934), San Francisco (1936), Saratoga (1937), Test Pilot (1938), Boom Town (1940), The Hucksters (1947), Homecoming (1948), and The Misfits (1961), which was his final screen appearance.^[2]

Gable appeared opposite some of the most popular actresses of the time. Joan Crawford was his favorite actress to work with,^[4] and he partnered with her in eight films. Myrna Loy worked with him seven times, and he was paired with Jean Harlow in six productions. He also starred with Lana Turner in four features, and with Norma Shearer and Ava Gardner in three each. The Misfits united him with Marilyn Monroe in her last completed screen appearance.{{efn|Marilyn Monroe had started filming Something's Got to Give in 1962, but she died before the project was finished and the film was abandoned.}}

Gable is considered one of the most consistent box-office performers in history, appearing on Quigley Publishing's annual Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll 16 times. He was named the seventh-greatest male star of classic American cinema by the American Film Institute.^[2]

Life and career

Early life

William Clark Gable was born in Cadiz, Ohio to William Henry "Will" Gable (1870–1948), an oil-well driller,^[4]^[7] and his wife Adeline (née Hershelman). His father was a Protestant and his mother a Roman Catholic. Gable was named William after his father, but he was almost always called Clark or sometimes Billy.^[8]^[3] He was listed as a female on his birth certificate.^[4] He is of Pennsylvania Dutch, Belgian and German ancestry.^[4]^[4]^[5]

Gable was six months old, when he was baptized at a Roman Catholic church in Dennison, Ohio. His mother died when he was ten months old, possibly from a brain tumor, although the official cause of death was given as an epileptic fit.^[4] His father refused to raise him Catholic, which provoked criticism from the Hershelman family. The dispute was resolved when his father agreed to allow him to spend time with his maternal uncle Charles Hershelman and his wife on their farm in Vernon Township, Pennsylvania.^[6] In April 1903, Gable's father married Jennie Dunlap (1874–1919),^[7] whose family came from the small neighboring town of Hopedale, Ohio.^[8] The marriage produced no children.

Gable was a tall, shy child with a loud voice. His stepmother raised him to be well-dressed and well-groomed; she played the piano and gave him lessons at home.^[9] He later took up brass instruments and was the only boy in the men's town band when he was 13. He was very mechanically inclined and loved to repair cars with his father, who insisted that he do "manly" things such as hunting and hard physical work. Gable also loved language, and he would recite Shakespeare among trusted company, particularly the sonnets.^[8] His father agreed to buy a 72-volume set of The World's Greatest Literature to improve his son's education, but he claimed that he never saw him use it.^[20]

His father had financial difficulties in 1917 and decided to try his hand at farming, and the family moved to Ravenna, Ohio near Akron. His father insisted that he work the farm, but Gable soon left to work in Akron for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Early career

At 17, Gable was inspired to be an actor after seeing the play The Bird of Paradise, but he was not able to make a real start until he turned 21 and inherited some money.^[10] His stepmother had died, and his father moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma to go back to the oil business.^[8]

Gable toured in stock companies, as well as working the oil fields and as a horse manager. He found work with several second-class theater companies, thus making his way across the Midwest to Seaside, Oregon working as a logger, and to Portland, Oregon, where he worked as a necktie salesman in the Meier & Frank department store.^[11] In Portland, he met Laura Hope Crews, a stage and film actress who encouraged him to return to the stage with another theater company.^[8] Twenty years later, Crews played Aunt Pittypat alongside Gable's Rhett Butler in Gone With the Wind (1939).^[10]

Gable's acting coach Josephine Dillon was a theater manager in Portland. She paid to have his teeth repaired and his hair styled, guided him in building up his chronically undernourished body, and taught him better body control and posture. She spent considerable time training his naturally high-pitched voice, which he slowly managed to lower, to gain better resonance and tone. As his speech habits improved, his facial expressions became more natural and convincing. After a long period of training, Dillon considered him ready to attempt a film career.^[26]

Stage and silent films

Gable and Dillon went to Hollywood in 1924 with her financing, and she became his manager and his wife, even though she was 17 years his senior.^[12] He changed his stage name from W. C. Gable to Clark Gable^[28] and found work as an extra in silent films such as Erich von Stroheim's The Merry Widow (1925), The Plastic Age (1925) starring Clara Bow, Forbidden Paradise (1924) starring Pola Negri, and a series of two-reel comedies called The Pacemakers. He appeared as an extra in Fox's The Johnstown Flood (1926). A 17 year-old Carole Lombard appeared as an extra in that film, as well, although they were not in the same scene. He also appeared as a bit player in a series of shorts.^[13]

However, he was not offered any major film roles so he returned to the stage. He became lifelong friends with Lionel Barrymore, who initially scolded Gable for what he deemed amateurish acting but then urged him to pursue a career on stage.^[30]^[14] During the 1927–28 theater season, he acted with the Laskin Brothers Stock Company in Houston, Texas, where he played many roles, gained considerable experience, and became a local matinee idol.^[8] He then moved to New York City and Dillon sought work for him on Broadway. He received good reviews in Machinal (1928), and one critic described him as "young, vigorous, and brutally masculine".^[33]

Early success and rising star

In 1930, after his impressive appearance as the seething and desperate character Killer Mears in the Los Angeles stage production of The Last Mile, Gable was offered a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His first role in a sound picture was as the unshaven villain in a low-budget William Boyd Western called The Painted Desert (1931). He received a lot of fan mail as a result of his powerful voice and appearance; the studio took notice.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In 1930, Gable and Josephine Dillon were divorced. A few days later, he married Texas socialite Maria Franklin Prentiss Lucas Langham, nicknamed "Rhea". After moving to California, they were married again in 1931, possibly due to differences in state legal requirements. "His ears are too big and he looks like an ape", said executive Darryl F. Zanuck, then at Warner Bros., about Gable after testing him for the lead in the studio's gangster drama Little Caesar (1931).^[34]

