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词条 Common Era
释义

  1. History

      Origins    Vulgar Era    History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation  

  2. Contemporary usage

  3. Rationale

      Support    Opposition  

  4. Conventions in style guides

  5. Similar conventions in other languages

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Redirect|BCE}}{{Redirect|Era Vulgaris|the Queens of the Stone Age album |Era Vulgaris (album)}}Common Era or Current Era (CE)[1] is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era. BCE (Before the Common Era or Before the Current Era) is the era before CE. BCE and CE are alternatives to the Dionysian BC and AD system respectively. The Dionysian era distinguishes eras using AD ({{lang|la|anno Domini}}, "[the] year of [the] Lord")[2] and BC ("before Christ"). Since the two notation systems are numerically equivalent, "{{currentyear}} CE" corresponds to "AD {{currentyear}}" and "400 BCE" corresponds to "400 BC".[2][3][4]{{efn|Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the astronomical system and the ISO 8601 standard, do use a year zero. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however, whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow use of either the Gregorian or Julian calendars.}} Both notations refer to the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar). The year-numbering system utilized by the Gregorian calendar is used throughout the world today, and is an international standard for civil calendars.[5]

The expression has been traced back to 1615, when it first appeared in a book by Johannes Kepler as the Latin usage {{lang|la|annus aerae nostrae vulgaris}},[6] and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar{{efn|From the Latin word vulgus, the common people — to contrast it with the regnal year system of dating used by the Government.}} Era". The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,[9] and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars. In the later 20th century, the use of CE and BCE was popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by authors and publishers wishing to emphasize sensitivity to non-Christians, by not explicitly referencing Jesus as "Christ" and Dominus ("Lord") through use of the abbreviation{{efn|AD is shortened from {{lang|la|anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi}} ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ").[10]}} "AD".[7][8]

History

Origins

{{See also|Anno Domini}}

The year numbering system used with Common Era notation was devised by the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus in the year 525 to replace the Era of Martyrs system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.[13] He attempted to number years from an initial reference date ("epoch"), an event he referred to as the Incarnation of Jesus.[13][9][10] Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi".[11]

Numbering years in this manner became more widespread in Europe with its usage by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus,[12] and the practice of not using a year zero.{{efn|As noted in History of the zero, the use of zero in Western civilization was uncommon before the twelfth century.}} In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.[19]

Vulgar Era

The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar Era" to distinguish dates on the Ecclesiastic calendar in popular use from dates of the regnal year, the year of reign of a sovereign, typically used in national law.

The first use of the Latin term anno aerae nostrae vulgaris{{Efn|name=VulgarisAerae0|In Latin, Common Era is written as Aera Vulgaris. It also occasionally appears, in Latin declination, as æræ vulgaris, aerae vulgaris, aeram vulgarem, anni vulgaris, vulgaris aerae Christianae, and anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas.}} discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler. Kepler uses it again, as ab Anno vulgaris aerae, in a 1616 table of ephemerides,[13] and again, as ab anno vulgaris aerae, in 1617.[14] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, the earliest-found usage of Vulgar Era in English.[15] A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6".[16] A 1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."[17][18] A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity".[19]

The first so-far-discovered usage of "Christian Era" is as the Latin phrase annus aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book.[20] In 1649, the Latin phrase annus æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac.[21] A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of "Christian Era".[22]

The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,[23] and in a 1715 book on astronomy is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".[24] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews.[25] The first-so-far found usage of the phrase "before the common era" is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.[26] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously.[27] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[28] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era..."[29] The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909) in at least one article reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century.[30]

The phrase "common era", in lower case, also appeared in the 19th century in a generic sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",[31][32] "the common era of the Mahometans",[33] "common era of the world",[34] "the common era of the foundation of Rome".[35] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",[36] "common era of the Nativity",[37] or "common era of the birth of Christ".[38]

An adapted translation of Common Era into pseudo-Latin as Era Vulgaris (in Latin this means Common Mistress)[39] was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.[40]

History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation

Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar, they often use the Gregorian calendar, without the AD prefix.[41] As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar.[42] Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for "more than a century".{{when?|date=August 2018}}[51] Some Jewish academics were already using the CE and BCE abbreviations by the mid-19th century, such as in 1856, when Rabbi and historian Morris Jacob Raphall used the abbreviation in his book Post-Biblical History of The Jews.[43]{{efn|The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly.[44]}}

In general publications, in the 200 years between 1808 and 2008 the ratio of usage of BCE to BC has increased by about 20% and CE to AD by about 50%, primarily since 1980.[45]

Contemporary usage

Some academics in the fields of theology, education and history have adopted CE and BCE notation, although there is some disagreement.[46]

More visible uses of Common Era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world. Furthermore, several style guides now prefer or mandate its usage.[47]

Even some style guides for Christian churches prefer its use: for example, the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News.[48]

In the United States, the usage of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks is growing.[51] Some publications have moved over to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch over to the BCE/CE usage, ending a 138-year usage of the traditional BC/AD dating notation. It is used by the College Board in its history tests,[49] and by the Norton Anthology of English Literature. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism.[50]

