词条 | Columella |
释义 |
| name = Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella | image = Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella.jpg | image_size = 250 | alt = | caption = Portrait of Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella from Jean de Tournes, Insignium aliquot virorum icones, Lyon, 1559 | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = 4 AD | birth_place = Gades, Hispania Baetica | death_date = c. 70 AD | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = | language = | nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = Roman | notableworks = De Re Rustica | influences = | influenced = }}Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|ɒ|l|j|ə|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|ə}}; 4 – c. 70 AD) was a prominent writer on agriculture in the Roman empire.[1] His De Re Rustica in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture, together with the works of Cato the Elder and Varro, both of which he occasionally cites. A smaller book on trees, De arboribus, is usually attributed to him. In 1794 the Spanish botanists Jose Antonio Pavón y Jimenez and Hipólito Ruiz López named a genus of Peruvian asterid Columellia in his honour.[2] Personal lifeLittle is known of Columella's life. He was probably born in Gades, Hispania Baetica (modern Cádiz), possibly to Roman parents. After a career in the army (he was tribune in Syria in 35), he turned to farming his estates at Ardea, Carseoli, and Alba in Latium.[2] De Re RusticaIn ancient times, Columella's work "appears to have been but little read", cited only by Pliny the Elder, Servius, Cassiodorus, and Isidorus, and having fallen "into almost complete neglect" after Palladius published an abridgement of it.[3] This book is presented as advice to a certain Publius Silvinus. Previously known only in fragments, the complete book was among those discovered in monastery libraries in Switzerland and France by Poggio Bracciolini and his assistant Bartolomeo di Montepulciano during the Council of Constance, between 1414 and 1418.[5] Structure of De Re Rustica ("On Rural Affairs"):
Book 10 is written entirely in dactylic hexameter verse, in imitation of or homage to, Virgil. It may initially have been intended to be the concluding volume, books 11 and 12 being perhaps an addition to the original scheme.[6] A complete but anonymous translation into English was published by Millar in 1745.[7] Excerpts had previously been translated by Bradley. De arboribusThe short work De arboribus, "On Trees", is in manuscripts and early editions of Columella considered as book 3 of De Re Rustica.[9] However it is clear from the opening sentences that it is part of a separate and possibly earlier work. As the anonymous translator of the Millar edition notes (p. 571), there is in De arboribus no mention of the Publius Silvinus to whom the De Re Rustica is addressed.[7] A recent critical edition of the Latin text of the De Re Rustica of Columella includes it, but as incerti auctoris, by an unknown hand.[11] Cassiodorus mentions sixteen books of Columella, which has led to the suggestion that De arboribus formed part of a work in four volumes.[9] SourcesIn addition to Cato the Elder and Varro, Columella used many sources that are no longer extant and for which he is one of the few references. These include works by Aulus Cornelius Celsus, the Carthaginian writer Mago, Tremellius Scrofa, and many Greek sources. His uncle Marcus Columella, "a clever man and an exceptional farmer" (VII.2.30), had conducted experiments in sheep breeding, crossing colourful wild rams, introduced from Africa for gladiatorial games, with domestic sheep,[13] and may have influenced his nephew's interests. Columella owned farms in Italy; he refers specifically to estates at Ardea, Carseoli, and Alba,[14] and speaks repeatedly of his own practical experience in agriculture. Principal early editionsThe earliest editions of Columella group his works with those on agriculture of Cato the Elder, Varro Reatinus and Palladius. Some modern library catalogues follow Brunet in listing these under "Rei rusticae scriptores" or "Scriptores rei rusticae".[15]
See also
References1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0203.xml|title=Columella - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2018-04-03|language=en}} [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]2. ^{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History|last=von Stackelberg|first=Katharine T.|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah06080|chapter = Columella|year = 2012|isbn = 9781444338386}} 3. ^{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Peck |editor-first=Harry Thurston |editor-link=Harry Thurston Peck |title=Columella, L. Iunius Moderātus |encyclopedia=Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities |date=1963 |orig-year=1898 |pages=383–84 |location=New York |publisher=Cooper Square Publishers, Inc.}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Orsini|first=Fulvio|title=Notae ad M. Catonem, M. Varronem, L. Columellam de re rustica. Ad kalend. rusticum Farnesianum & veteres inscriptiones Fratrum Arvalium. Iunius Philargyrius in Bucolica & Georgica Virgilij. Notae ad Servium in Bucol. Georg. & Aeneid. Virg. Velius Longus de orthographia : ex bibliotheca Fulvi Ursini|year=1587|publisher=apud Georgium Ferrarium|location=Romae: in aedib. S.P.Q.R.|url=https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/InfoGuideClient/singleHit.do?methodToCall=activateTab&tab=showWeblinksActive&weblinks_redirected=true|format=full text online, two copies}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|last=Brunet|first=Jacques-Charles|title=Manuel du libraire et de l'amateur de livres, vol 4., R–Z|year=1843|publisher=Silvestre|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKzPOXskNJgC|edition=4th|language=French|page=238}} Accessed May 2011. 6. ^1 {{cite book|last=Diderot|first=Denis, Jean Le Rond d' Alembert (eds.)|title=Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers ...|year=1765|publisher=S. Faulche|location=Neufchatel|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50541z/f180.image.r=Encyclop%C3%A9die+Ou+Dictionnaire+Raisonn%C3%A9+Des+Sciences+neuvieme|page=179, vol. 9 JU–MAM}} Accessed June 2011. 7. ^1 {{cite book|last=Kenney|first=E.J. (ed)|title=The Cambridge history of classical literature, vol. 2: Latin literature|year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-21043-0|pages=973|author2=W.V. Clausen}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|title=De re rustica (English translation) III.9.2|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Columella/de_Re_Rustica/3*.html#9.2|work=Loeb Classical Library edition, 1941}} Accessed June 2011. 9. ^1 {{cite book|last=Michaud|first=Joseph Fr., Eugène Ernest Desplaces, Louis Gabriel Michaud|title=Biographie universelle (Michaud) ancienne et moderne ...|year=1854|publisher=Madame C. Desplaces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai4uAAAAYAAJ|page=668, vol. 8|language=French}} Accessed June 2011. 10. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella|title=L. Junius Moderatus Columella of Husbandry, in Twelve Books: and his book, concerning Trees. Translated into English, with illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius and other ancient and modern authors|year=1745|publisher=A. Millar|location=London|pages=xiv, 600}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|last=Rodgers|first=R.H. (ed.)|title=L. Iuni Moderati Columellae Res rustica. Incerti auctoris Liber de arboribus|year=2010|publisher=E Typographeo Clarendoniano|location=Oxonii [Oxford, England]|isbn=978-0-19-927154-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J2ifLCYxvkC|language=Latin}} Accessed June 2011. 12. ^1 {{cite book|last=Shepherd|first=William|authorlink=William Shepherd (minister)|title=The life of Poggio Bracciolini|year=1802|publisher=T. Cadell, Jun., & W. Davies|location=London, Liverpool|pages=iv, 487|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1k4OAAAAQAAJ&vq}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|title=Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|year=1837|publisher=C. Knight|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8dPAAAAMAAJ|page=380, volumes 7–8}}. Accessed June 2011. }} Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Columella|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
12 : AD 4 births|70 deaths|1st-century Romans|1st-century writers|Latin-language writers|Ancient Roman writers|Silver Age Latin writers|Geoponici|Junii|People from Cádiz|Romans from Hispania|Hispania Baetica |
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