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词条 Close back rounded vowel
释义

  1. Close back protruded vowel

     Features  Occurrence 

  2. Close back compressed vowel

     Features  Occurrence 

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=u
|ipa number=308
|decimal=117
|x-sampa=u
|kirshenbaum=u
}}

The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|u}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

The close back rounded vowel is almost identical featurally to the labio-velar approximant {{IPA|[w]}}. {{IPA|[u]}} alternates with {{IPA|[w]}} in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, {{IPA|[u̯]}} with the non-syllabic diacritic and {{IPA|[w]}} are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Close back protruded vowel

The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|u}}}}, which is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|  ̫}}}}, can be used as an {{Lang|la|ad hoc}} symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|u̫}}}}. Another possible transcription is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|uʷ}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɯʷ}}}} (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}{{close vowel}}{{back vowel}}{{protruded vowel}}{{clear}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Donaldson|1993|pp=2, 5}}af|boek}}[bu̜k]}} 'book' Donaldson|1993|p=5}} See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=38}}ar|جنوب|rtl=yes}}[d͡ʒaˈnuːb]}} 'south' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}}hy|դուռ}}[dur]}} 'door'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] {{example needed|date=October 2014}}
Bulgarian{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}}bg|луд}}[ɫut̪]}} 'crazy' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}}ca|suc}}[s̺uk]}} 'juice' See Catalan phonology
ChineseLee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}}{{sfnp|Duanmu|2007|pp=35–36}}cmn-Hani|土}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|tǔ}}[t̪ʰu˩˧]}} 'earth' See Standard Chinese phonology
Zee|1999|pp=59–60}}yue|夫}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|fū}}Yue-fu1.ogg|[fuː˥]|help=no}} 'man' See Cantonese phonology
Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}wuu|瓜}}[ku˩]}} 'melon' Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
Danish Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=46}}da|du}}[d̥u]}} 'you' See Danish phonology
Dutch Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}nl|voet}}Nl-voet.ogg|[vut]|help=no}} 'foot' Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}
EnglishCox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}}book{{IPA|[buk]}}'book'ʊ}};{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009a}}{{sfnp|Lindsey|2012}} corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʊ}} in other accents. See Australian English phonology
Finn|2004|p=970}}ʉ}}, or lowered and unrounded to {{IPAblink|ɤ}}.{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} See South African English phonology
Lass|2002|p=116}}boot{{IPA|[bu̟ːt]}}'boot'Typically more front than cardinal {{IPA|[u]}}. Instead of being back, it may be central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} in Geordie and RP, and front {{IPAblink|yː}} in Multicultural London. See English phonology and South African English phonology
Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009b}}
Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}
Gimson|2014|p=91}}
Roach|2004|p=242}}
Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=135}}
Mahboob|Ahmar|2004|p=1007}}[buːʈ]}}
Greater New York City [buːt]}}[3]
[4]{{sfnp>Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} treacle [ˈtɹ̝̊iːku]}} 'treacle' /ɯ/}}, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[4]{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} Corresponds to {{IPA|/əl/}} in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology
Estonian{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}et|sule}}[ˈsule̞]}} 'feather' (gen. sg.) See Estonian phonology
Finnish{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=60, 66}}{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}}fi|kukka}}[ˈkukːɑ]}} 'flower' See Finnish phonology
Faroese{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 74}}fo|gulur}}[ˈkuːlʊɹ]}} 'yellow' See Faroese phonology
French{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}}fr|où}}Où.ogg|[u]|help=no}} 'where' See French phonology
Georgian{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|pp=261–262}}ka|გუდა}}[ɡudɑ]}}'leather bag'
GermanHall|2003|pp=87, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}}de|Fuß}}De-Fuß.ogg|[fuːs]|help=no}} 'foot' See Standard German phonology
Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}}de|Stunde}}[ˈʃtundə]}} 'hour' /ʊ/}} in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
Greek Arvaniti|2007|p=28}}{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}}el|που}} / pu[pu]}} 'where' See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}}hu|út}}[uːt̪]}} 'way' See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=60}}[5]is|þú}}[θ̠u]}} 'you' See Icelandic phonology
Italian{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}}it|tutta}}[ˈt̪ut̪t̪ä]}} 'all' (sing. fem.) See Italian phonology
Kaingang{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} nduki [ˈndukːi]}} 'in the belly'
Latin Wheelock's Latin|1956}}la|sus}}[suːs]}} 'pig'
Limburgish{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}li|sjoen}}[ʃu̟n]}} 'beautiful' Peters|2006|p=119}} or near-back,{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}dsb|zub}}[z̪up]}} 'tooth'
Luxembourgish{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}lb|Luucht}}[luːχt]}} 'air' See Luxembourgish phonology
Mongolian{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}}mn-Cyrl|үүр}}[uːɾɘ̆]}} 'nest'
Persianدور[duɾ]'far'See Persian phonology
Polish{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}}pl|buk}}Pl-buk.ogg|[buk]|help=no}} 'beech tree' ó}}. See Polish phonology
Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}pt|tu}}[ˈtu]}} 'you' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}}ro|unu}}[ˈun̪u]}} 'one' See Romanian phonology
Russian{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=67}}ru|узкий}}Ru-узкий.ogg|[ˈus̪kʲɪj]|help=no}} 'narrow' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}}sh-Latn|duga}}[d̪ǔːɡä]}} 'rainbow' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shiwiar{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}date=July 2015}}
Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}}es|curable}}[kuˈɾäβ̞le̞]}} 'curable' See Spanish phonology
Sotho{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}}st|tumo}}[tʼumɔ]}} 'fame' Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See Sotho phonology
Swahilisw|ubongo}}[ubongo]'brain'
Thai{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=24}}th|สุด}}[sut˨˩]}} 'rearmost'
Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Organ|1999|p=155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=11}}tr|uzak}}[uˈz̪äk]}} 'far' See Turkish phonology
Udmurt{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=64, 68}}udm-Cyrl|урэтэ}}[urete]}} 'to divide'
Ukrainian{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}}uk|рух}}[rux]}} 'motion' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}}hsb|žuk}}[ʒuk]}} 'beetle' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Yoruba{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1969|p=166}}date=July 2015}}
ZapotecMerrill|2008|p=109}} gdu [ɡdu]}} 'all'

