| 词条 | Clones, County Monaghan |
| 释义 |
|settlement_type = Town |name = Clones |other_name = {{Pad top italic|Cluain Eois}} |pushpin_map = Ireland |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ireland |coordinates = {{coord|54.183|-7.2337|dim:100000_region:IE|display=inline,title}} |blank_name_sec1 = Irish Grid Reference |blank_info_sec1 = {{iem4ibx|H500257}} |unit_pref = Metric |elevation_m = 71 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{IRL}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Ulster}} |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = County Monaghan |population_footnotes = [1] |population_urban = 1,680 |population_rural = |population_as_of = 2016 |website = {{URL|www.clones.ie}} |image_skyline = Clones town centre.jpg }}{{Historical populations|state=collapsed|width=22.2em |1821|2240 |1831|2381 |1841|2877 |1851|2319 |1861|2390 |1871|2170 |1881|2216 |1891|2032 |1901|2068 |1911|2401 |1926|2365 |1936|2235 |1946|2092 |1951|2455 |1956|2399 |1961|2107 |1966|2038 |1971|2164 |1981|2556 |1986|2542 |1991|2347 |1996|2170 |2002|1947 |2006|1767 |2011|1761 |2016|1680 |footnote=[1][2][3][4][5][6] }}Clones ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|oʊ|n|ᵻ|s}} {{respell|KLOH|nis}}; {{Irish derived place name|Cluain Eois}}) is a small town in western County Monaghan, Ireland. The area is part of the Border Region, earmarked for economic development by the Irish Government due to its currently below-average economic situation. The town was badly hit economically by the partition of Ireland in 1921 because of its location on the border with County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. The creation of the Irish border deprived it of access to a large part of its economic hinterland for many years. The town had a population of 1,680 at the 2016 census.[1] NameHistorically Clones was also spelt Clonis, Clonish and Clownish.[7] These are anglicised versions of the Irish Cluain Eois, meaning "Eos's meadow". However, it is also said that the ancient name was Cluan Inis, "island of retreat," it having formerly been nearly surrounded by water.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} HistoryClones was the site of a monastic settlement in the kingdom of Dartraige Con-innsi, founded by Tigernach (anglicised Tierney) in the 6th century, until the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII. St. Tigernach or Tierney's abbey, built in the early 6th century was dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. Tigernach later became Bishop of Clogher and removed that see to Clones, where he died of the plague in 550. The abbot was the Primus Abbas, or first mitred abbot of Ireland. The ruins of a 12th-century abbey building can still be found in the town, along with a sarcophagus reputed to have been built to house the remains of Saint Tighearnach, and a 9th-century round tower and high cross. In 2016, a forgotten 17th Century plantation castle was discovered behind an area walled off to prevent accidental falls from a steep drumlin. The site was purchased by Fáilte, a support group for prisoners, which is arranging further archaeological work.[8] In February 1922, just after the partition of Ireland, Clones was the scene of a confrontation between the Ulster Special Constabulary and the Irish Republican Army. The Special Constabulary were a temporary, armed police force raised in Northern Ireland to put down IRA guerrillas there. Since the end of the Irish War of Independence in July 1921, the IRA were acting as the de facto army of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State. A unit of Special Constabulary was travelling by train to Belfast, but was stopped by an IRA unit at Clones while they were changing trains. The IRA men demanded that they surrender and a gun battle broke out. An IRA officer was killed, as were four Special Constables. Nine other USC men were injured and the rest surrendered. The incident, known as the 'Clones Affray' at the time, threatened to cause the collapse of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and prompted the British government to suspend the withdrawal of British troops from the Free State. During The Troubles on 28 December 1972 on the same day as the Belturbet bombing in County Cavan which killed two teenagers and injured several other people a car bomb, which was in a blue Morris 1100 car on Fermanagh Street in Clones exploded at 10:01 pm, which seriously injured two men. The bombings are believed to be the work of the terrorist organization the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).[9][10] Annalistic referencesSee Annals of Inisfallen (AI).