The same year, in Night Nurse, Gable played a villainous chauffeur who was gradually starving two adorable little girls to death, then knocked Barbara Stanwyck's character unconscious with his fist, a supporting role originally slated for James Cagney until the release of The Public Enemy abruptly made Cagney a leading man. After several failed screen tests for Barrymore and Zanuck, Gable was signed in 1930 by MGM's Irving Thalberg. He became a client of well-connected agent Minna Wallis, sister of producer Hal Wallis and a close friend of Norma Shearer.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Gable's arrival in Hollywood occurred fortuitously. MGM was looking to expand its stable of male stars and he fit the bill. He first worked mainly in supporting roles, often as the villain. He made two pictures in 1931 with Wallace Beery, a supporting role in The Secret Six, then with his part increasing in size to almost match Beery's in the naval aviation film Hell Divers. MGM's publicity manager Howard Strickling developed Gable's studio image, playing up his he-man experiences and his lumberjack-in-evening-clothes persona.^[8]

To bolster his increasing popularity, MGM frequently paired him with well-established female stars. Joan Crawford asked for him as her co-star in Dance, Fools, Dance (1931). He built his fame and public visibility in such movies as A Free Soul (1931), in which he played a gangster who shoved the character played by Norma Shearer; Gable never played a supporting role again. The Hollywood Reporter wrote "A star in the making has been made, one that, to our reckoning, will outdraw every other star... Never have we seen audiences work themselves into such enthusiasm as when Clark Gable walks on the screen."^[36]

He followed that with Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) (1931) with Greta Garbo, and Possessed (1931), in which Crawford (then married to Douglas Fairbanks Jr.) and he steamed up the screen. Adela Rogers St. Johns later dubbed Gable and Crawford's real-life relationship as "the affair that nearly burned Hollywood down".^[37] Louis B. Mayer threatened to terminate both their contracts, and for a while, they kept apart. Gable shifted his attentions to Marion Davies. However, Gable and Garbo disliked each other. She thought he was a wooden actor, while he considered her a snob.^[15]

Gable was considered for the role of Tarzan in Tarzan the Ape Man, but lost out to Johnny Weissmuller's more imposing physique and superior swimming prowess. However, Gable's unshaven love-making with braless Jean Harlow in Red Dust (1932) soon made him MGM's most important male star.^[16]

After the hit Hold Your Man (1933), MGM recognized the goldmine of the Gable-Harlow pairing, putting them in two more films, China Seas (1935; with Gable and Harlow billed above Wallace Beery) and Wife vs. Secretary (1936) with Myrna Loy and James Stewart. An enormously popular combination, on-screen and off-screen, Gable and Harlow made six films together, the most notable being Red Dust (1932) and Saratoga (1937). Harlow died during production of Saratoga. Ninety percent completed, the remaining scenes were filmed with long shots or the use of doubles like Mary Dees; Gable said that he felt as if he were "in the arms of a ghost".^[40]

MGM did not have a project ready for Gable and was paying him $2,000 per week, under his contract, to do nothing. Studio head Louis B. Mayer lent him to Columbia for $2,500 per week, making a $500 per week profit.^[8] Gable was not the first choice to play the lead role of Peter Warne in It Happened One Night (1934). Robert Montgomery was originally offered the role, but he declined, feeling the script was poor.^[42]

Filming began in a tense atmosphere,^[8] but both Gable and director Frank Capra enjoyed making the movie. It Happened One Night became the first movie to sweep all five of the major Academy Awards, with Gable winning for Best Actor. To Capra, Gable's character in the film most closely resembled his real personality:

He returned to MGM a bigger star than ever.^[45] He received an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935).{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

While filming The Call of the Wild in early 1935, Gable impregnated the film's lead actress, Loretta Young. Their daughter, Judy Lewis, was born in November 1935, but her parentage was kept hidden from the public.^[18]

Spencer Tracy collaborations

Gable made three pictures with Spencer Tracy, which boosted Tracy's career and permanently cemented them in the public mind as a team. San Francisco (1936) featured Tracy in an only 17-minute, but Oscar-nominated, role in which he played a priest who knocks Gable, by then the studio's foremost leading man, down in a boxing ring.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Their next film together was Test Pilot with Myrna Loy, in which Gable plays a dashing test pilot and Tracy is his admiring sidekick, another box office bonanza for the studio. For their final film, Boom Town, Tracy moves up a rung with a larger part than earlier, almost achieving parity with billing directly under Gable and above Claudette Colbert and Hedy Lamarr. The picture, a lavish epic about two oil wildcatters who become partners then rivals, was 1940's most financially successful release for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Gone with the Wind

Despite his reluctance to play the role, Gable is best known for his performance in Gone with the Wind (1939), for which he gained a Best Actor Oscar nomination. Carole Lombard may have been the first to suggest that he play Rhett Butler (and she play Scarlett) when she bought him a copy of the bestseller, which he refused to read.^[47]

Butler's last line in Gone with the Wind, "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn", is one of the most famous lines in movie history.^[48] Gable was an almost immediate favorite for the role of Rhett with both the public and producer David O. Selznick. Since Selznick had no male stars under long-term contract, though, he needed to go through the process of negotiating to borrow an actor from another studio. Gary Cooper was Selznick's first choice.^[49] When Cooper turned down the role of Butler, he was quoted as saying, "Gone With the Wind is going to be the biggest flop in Hollywood history. I’m glad it'll be Clark Gable who's falling flat on his nose, not me."^[50] By then, Selznick had become determined to hire Gable, and set about finding a way to borrow him from MGM. Gable was wary of potentially disappointing an audience that had decided that no one else could play the part. He later conceded, "I think I know now how a fly must react after being caught in a spider's web."^[51]

By all accounts, Gable got along well with his co-stars during filming.^[52] Gable was great friends with actress Hattie McDaniel, and he even slipped her a real alcoholic drink during the scene in which they were supposed to be celebrating the birth of Scarlett and Rhett's daughter. Clark Gable almost walked off the set of Gone With the Wind when he discovered the studio facilities were segregated and were designated "White" and "Colored". Gable got on the phone with the film's director, Victor Fleming, who called the prop master and told him, "If you don't get those signs down, you won’t get your Rhett Butler." The signs were taken down immediately.^[19] Gable tried to boycott the premiere of Gone with the Wind in Atlanta, Georgia, because the African American McDaniel was not permitted to attend. He reportedly only went after she pleaded with him to go. Gable remained friends with McDaniel, and he always attended her Hollywood parties, especially when she was raising funds during World War II.^[20]