Close back compressed vowel

{{Infobox IPA
|above=Close back compressed vowel
|ipa symbol = u͍
|ipa symbol2 = ɯᵝ
}}

Some languages, such as Japanese and Swedish, have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=295}} Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɯ͡β̞}}}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɯ]}} and labial compression) or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɯᵝ}}}} ({{IPA|[ɯ]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angle bracket|{{IPA|  ͍ }}}} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|u͍}}}} as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features

{{close vowel}}{{back vowel}}{{compressed vowel}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Chinese Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}wuu|都}}[tɯᵝ˩]}} 'capital' Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
Japanese{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}}ja|空気}} / {{transl|ja|kūki}}ja-kuuki.ogg|[kɯ̟ᵝːki]|help=no}} 'air' ɨᵝ}} by younger speakers.{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} See Japanese phonology
Lizu{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}}{{IPA|[Fmɯ̟ᵝ]}}{{what|date=January 2019}} 'feather' Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}}
Norwegian{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}[6]no|mot}}[mɯᵝːt]}} 'courage' [ɯᵝə̯]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}}sv|oro}}[²ɯᵝːrɯᵝː]}} 'unease' [ɯᵝβ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ]}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} (hear the word: {{Audio-IPA|Sv-oro.ogg|[²ɯᵝβrɯᵝβ]|help=no}}). See Swedish phonology

See also

  • Index of phonetics articles
  • Close central compressed vowel
  • Close front protruded vowel

Notes

1. ^{{Vowel terminology}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|title=The Atlas of North American English|date=2006|location=chpt. 17}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|title=NZE Phonology|page=3|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/research/projects/grinze-archived/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf}}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Einarsson|1945|p=10}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Gussmann|2011|p=73}}
6. ^While {{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979}} does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1974|p=40}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=16}}) state explicitly that it is compressed.

References

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}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Close Back Rounded Vowel}}

3 : Close vowels|Back vowels|Rounded vowels
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