RailwaysClones was linked by rail to Dundalk from 1855, Enniskillen from 1859, Cavan from 1862 and Armagh from 1863.[11] Clones railway station was opened on 26 June 1858[12] by the Dundalk and Enniskillen Railway. From 1876 all of these lines were part of the Great Northern Railway. The partition of Ireland in 1922 made Clones a border post on the railway, which combined with road competition to cause the Great Northern to decline. In 1954 the governments of the Republic and Northern Ireland jointly nationalised the GNR and in 1957 Northern Ireland made the GNR close its lines from Armagh and Enniskillen to Clones.[13] This made it impractical to continue services on the Cavan and Dundalk lines so the GNR withdrew passenger services on those lines as well, leaving Clones with no passenger trains and a freight service truncated at the border.[13] The GNR closed Clones station to passenger traffic on 14 October 1957.[12] In 1958 the two states partitioned the GNR between the Ulster Transport Authority and CIÉ. CIÉ withdrew freight services from the Cavan line in 1959 and from the Dundalk line in 1960, leaving Clones with no railway at all.[13] CIÉ closed Clones freight depot on 1 January 1960.[12] Ulster Canal restorationThe national inland waterways agency, Waterways Ireland, is planning to restore the Ulster Canal from the Newtownbutler area of Lough Erne to Clones. People
SportClones is now mainly known in Ireland as being the location of the GAA stadium, St Tiernach's Park also the home of Monaghan GAA. This stadium is regularly used for inter-county matches during the Ulster provincial championship in Gaelic football, and traditionally hosts the final. The summer football season was therefore a major source of revenue for businesses in the town. FestivalsClones Film FestivalClones Film Festival was launched in 2002 and is steadily growing to be the biggest event of its type in the area. Organised by Lmb Entertainments. The festival takes place on the October Bank Holiday weekend. The Flat Lake FestivalThe Flat Lake Festival is an annual event hosted by Kevin Allen in Hilton Park, Clones, Co. Monaghan, since its inception in 2007. Readings, comedy, music and theatre takes place within the farm estate among the barns and bales of hay, abandoned tractors and ancient oaks of Hilton Park over the period of a long weekend, just a couple of miles outside the town of Clones on the back road to Cavan town. In previous years it has taken place in mid-August. Clones Lace Summer WorkshopsThe Clones Lace Summer Workshops take place each June at the Ulster Canal Stores in Clones. Irish Crochet Lace artist and instructor [https://web.archive.org/web/20130501172244/http://mairetreanor.com/ Maire Treanor] directs the workshops; she and guest instructors guide students in the design of traditional and modern applications of Clones Lace: motifs such as the Rose, Shamrock and Thistle, as well as in the execution of the Clones Knot filling stitch. ClimateClimate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[15] {{Weather box|location = Clones (1978–2007, extremes 1951–2008) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan record high C = 14.8 |Feb record high C = 16.3 |Mar record high C = 20.6 |Apr record high C = 21.9 |May record high C = 25.9 |Jun record high C = 29.3 |Jul record high C = 30.5 |Aug record high C = 28.8 |Sep record high C = 25.4 |Oct record high C = 22.1 |Nov record high C = 16.9 |Dec record high C = 14.8 |year record high C = 30.5 |Jan high C = 7.2 |Feb high C = 7.8 |Mar high C = 9.7 |Apr high C = 12.1 |May high C = 15.1 |Jun high C = 17.4 |Jul high C = 19.2 |Aug high C = 18.8 |Sep high C = 16.6 |Oct high C = 13.1 |Nov high C = 9.8 |Dec high C = 7.6 |year high C = 12.9 |Jan mean C = 4.4 |Feb mean C = 4.7 |Mar mean C = 6.4 |Apr mean C = 8.1 |May mean C = 10.8 |Jun mean C = 13.4 |Jul mean C = 15.3 |Aug mean C = 15.0 |Sep mean C = 12.9 |Oct mean C = 9.9 |Nov mean C = 6.8 |Dec mean C = 5.0 |year mean C = 9.4 |Jan low C = 1.6 |Feb low C = 1.6 |Mar low C = 3.0 |Apr low C = 4.2 |May low C = 6.5 |Jun low C = 9.5 |Jul low C = 11.4 |Aug low C = 11.1 |Sep low C = 9.2 |Oct low C = 6.6 |Nov low C = 3.9 |Dec low C = 2.3 |year low C = 5.9 |Jan record low C = -12.4 |Feb record low C = -9.9 |Mar record low C = -9.8 |Apr record low C = -4.2 |May record low C = -3.7 |Jun record low C = 0.5 |Jul record low C = 4.1 |Aug record low C = 1.5 |Sep record low C = -0.9 |Oct record low C = -4.5 |Nov record low C = -8.1 |Dec record low C = -11.0 |year record low C = -12.4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 87.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 71.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 84.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 61.6 |May precipitation mm = 63.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 70.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 70.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 88.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 76.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 102.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 85.