Gable did not want to shed tears for the scene after Rhett inadvertently causes Scarlett to miscarry their second child. Olivia de Havilland made him cry, later commenting, "Oh, he would not do it. He would not! Victor (Fleming) tried everything with him. He tried to attack him on a professional level. We had done it without him weeping several times and then we had one last try. I said, 'You can do it, I know you can do it, and you will be wonderful{{nbsp}}...' Well, by heaven, just before the cameras rolled, you could see the tears come up at his eyes and he played the scene unforgettably well. He put his whole heart into it."^[55]

Decades later, Gable said that whenever his career would start to fade, a re-release of Gone with the Wind would soon revive his popularity, and he continued as a top leading actor for the rest of his life.

Marriage to Carole Lombard

Gable's marriage in 1939 to his third wife, actress Carole Lombard (1908–1942), was the happiest period of his personal life. They met while filming 1932's No Man of Her Own, when Lombard was still married to actor William Powell, but their romance did not take off until 1936. They became reacquainted at a party and soon were inseparable, cited in fan magazines and tabloids as an official couple. Gable thrived being around Lombard's youthful, charming, and frank personality, once stating, "You can trust that little screwball with your life or your hopes or your weaknesses, and she wouldn't even know how to think about letting you down."^[56] Lombard, for her part, seemed to gain personal stability and a contented home life that she had previously lacked. She taught herself how to hunt and fish and accompanied Gable on trips with his hunting companions.

Gable was still legally married, and he prolonged a lengthy and expensive divorce from his second wife Rhea Langham. His salary from Gone with the Wind enabled him to reach a divorce settlement with Langham, however, on March 7, 1939. On March 29, during a production break on Gone with the Wind, Gable and Lombard were married in Kingman, Arizona^[57] and spent their honeymoon in room 1201 in the Arizona Biltmore Hotel.^[21] They purchased a ranch previously owned by director Raoul Walsh in Encino, California, and made it their home. They raised chickens and horses, and had a menagerie of cats and dogs.

On January 16, 1942, Lombard was a passenger on Transcontinental and Western Air Flight 3 with her mother and press agent Otto Winkler. She had just finished her 57th movie, To Be or Not to Be, and was on her way home from a successful war bond selling tour when the flight's DC-3 airliner crashed into Potosi Mountain near Las Vegas, Nevada, killing all 22 passengers aboard, including 15 servicemen en route to training in California. Gable flew to the crash site to claim the bodies of his wife, mother-in-law, and Winkler, who had been the best man at Gable and Lombard's wedding. Lombard was declared to be the first war-related American female casualty of World War II, and Gable received a personal note of condolence from President Roosevelt. The Civil Aeronautics Board investigation into the crash concluded that pilot error was its cause.^[59]

Gable returned to their Encino ranch and carried out her funeral wishes as she had requested in her will. A month later, he returned to the studio to work with Lana Turner in the movie Somewhere I'll Find You. Having lost 20 pounds since the tragedy, Gable evidently was emotionally and physically devastated by it, but Turner stated that Gable remained a professional for the duration of filming. He acted in 27 more films, and remarried twice more. "But he was never the same", said Esther Williams. "He had been devastated by Carole's death."^[60]

World War II

In 1942, following Lombard's death, Gable joined the U.S. Army Air Forces. Lombard had suggested that Gable enlist as part of the war effort, but MGM was reluctant to let him go, and he resisted the suggestion. Gable made a public statement after Lombard's death that prompted the Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces Henry H. "Hap" Arnold to offer Gable a "special assignment" in aerial gunnery.

The Washington Evening Star reported that Gable took a physical examination at Bolling Field on June 19, preliminary to joining the service.

Gable had earlier expressed an interest in officer candidate school, but he enlisted on August 12, 1942, with the intention of becoming an enlisted aerial gunner on a bomber. MGM arranged for his studio friend, the cinematographer Andrew McIntyre, to enlist with him and accompany him through training.

However, shortly after his enlistment, he and McIntyre were sent to Miami Beach, Florida, where they entered USAAF OCS Class 42-E on August 17, 1942. Both completed training on October 28, 1942 and were commissioned as second lieutenants. His class of about 2,600 students (of which he ranked about 700th) selected Gable as its graduation speaker, at which General Arnold presented the cadets with their commissions. Arnold then informed Gable of his special assignment: to make a recruiting film in combat with the Eighth Air Force to recruit aerial gunners. Gable and McIntyre were immediately sent to Flexible Gunnery School at Tyndall Field, Florida, followed by a photography course at Fort George Wright, Washington State and promoted to first lieutenants upon its completion.

Gable reported to Biggs Army Airfield, Texas, on January 27, 1943, to train with and accompany the 351st Bomb Group to England as head of a six-man motion picture unit. In addition to McIntyre, he recruited the screenwriter John Lee Mahin, camera operators Sgts. Mario Toti and Robert Boles, and the sound man Lt. Howard Voss to complete his crew. Gable was promoted to captain while he was with the 351st Bomb Group at Pueblo Army Air Base, Colorado, a rank commensurate with his position as a unit commander. (Prior to this, he and McIntyre were both first lieutenants.)

Gable spent most of 1943 in England at RAF Polebrook with the 351st Bomb Group. Gable flew five combat missions, including one to Germany, as an observer-gunner in B-17 Flying Fortresses between May 4 and September 23, 1943, earning the Air Medal and the Distinguished Flying Cross for his efforts. During one of the missions, Gable's aircraft was damaged by flak and attacked by fighters, which knocked out one of the engines and shot up the stabilizer. In the raid on Germany, one crewman was killed and two others were wounded, and flak went through Gable's boot and narrowly missed his head. When word of this reached MGM, studio executives began to badger the Army Air Forces to reassign its most valuable screen actor to noncombat duty. In November 1943, Gable returned to the United States to edit his film, only to find that the personnel shortage of aerial gunners had already been rectified. He was allowed to complete the film anyway, joining the First Motion Picture Unit in Hollywood.