In 2002, England and Wales introduced the BCE/CE notation system into the official school curriculum.[51]

In June 2006, in the United States, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision to use BCE and CE in the state's new Program of Studies, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of discretion at the local level.[52][53][54]

Also in 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.[55] The story became national news and drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority denied the rumour and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.[56]

Rationale

Support

The use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation AD.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD is a direct reference to Jesus as Lord.[57][58]

Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by Christians, but who are not themselves Christian.[69]

Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan[59] has argued:

[T]he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians. People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as a matter of convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different faiths and cultures – different civilizations, if you like – that some shared way of reckoning time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era has become the Common Era.[60]

Adena K. Berkowitz, when arguing at the Supreme Court opted to use BCE and CE because "Given the multicultural society that we live in, the traditional Jewish designations – B.C.E. and C.E. – cast a wider net of inclusion". [61]

Opposition

Some oppose the Common Era notation for explicitly religious reasons. Because the BC/AD notation is based on the traditional year of the conception or birth of Jesus, some Christians are offended by the removal of the reference to him in era notation.[62] The Southern Baptist Convention supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations.[74] Roman Catholic priest and writer on interfaith issues Raimon Panikkar argued that the BCE/CE usage is the less inclusive option as, in his view, using the designation BCE/CE is a "return... to the most bigoted Christian colonialism" towards non-Christians, who do not necessarily consider the time period following the beginning of the calendar to be a "common era".[63]

There are also secular concerns. English language expert Kenneth G. Wilson speculated in his style guide that "if we do end by casting aside the AD/BC convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."[76] The short lived French Republican Calendar, for example, began with the first year of the French First Republic and rejected the seven-day week (with its connections to the Book of Genesis) for a ten-day week.

According to a Los Angeles Times report, it was a student's use of BCE/CE notation, inspired by its use within Wikipedia, which prompted the teacher and politician Andrew Schlafly to found Conservapedia, a cultural conservative wiki.[64] One of its "Conservapedia Commandments" is that users must always apply BC/AD notation, since its sponsors perceive BCE/CE notation to "deny the historical basis" of the dating system.[65]

Conventions in style guides

The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which traditionally precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).[76] Thus, the current year is written as {{currentyear}} in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as {{currentyear}} CE, or as AD {{currentyear}}), and the year that Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with periods (e.g., "B.C.E." or "C.E.").[66] Style guides for academic texts on religion generally prefer BCE/CE to BC/AD.[67]

Similar conventions in other languages

  • In Germany, Jews in Berlin seem to have already been using "(Before the) Common Era" in the 18th century, while others like Moses Mendelssohn opposed this usage as it would hinder the integration of Jews into German society.[82] The formulation seems to have persisted among German Jews in the 19th century in forms like vor der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung (before the common chronology).[68][69]

In 1938 Nazi Germany, the use of this convention was also prescribed by the National Socialist Teachers League.[70]

However, it was soon discovered that many German Jews had been using the convention ever since the 18th century, and they found it ironic to see "Aryans following Jewish example nearly 200 years later".[71]

  • In Spanish, common forms used for "BC" are aC and a. de C. (for "antes de Cristo", "before Christ"), with variations in punctuation and sometimes the use of J.C. (Jesucristo) instead of C. In scholarly writing, AEC is the equivalent of the English "BCE", "antes de la Era Común" or "Before the Common Era".[72]
  • In Welsh, OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD (Oed Crist) and CE (Oes Cyffredin); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, Cyn Crist) is used exclusively, as Cyn yr Oes Cyffredin would abbreviate to a mild obscenity.[73]

See also

  • Ante Christum Natum
  • Before present
  • Calendar
  • Calendar era
  • Calendar reform
  • Holocene Era
  • List of calendars