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 98.4 |year precipitation mm = 960.4 |time day = 15:00 LST |Jan humidity = 83.3 |Feb humidity = 77.3 |Mar humidity = 72.9 |Apr humidity = 67.5 |May humidity = 66.5 |Jun humidity = 68.7 |Jul humidity = 69.6 |Aug humidity = 71.2 |Sep humidity = 72.8 |Oct humidity = 77.3 |Nov humidity = 82.5 |Dec humidity = 85.9 |year humidity = 74.6 |unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm |Jan precipitation days = 20 |Feb precipitation days = 17 |Mar precipitation days = 20 |Apr precipitation days = 16 |May precipitation days = 16 |Jun precipitation days = 17 |Jul precipitation days = 18 |Aug precipitation days = 18 |Sep precipitation days = 18 |Oct precipitation days = 20 |Nov precipitation days = 19 |Dec precipitation days = 19 |year precipitation days = 218 |Jan snow days = 4.9 |Feb snow days = 4.7 |Mar snow days = 3.8 |Apr snow days = 1.1 |May snow days = 0.3 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.6 |Dec snow days = 2.6 |year snow days = 18.0 |Jan sun = 46.5 |Feb sun = 62.2 |Mar sun = 93.0 |Apr sun = 138.0 |May sun = 173.6 |Jun sun = 138.0 |Jul sun = 136.4 |Aug sun = 130.2 |Sep sun = 108.0 |Oct sun = 86.8 |Nov sun = 54.0 |Dec sun = 37.2 |year sun = |Jand sun = 1.5 |Febd sun = 2.2 |Mard sun = 3.0 |Aprd sun = 4.6 |Mayd sun = 5.6 |Jund sun = 4.6 |Juld sun = 4.4 |Augd sun = 4.2 |Sepd sun = 3.6 |Octd sun = 2.8 |Novd sun = 1.8 |Decd sun = 1.2 |yeard sun = 3.3 |source 1 = Met Éireann[16][17][18] |date=July 2013 }} See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=E2016&PLanguage=0 | title = Population and Actual and Percentage Change 2011 to 2016 by Alphabetical List of Towns, CensusYear and Statistic | publisher = Central Statistics Office (Ireland) | accessdate = 4 June 2017}} 2. ^Census for post 1821 figures. Cso.ie. Retrieved on 10 July 2012. 3. ^histpop.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/ |date=7 May 2016 }} 4. ^NISRA – Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095720/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census |date=17 February 2012 }}. Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk. Retrieved on 10 July 2012. 5. ^{{cite book|last=Lee|first=JJ| authorlink =John Joseph Lee|editor-last=Goldstrom|editor-first=J. M.|editor2-last=Clarkson|editor2-first=L. A.|title=Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell|year=1981|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, England|chapter=On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses}} 6. ^{{Cite journal | last = Mokyr | first = Joel | author-link = Joel Mokyr | last2 = O Grada | first2 = Cormac | author2-link = Cormac Ó Gráda | title = New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850 | journal = The Economic History Review | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 473–488 | year = 1984| doi = 10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x }} 7. ^Placenames Database of Ireland (see archival records) 8. ^{{cite news |last=Linehan |first=Hugh |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/17th-century-plantation-castle-found-hiding-in-plain-sight-1.2762110 |title=17th-century plantation castle found hiding in plain sight |work=Irish Times |publisher=Irish Times |date=2016-08-20 |accessdate=2016-08-26 }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dublinmonaghanbombings.org/28dec72.html|title=Justice For The Forgotten|author=|date=|website=www.dublinmonaghanbombings.org|accessdate=12 April 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm#281272|title=CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1972|first=Dr Martin|last=Melaugh|date=|website=cain.ulst.ac.uk|accessdate=12 April 2018}} 11. ^{{cite book |last=Hajducki |first=S. Maxwell |authorlink= |year=1974 |title=A Railway Atlas of Ireland |location=Newton Abbott |publisher=David & Charles |isbn=978-0-7153-5167-3 |at=map 14}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Clones station |work=Railscot – Irish Railways |url=http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf |accessdate=17 September 2007 }} 13. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Hajducki |first=S. Maxwell |authorlink= |year=1974 |title=A Railway Atlas of Ireland |location=Newton Abbott |publisher=David & Charles |isbn=978-0-7153-5167-3 |at=map 39}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Football:+Douglas+is+Clones+cyclone.-a0154417739|title=Football: Douglas is Clones cyclone. - Free Online Library|author=|date=|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|accessdate=12 April 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=39740&cityname=Clones,+Ireland&units=|title=Clones, Ireland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|author=|date=|website=Weatherbase|accessdate=12 April 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/1981-2010/clones.html| title = Clones 1981–2010 averages | publisher = Met Éireann| accessdate = 27 May 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/extreme_maxtemps.pdf| title = Absolute Maximum Air Temperatures for each Month at Selected Stations | publisher = Met Éireann| accessdate = 27 May 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/extreme-mintemps.pdf| title = Absolute Minimum Air Temperatures for each Month at Selected Stations | publisher = Met Éireann| accessdate = 27 May 2015}} External links
2 : Clones, County Monaghan|Towns and villages in County Monaghan |
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