In May 1944, Gable was promoted to major. He hoped for another combat assignment, but when the invasion of Normandy came and went in June without any further orders, Gable was relieved from active duty as a major on June 12, 1944, at his request, since he was over-age for combat. His discharge papers were signed by Captain (later U.S. President) Ronald Reagan. Gable completed editing of the film Combat America in September 1944, giving the narration himself and making use of numerous interviews with enlisted gunners as focus of the film. Because his motion picture production schedule made it impossible for him to fulfill reserve officer duties, he resigned his commission on September 26, 1947, a week after the Air Force became an independent service branch.

Gable's military awards were the Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal, American Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal. He also qualified for and received aerial gunner wings.

He made good use of his wartime experiences in the movie Command Decision (1948), playing a World War II brigadier general who supervised bombing raids over Germany.

After World War II

Immediately after his discharge from the service, Gable returned to his ranch and rested. He resumed a pre-war relationship with Virginia Grey, and dated other starlets.

Gable's first movie after World War II was Adventure (1945), with his ill-matched co-star Greer Garson, by then the leading female star at MGM. Given the famous teaser tagline "Gable's back, and Garson's got him", the film was a critical failure but a commercial hit, earning over $6 million.^[23]

Gable was acclaimed for his performance in The Hucksters (1947), a satire of post-war Madison Avenue corruption and immorality, which he co-starred alongside Deborah Kerr and Ava Gardner. The film was popular enough for Gable to be voted the 7th biggest star in the country.

Gable followed this with Homecoming (1948) with Lana Turner. This film was a solid hit. He made a war film, Command Decision (1948) which was popular but lost MGM money due to its high cost.^[23]

A very public and brief romance with Paulette Goddard occurred after that. In 1949, Gable married Sylvia Ashley, a British model and actress previously married to Douglas Fairbanks. The relationship was profoundly unsuccessful; they divorced in 1952.

Gable did a series of films with female co-stars: Any Number Can Play (1950) with Alexis Smith, Key to the City (1950) with Loretta Young, and To Please a Lady (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck. They were reasonably popular but he had more success with two Westerns, Across the Wide Missouri (1951) and Lone Star (1952).

He made Never Let Me Go (1953), opposite Gene Tierney. Tierney was a favorite of Gable and he was very disappointed when she was replaced in Mogambo (because of her mental health problems) by Grace Kelly.^[69]

Mogambo (1953), directed by John Ford, was a somewhat sanitized remake of Gable's earlier pre-Code film Red Dust, with Jean Harlow and Mary Astor, which had been an even greater success. Ava Gardner was well received in Harlow's leading lady role. Gable's on-location affair with Grace Kelly (1929–1982), who was young enough to be his daughter, gradually ended after filming was completed. The film was a massive hit, easily his most popular since he returned to MGM after the war.

Leaving MGM

Gable became increasingly unhappy with what he considered mediocre roles offered him by MGM, while the studio regarded his salary as excessive. Studio head Louis B. Mayer was fired in 1951 amid slumping Hollywood production and revenue, due primarily to the rising popularity of television. Studio chiefs struggled to cut costs. Many MGM stars were fired or their contracts were not renewed, including Greer Garson and Judy Garland.

Gable refused to renew his contract. His last film at MGM was Betrayed (1954) a popular war time drama with Turner and Victor Mature. On March 1954 Gable left MGM.^[24]

Post MGM

His first two films in this new situation were made for 20th Century Fox: Soldier of Fortune, an adventure story in Hong Kong with Susan Hayward, and The Tall Men (1955), a Western with Jane Russell. Both were profitable, although only modest successes. In 1955 Gable would be 10th at the box office - the last time he was in the top ten.

In 1955, Gable married his fifth wife, Kay Spreckels (née Kathleen Williams), a thrice-married former fashion model and actress who had previously been married to sugar-refining heir Adolph B. Spreckels Jr. Gable became stepfather to her son Bunker Spreckels, who went on to live a notorious celebrity lifestyle in the late 1960s and early 1970s surfing scene, ultimately leading to his early death in 1977.

In 1955, Gable formed a production company with Jane Russell and her husband Bob Waterfield, and they produced The King and Four Queens (1956), Gable's only production. He found producing and acting to be too taxing on his health, and he was beginning to manifest a noticeable tremor, particularly in long takes.

His next project was Band of Angels (1957), with relative newcomer Sidney Poitier and Yvonne De Carlo for Warner Bros; it was not well received despite Gable's role's similarities to Rhett Butler. Newsweek said, "Here is a movie so bad that it must be seen to be disbelieved."^[71]

Paramount

Next, he paired with Doris Day in Teacher's Pet (1958), shot in black and white at Paramount. He did Run Silent, Run Deep (also 1958), with co-star and producer Burt Lancaster, which featured his first on-screen death since 1937, and which garnered good reviews. Gable started to receive television offers, but rejected them outright. At 57, Gable finally acknowledged, "Now it's time I acted my age".^[72]

His next two films were light comedies for Paramount: But Not for Me (1959) with Carroll Baker and It Started in Naples (1960) with Sophia Loren. The last one, despite an icy critical reception, was a good box-office success and was nominated for an Academy award and two Golden Globes. Filmed mostly on location in Italy, it was Gable's last film released in color.

On February 8, 1960, Gable received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in motion pictures, located at 1608 Vine Street.^[25]^[26]

The Misfits

Gable's last film was The Misfits (1961), with a script by Arthur Miller and directed by John Huston. Co-starring with Gable were Marilyn Monroe (in her last completed film), Montgomery Clift, Eli Wallach and Thelma Ritter. Many critics regard Gable's performance to be his finest and Gable, after seeing the rough cuts, agreed^[75] although the film did not receive any Oscar nominations.

Portraitist Al Hirschfeld created a drawing, and then a lithograph, portraying the film's stars Clift, Monroe, and Gable with screenwriter Miller, in what is suggested as a typical "on-the-set" scene during the troubled production.^[27] Throughout his life, Gable was fond of the work of artist Reinhold Palenske, and they were close friends.

Politics

Gable was a conservative Republican, though he never publicly spoke about politics. His third wife, Carole Lombard, was an activist liberal Democrat,^[28] and she cajoled him into supporting Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. In 1944, he became an early member of the conservative Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a pro-McCarthy organization, alongside Ronald Reagan, John Wayne, Gary Cooper, and other conservative actors and filmmakers. In February 1952, he attended a televised rally in New York where he enthusiastically urged General Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for president. This was when Eisenhower was still being sought by both parties as their candidate. Despite having suffered a severe coronary thrombosis, Gable still managed to vote by mail in the 1960 presidential election for Richard Nixon.^[29]

Illness and death

On November 6, 1960, Gable was sent to Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, where doctors found that he had suffered a heart attack. Newspaper reports the following day listed his condition as satisfactory.^[30] By the morning of November 16, he seemed to be improving.^[31] But he died that evening at the age of 59 from an arterial blood clot. Medical staff did not perform CPR for fear that the procedure would rupture Gable's heart, and a defibrillator was not available.^[32]

There was speculation that Gable's physically demanding role in The Misfits contributed to his sudden death soon after filming was completed. In an interview with Louella Parsons, published soon after Gable's death, Kay Gable said, "It wasn't the physical exertion that killed him. It was the horrible tension, the eternal waiting, waiting, waiting. He waited around forever, for everybody. He'd get so angry that he'd just go ahead and do anything to keep occupied."^[82] Monroe said that she and Kay had become close during the filming and would refer to Clark as "Our Man",^[4] while Arthur Miller, observing Gable on location, noted, "No hint of affront ever showed on his face".^[75]

On March 20, 1961, Kay Gable gave birth to Gable's only son, John Clark Gable, at the same hospital in which her husband had died four months earlier. Marilyn Monroe attended his son's baptism.^[33]

Gable is interred in the Great Mausoleum, Memorial Terrace, at Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park.

Personal life and family

Gable was married five times. He was engaged to actress Franz Dorfler when he lived in Astoria, Oregon. She referred him to the woman who would become his acting coach and manager, Josephine Dillon. She was 17 years older than he, and they married in 1924. He furthered his career by squiring successful older women to high-profile events. In 1930, Gable and Dillon divorced.^[34] His second wife was Texas socialite Maria Franklin Prentiss Lucas Langham (nicknamed "Rhea"). The couple divorced on March 7, 1939.^[34] Only 13 days later, during a production break on Gone with the Wind, Gable married comedic actress Carole Lombard.^[57] who died in a plane crash less than three years later. In 1949, Gable married Sylvia Ashley, a British model and actress previously married to Douglas Fairbanks; the couple divorced in 1952.^[34] Throughout his film career, Gable had affairs with famous actresses, including Grace Kelly, Joan Crawford, Marion Davies, Loretta Young (mother of his daughter), Lana Turner, and Nancy Davis (later Ronald Reagan's wife).{{cn|date=March 2019}}

In 1955, Gable married Kay Spreckels (née Kathleen Williams),^[34] a thrice-married former fashion model and actress who had previously been married to sugar-refining heir Adolph B. Spreckels Jr. and became stepfather to her two children. On March 20, 1961, Kay Gable gave birth to Gable's only son, John Clark Gable, at the same hospital in which her husband had died four months earlier. Marilyn Monroe attended John Clark's baptism.^[33] John Clark had two children: Kayley Gable (born 1986) and Clark James Gable (1988–2019). Kayley is an actress, while Clark James was the host of two seasons of the nationally syndicated reality show Cheaters.^[35] Clark James died at age 30 on February 22, 2019.^[36]

During the filming of The Call of the Wild in early 1935, the film's lead actress, Loretta Young, became pregnant with Gable's child. Their daughter Judy was born on November 6, 1935^[18] in Venice, California.^[37] Young's pregnancy was hidden in an elaborate scheme. Gable was in New York City when he received an unsigned telegram that said, "The baby was born, she is beautiful, and has blonde hair." Young and her mother both denied sending the telegram; Loretta believed that Carter Hermann (her sister Polly's husband, who was also Judy's godfather) had sent it.^[38] Nineteen months after the birth, Young claimed to have adopted Judy.^[18] Judy went by the name Judy Lewis after her mother married Tom Lewis when she was four years of age.^[18]

Lewis bore a striking resemblance to Gable, and her mother tried to hide Judy's large protruding ears.^[18] According to Lewis, Gable visited her home when she was 15, asked about her life, and kissed her on the forehead upon leaving.^[39] He did not tell her he was her father.^[39] Gable never publicly acknowledged the truth about his daughter, but most in Hollywood and some in the general public believed Gable was Lewis's father because of their strong resemblance and the timing of her birth.^[40] Five years after Gable's death, when confronted by Lewis, Loretta Young confirmed that she was Lewis's biological mother and that Gable was her father. Young died of ovarian cancer on August 12, 2000;^[41] her autobiography, published posthumously, confirmed that Gable was indeed Lewis's father.^[18] Judy Lewis died of cancer at age 76 on November 25, 2011.^[42] In 2014, Young's son, Christopher Lewis, and his wife, Linda Lewis, publicly disclosed that Young had told them in 1998 that Judy Lewis was conceived during a rape.^[40]

In 1933, Gable was initiated into Freemasonry at the Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528 CA.^[43]^[44]

Style and reception

In a photo essay of Hollywood film stars, Life magazine called Gable, "All man... and then some".

Longtime friend, eight-time co-star and on-again, off-again romance Joan Crawford concurred, stating on David Frost's TV show in 1970 that "he was a king wherever he went. He walked like one, he behaved like one, and he was the most masculine man that I have ever met in my life."

In his memoir Bring on the Empty Horses,^[45] David Niven states that Gable, a close friend, was extremely supportive after the sudden, accidental death of Niven's first wife, Primula (Primmie), in 1946. Primmie had supported Gable emotionally after Carole Lombard's death four years earlier: Niven recounts Gable kneeling at Primmie's feet and sobbing while she held and consoled him. Niven also states that Arthur Miller, the author of The Misfits, had described Gable as "the man who did not know how to hate".

Gable has been criticized for altering critical aspects of a script when he felt that the script would not fit in with his image. Screenwriter Larry Gelbart, as quoted by James Garner^[46] once stated that Gable, "...{{nbsp}}would not go down with the submarine [referring to Run Silent Run Deep (1958), where the movie ended differently from the book on which it was based], because Gable doesn't sink".

Eli Wallach, in his autobiography,^[47] also states that Wallach's most dramatic scene in The Misfits was cut from the movie after it had been filmed over several takes. This scene depicts Wallach's character (who secretly loves the character played by Marilyn Monroe) being emotionally crushed when he visits her, hoping to propose to her, and instead sees her with Gable's character. Both Gable and Monroe are offscreen, and Wallach's heartbreak is indicated by his dropping the rose bouquet he had brought for her. Gable ordered the scene removed because he felt that his character would never steal a woman from another man. Wallach, however, refrains from criticizing Gable, noting that he was professional and considerate in his behavior.

Filmography

Gable is known to have appeared as an extra in 13 films between 1924 and 1930. He then appeared in a total of 67 theatrically released motion pictures, as himself in 17 "short subject" films, and he narrated and appeared in a World War II propaganda film entitled Combat America, produced by the United States Army Air Forces.

In popular culture

Warner Bros. cartoons sometimes caricatured Gable. Examples include Have You Got Any Castles? (in which his face appears seven times inside the novel The House of the Seven Gables), The Coo-Coo Nut Grove (in which his ears flap on their own), Hollywood Steps Out (in which he follows an enigmatic woman), and Cats Don't Dance in which he appears on a billboard promotion for Gone With The Wind.

In the classic All in the Family episode "Cousin Maude," Maude complained about Archie's poor taste in movies, saying, "With theaters full of Clark Gable and Leslie Howard, he took her [Edith] to see Buster Crabbe!" To which Archie responds, "Yeah, that's right! A hell of an actor!"

The 2003 album Give Up by electronic music group The Postal Service includes a song titled "Clark Gable". The song's narrator says he wants a love like something in the movies, and includes the lyrics "I kissed you in a style Clark Gable would have admired, I thought it classic".

In the film Broadway Melody of 1938, Judy Garland (aged 15) sings "You Made Me Love You" while looking at a composite picture of Gable. The opening lines are: "Dear Mr Gable, I am writing this to you, and I hope that you will read it so you'll know, my heart beats like a hammer, and I stutter and I stammer, every time I see you at the picture show, I guess I'm just another fan of yours, and I thought I'd write and tell you so. You made me love you, I didn't want to do it, I didn't want to do it{{nbsp}}..."

Bugs Bunny's nonchalant carrot-chewing standing position, as explained by Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, and Bob Clampett, originated in a scene in the film It Happened One Night, in which Clark Gable's character leans against a fence, eating carrots rapidly and talking with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert's character. This scene was well known while the film was popular, and viewers at the time likely recognized Bugs Bunny's behaviour as satire.

Gable has been portrayed in films by James Brolin in Gable and Lombard (1976), Larry Pennell in The Untold Story (1980), Edward Winter in The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980), Boyd Holister in Grace Kelly (1983), Gary Wayne in Malice in Wonderland (1985), Gene Daily in The Rocketeer (1991), Bobby Valentino in RKO 281 (1999), Bruce Hughes and Shayne Greenman in Blonde (2001), and Charles Unwin in Lucy (2003).

See also

Informational notes

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/1244759|title=Clark Gable: King of Hollywood|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=April 22, 2014}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://cogersonmoviescore.com/clark-gable-movies-best-to-worst.html |title=63 Clark Gable Movies Ranked Best to Worst with Box Office Grosses, Reviews and Awards |work=Cogerson Movie Score |access-date=April 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122181505/http://cogersonmoviescore.com:80/clark-gable-movies-best-to-worst.html |archive-date=January 22, 2014}}
3. ^[https://reelrundown.com/celebrities/Clark-Gable-and-the-Many-Women-in-His-Life ReelRundown: The Life and Many Loves of Clark Gable, online bio Clark Gable] Retrieved November 3, 2016
4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sjREAAAAYAAJ&q=%22CLARK+GABLE%22+pennsylvania+dutch|title=Pennsylvania Dutch and their cookery: their history, art, accomplishments ... |author= Justus George Frederick|publisher=|via=Google Books|accessdate=August 31, 2012|year=1935}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://dearmrgable.com/?page_id=3092|title=1933: Clark Reaches His Goal!|publisher=Dear Mr. Gable|accessdate=August 31, 2012}}
6. ^{{cite book|author1=Philip C. DiMare|title=Movies in American History: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1|isbn=978-1598842968|page=661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miascUWIa0UC&pg=PA661&q=clark%20gable%20charles%20hershelman|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
7. ^Clark Gable on Biography.com Accessed August 5, 2016
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book|author1=Paul G. Roberts|title=Style Icons Vol 1 Golden Boys|isbn=978-1627760324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7KqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT84&q=clark%20gable%20hopedale%20jennie|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
9. ^{{cite book|author1=Todd E. Creason|title=Famous American Freemasons, Volume 2|isbn=978-0557070886|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru2LAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&q=clark%20gable%20step%20mother%20well%20groomed|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
10. ^¹{{cite book|author1=Chrystopher J. Spicer|title=Clark Gable, in Pictures: Candid Images of the Actor’s Life|isbn=978-0786487141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hjvqp_Y2VL4C&pg=PA25&q=clark%20gable%2021%20money|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
11. ^{{cite book|author1=Jeff Dwyer|title=Ghost Hunter's Guide to Portland and the Oregon Coast|isbn=978-1455621170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WexODgAAQBAJ&pg=PT70&q=clark%20gable%20necktie%20salesman|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite book|author1=Brett L. Abrams|title=Hollywood Bohemians: Transgressive Sexuality and the Selling of the Movieland Dream|isbn=978-0786482474|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UV0b2o-XTq4C&pg=PA72&q=clark%20gable%20Josephine%20Dillon%20wife%20manager|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
13. ^{{cite book|author1=Anthony Slide|title=Hollywood Unknowns: A History of Extras, Bit Players, and Stand-Ins|isbn=978-1617034756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-caBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&q=clark%20gable%20bit%20player|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
14. ^Clark Gable – North American Theatre Online
15. ^{{cite book|author1=James Egan|title=3000 Facts about Actors|isbn=978-1326701130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKp6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA118&q=clark%20gable%20garbo%20snob|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
16. ^{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Paul G. |title=Style Icons Vol 1 Golden Boys |date=2014 |publisher=Fashion Industry Broadcast |isbn=9781627760324 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7KqBAAAQBAJ |accessdate=25 March 2019 |language=en}}
17. ^Griffin, Merv. From Where I Sit, Arbor House (1982) p. 141
18. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/arts/television/judy-lewis-secret-daughter-of-hollywood-dies-at-76.html |title=Judy Lewis, Secret Daughter of Hollywood, Dies at 76 |work=The New York Times |date=November 30, 2011 |accessdate=December 27, 2018}}
19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://reelrundown.com/film-industry/Clark-Gable-Desegregates-Gone-With-The-Wind-Movie-Set|title=Clark Gable Desegregated 'Gone With the Wind' Movie Set|work=ReelRundown|access-date=June 8, 2018}}
20. ^{{cite book|author1=Philip C. DiMare|title=Movies in American History: An Encyclopedia|isbn=978-1598842975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qUJ-JuSPdQC&pg=PA740&q=clark%20gable%20McDaniel%20hollywood%20parties|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
21. ^[https://www.arizonabiltmore.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Arizona-Biltmore-Landmark-Resort-2014.pdf The Landmark ‘Jewel of the Desert’]
22. ^Associated Press, "Gable Tested For Air Corps", The Spokesman-Review, Spokane, Washington, 20 June 1942, Vol. 60, No. 37, p. 5.
23. ^¹{{Citation | title = The Eddie Mannix Ledger | publisher = Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study | place = Los Angeles}}.
24. ^By THOMAS M PRYOR Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. (1953, Dec 18). GREER GARSON TO DO A MOVIE IN ENGLAND. New York Times (1923-Current File) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/112727444
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/clark-gable|title=Clark Gable {{!}} Hollywood Walk of Fame|website=www.walkoffame.com|access-date=August 23, 2016}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/clark-gable/|title=Clark Gable – Hollywood Star Walk |publisher=Los Angeles Times|website=projects.latimes.com|access-date=August 23, 2016}}
27. ^{{cite web|last=Hirschfeld|first=Al|title=The Misfits, On the Set|url=http://www.alhirschfeld.com/cgi-bin/cat_litho_movies?CAT=Mo#TOP1|work=The Misfits, On the Set|publisher=Margo Feiden Galleries Ltd.|accessdate=May 17, 2013}}
28. ^{{cite book|author1=Glynis McCants|title=Love by the Numbers: How to Find Great Love Or Reignite the Love You Have Through the Power of Numerology|isbn=978-1402244636|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33xrFtdgTagC&pg=PA73&q=clark%20gable%20Carole%20Lombard%20liberal|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}
29. ^{{cite book|author1=Jack Scagnetti|title=The Life and Loves of Gable|date=1976|publisher=J. David Publishers|isbn=978-0824602055|page=156}}
30. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=jvrRlaHg2sAC&dat=19601107&printsec=frontpage The Milwaukee Journal], November 7, 1960, p. 20.
31. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19601118&id=OIBPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2gQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2723,3713394 Ocala Star-Banner], November 18, 1960, p. 1.
32. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19601118&id=OIBPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2gQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2723,3713394 Ocala Star-Banner], November 18, 1960, p. 4.
33. ^¹{{Citation|last=Marilyn Monroe Rare Footage 1961|title=Marilyn Monroe @ Clark Gable son christening|date=May 5, 2010|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROqR7p0K-9E|accessdate=January 17, 2018}}
34. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-clark-gable-19601117-story.html|title=From the Archives: Clark Gable Dies at 59|website=latimes.com}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cheaters.com/clark-gable-biography/|title=Clark Gable Biography|publisher=Cheaters|date=September 20, 1988|accessdate=August 31, 2012}}
36. ^{{cite news|url = https://www.thewrap.com/clark-james-gable-former-cheaters-host-dies-at-30/|title = Clark James Gable, Former ‘Cheaters’ Host, Dies at 30|work = TheWrap|last = Nakamura|first = Reid|date = February 22, 2019|accessdate = February 22, 2019}}
37. ^{{cite web|last=Downey|first=Sally A.|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/20111130_Judy_Lewis__daughter_of_Loretta_Young_and_Clark_Gable_dies.html |title=Judy Lewis, daughter of Loretta Young and Clark Gable, dies |publisher=Philly.com |date=November 30, 2011 |accessdate=November 30, 2011}}
38. ^{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Joan Webster|title=Forever Young|year=2001|page=89}}
39. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://people.com/archive/daughter-of-deception-vol-41-no-14/|title=Daughter of Deception|website=People.com}}
40. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/annehelenpetersen/loretta-young|title=Clark Gable Accused Of Raping Co-Star|first=Anne Helen|last=Petersen|publisher=BuzzFeed|date=July 12, 2014|accessdate=September 30, 2015}}
41. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/849409.stm|title=Elegant Beauty Loretta Young Dies|date=August 12, 2000|publisher=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=May 2, 2010}}
42. ^{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/dec/01/local/la-me-judy-lewis-20111201|title=Judy Lewis dies at 76; daughter of stars Loretta Young and Clark Gable|last=Woo|first=Elaine|date=December 1, 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=January 17, 2018|issn=0458-3035}}
43. ^{{cite web | url = http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html | title = List of famous freemasons | access-date = September 30, 2018 | website = Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011004153632/http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html | quotation = East Nashville No. 560, TN [19]| archive-date = October 4, 2001 | deadurl = no}}
44. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.grandeoriente.it/gran-loggia-2017-massoneria-e-trecento-anni-di-modernita-una-mostra-ricorda-i-massoni-protagonisti-del-novecento | title = Gran Loggia 2017. Massoneria e i suoi trecento anni di modernità, una mostra ricorda i massoni protagonisti del Novecento |website= Grande Oriente d'Italia [Grand Orient of Italy] | language = it | date = April 4, 2017 | access-date = April 6, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204111/http://www.grandeoriente.it/gran-loggia-2017-massoneria-e-trecento-anni-di-modernita-una-mostra-ricorda-i-massoni-protagonisti-del-novecento | archive-date = March 22, 2017 | deadurl = no}}
45. ^David Niven. Bring on the Empty Horses (1975). Putnam Books. {{ISBN|978-0-399-11542-4}}
46. ^James Garner and Jon Winokur. The Garner Files. Simon and Schuster, 2011.
47. ^Eli Wallach. The Good, the Bad, and Me: In My Anecdotage. Mariner Books, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-15-603169-1}}.
48. ^¹Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined Selznick $5,000 for using the word "damn". In fact, the Motion Picture Association board passed an amendment to the Production Code on November 1, 1939, that forbade use of the words "hell" or "damn", except when their use "shall be essential and required for portrayal, in proper historical context, of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore ... or a quotation from a literary work, provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste". With that amendment, the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett's closing line. Leonard J. Leff and Jerold L. Simmons, The Dame in the Kimono: Hollywood, Censorship, and the Production Code, pp. 107–108.{{ISBN?}}
49. ^¹{{cite news|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|title=Legends swirl around `Gone With the Wind' 65 years later|work=Deseret Morning News|agency =Associated Press|date=November 14, 2004|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7182393.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517111224/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7182393.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 17, 2011|subscription=yes|accessdate=April 3, 2008}}
50. ^¹{{cite book|first=David O.|last=Selznick|authorlink=David O. Selznick|title=Memo from David O. Selznick|location=New York|publisher=Modern Library|year=2000|pages=172–173|isbn=0-375-75531-4}}
51. ^¹{{cite book|last=Donnelley|first=Paul|title=Fade To Black: A Book Of Movie Obituaries|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2003|location=London|isbn=0-7119-9512-5}}
52. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100years/stars50.pdf|title=America's Greatest Legends|publisher=American Film Institute|accessdate=July 29, 2009}}
53. ^¹Gable's Oscar recently drew a top bid of $607,500 from Steven Spielberg, who promptly donated the statuette to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. (Colbert's Oscar for the same film was offered for auction by Christie's on June 9, 1997, but no bids were made for it.)
54. ^¹Harris, p. 49.
55. ^¹Harris, p. 36.
56. ^¹Harris, p. 182.
57. ^¹Harris, p. 268.
58. ^¹Harris, p. 7.
59. ^¹Harris, p. 80.
60. ^¹Harris, p. 82.
61. ^¹Harris, p. 352.
62. ^¹Harris, p. 189.
63. ^¹Harris, p. 24.
64. ^¹Harris, p. 29.
65. ^¹Harris, pp. 250–251.
66. ^¹Harris, p. 361.
67. ^¹Harris, p. 179.
68. ^¹Harris, p. 351.
69. ^¹Harris, p. 164.
70. ^¹Harris, pp. 378–379.
71. ^¹²Harris, pp. 200–201.
72. ^¹²³{{cite book|first=Warren G. |last=Harris |title=Clark Gable: A Biography |location=New York |publisher=Harmony Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-609-60495-3}}
73. ^¹{{cite book|last=Kotsabilas-Davis|first= James|author2=Myrna Loy|title=Myrna Loy: Being and Becoming|year=1998|publisher=Primus, Donald & Fine, Inc.|isbn=1-55611-101-0|page=94}}
74. ^¹²{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Miller|authorlink=Arthur Miller|title=Timebends|location=New York|publisher=Grove Press|year=1987|page=485|isbn=0-8021-0015-5}}
75. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csMDnRXe4vMC&pg=PA8&q=clark%20gable%20mother%20brain%20tumor|last=Spicer|first=Chrystopher|title=Clark Gable: Biography, Filmography, Bibliography|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7864-1124-5}}
76. ^¹{{cite book|last=Stallings|first=Penny|author2=Mandelbaum, Howard|title=Flesh and Fantasy|publisher=Bell Publishing Co.|year=1981|location=New York|isbn=0-517-33968-4}}
77. ^¹{{cite book|author=Turner Classic Movies|authorlink=Turner Classic Movies|title=Leading Men: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actors of the Studio Era| publisher=Chronicle Books| date = 2006| isbn =0-8118-5467-1}}
78. ^¹Tierney and Herskowitz (1978) Wyden Books, Self-Portrait pp. 150–151
79. ^¹UPI, Year In Review {{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1960/Casey-Stengel-retires,-Clark-Gable-Dies/12295509435928-6|title=1960 Year In Review: Casey Stengel retires, Clark Gable Dies|accessdate=May 19, 2009}}
80. ^¹{{cite web|last=Van Neste |first=Dan |title=Clark Gable Reconstructed Birthhome: Fit For A King |work=Classic Images |year=1999 |url=http://www.classicimages.com/1999/april99/clarkgable.html |accessdate=April 3, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105221156/http://www.classicimages.com/1999/april99/clarkgable.html |archivedate=January 5, 2005 }}
81. ^¹{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Esther|authorlink=Esther Williams|author2=Diehl, Digby|title=The Million Dollar Mermaid|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1999|location=New York|isbn=0-684-85284-5}}