Notes

{{Notelist|2}}

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml#section_2 | title=History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE| date=8 February 2005 |author=BBC Team |work=BBC Religion & Ethics |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=2016-04-20}}
2. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini |title = Anno Domini |encyclopedia = Merriam Webster Online Dictionary |year = 2003 |publisher = Merriam-Webster |quote = Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord |accessdate = 2011-10-04}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm |title=Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/ |publisher=Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance|accessdate=2011-11-12}}
4. ^{{cite dictionary |title=Common Era |dictionary=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition = 3rd |date=1992 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston}}
5. ^{{cite book| chapter-url = http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/c15_usb_online.pdf | page = 585 | first = E. G. | last = Richards | chapter = Calendars | title = Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac | edition = 3rd | date = 2012 | publisher = University Science Books | location = Mill Valley, CA | editor-last1 = Urban | editor-first1 = S. E. | editor-last2 = Seidelmann | editor-first2 = P. K. }}
6. ^{{cite web|last1=Coolman|first1=Robert|title=Keeping Time: The Origin of B.C. & A.D.|url=https://www.livescience.com/45510-anno-domini.html|website=Live Science|accessdate=11 November 2017}}
7. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1620546.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1620546.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 August 2017 |title=BCE date designation called more sensitive |author=Andrew Herrmann |publisher=Chicago Sun-Times |date=27 May 2006 |quote=Herrmann observes, "The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity." However, Herrmann notes, "The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians" |accessdate=2016-09-18}}
8. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ9PYdzKf90C&pg=PA41|work=Westminster dictionary of theological terms |title=Common Era entry |first=Donald K |last=McKim |year=1996 |accessdate=2011-05-18 |isbn=978-0-664-25511-4}}
9. ^Doggett, L.E., (1992), "Calendars" in Seidelmann, P.K., The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, 2.1
10. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&pg=PA686&dq=jesus+birth+year+before |title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia |first=Geoffrey W. |last=Bromiley |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1995 |isbn= 978-0-8028-3781-3 |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
11. ^Pedersen, O., (1983), "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.) The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar, Vatican Observatory, p. 52.
12. ^Bede wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with birth. Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 778.
13. ^{{cite book |title=Second use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1616) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kElSQAACAAJ&dq=vulgaris+aerae|publisher=Plancus |author=Kepler, Johann |year=1616 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis... |first=Johann |last=Kepler |publisher=Plancus |year=1616 }}
14. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5w47twAACAAJ&dq=vulgaris+aerae|title=Third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617) |publisher=sumptibus authoris, excudebat Iohannes Plancus |author1=Kepler, Johannes |author2=Fabricus, David |year=1617 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI]... |quote=Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ... Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno M.DC.XXX. |author=Johannes Kepler, Jakob Bartsch |publisher=Johannes Plancus |year=1617}} * Translation of title (per 1635 English edition): New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636
15. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prP9cQAACAAJ&dq=vulgar+era|title=Earliest so-far-found use of vulgar era in English (1635) |author1=Kepler, Johann |author2=Vlacq, Adriaan |year=1635 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633... |author1=Johann Kepler |author2=Adriaan Vlacq |year=1635}}
16. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jakGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5-IA4&dq=%22vulgar+era%22 |title=vulgar era in English (1701) |author=Clerc, Jean Le |year=1701 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=The Harmony of the Evangelists |editor=John LeClerc |editor-link=John LeClerc |location=London |publisher=Sam Buckley |page=5 |year=1701 |quote=Before Christ according to the Vulgar AEra, 6}}
17. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=1DQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5&vq=vulgar&dq |title=Prideaux use of "Vulgar Era" (1716) |year=1799|edition=reprint|quote=reckoning it backward from the vulgar era of Christ's incarnation |author1=Prideaux, Humphrey |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations |author=Humphrey Prideaux, D.D.|authorlink=Humphrey Prideaux |location=Edinburgh |quote=This happened in the seventh year after the building of Rome, and in the second year of the eighth Olympiad, which was the seven hundred forty-seventh year before Christ, i. e. before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation. |page=1|volume=1|year=1716 |origyear=from Oxford University Press 1799 (1716 edition not online, 1749 online is Vol 2)}}
18. ^Merriam Webster accepts the date of 1716, but does not give the source. {{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vulgarera |title=Merriam Webster Online entry for Vulgar Era | accessdate=2011-05-18}}
19. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=nK6IPj-Wk-kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22vulgar+era+of+the+NATIVITY%22 |title="vulgar era of the nativity" (1796) |publisher=T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies |author1=Robert Walker (Rector of Shingham) |author2=Newton, Sir Isaac |author3=Falconer, Thomas |year=1796 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=Analysis of Researches Into the Origin and Progress of Historical Time, from the Creation to ... |author1=Rev. Robert Walker |author2=Isaac Newton |author3=Thomas Falconer |year=1796 |publisher=T. Cadell Jr. and W. Davies |page=10 |location=London |quote=Dionysius the Little brought the vulgar era of the nativity too low by four years.}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/de-eucharistica-controuersia-capita-doctrinae-theologicae-de-quibus-mandatu-illustrissimi-principis-ac-domini-d-iohannis-casimiri-comites-palatini-ad-rhenum-ducis-bauariae-tutoris-administratoris-electoralis-palatinatus-octonis-publicis-disputationibus-quarum-prima-est-habita-4-apr-anno-aerae-christianae-1584-marco-beumlero-respondente-praeses-iohannes-iacobus-grynaeus-orthodoxae-fidei-rationem-interrogantibus-placide-reddidit-accessit-eiusdem-iohannis-iacobi-grynaeus-synopsis-orationis-quam-de-disputationis-euentu-congressione-nona-quae-indicit-in-15-aprilis-publice-habuit/oclc/123471534 |title=1584 Latin use of aerae christianae |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=De Eucharistica controuersia, capita doctrinae theologicae de quibus mandatu, illustrissimi principis ac domini, D. Iohannis Casimiri, Comites Palatini ad Rhenum, Ducis Bauariae, tutoris & administratoris Electoralis Palatinatus, octonis publicis disputationibus (quarum prima est habita 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584, Marco Beumlero respondente) praeses Iohannes Iacobus Grynaeus, orthodoxae fidei rationem interrogantibus placidè reddidit; accessit eiusdem Iohannis Iacobi Grynaeus synopsis orationis, quam de disputationis euentu, congressione nona, quae indicit in 15 Aprilis, publicè habuit. |first=Johann Jacob|last=Grynaeus|authorlink=Johann Jakob Grynaeus |author2=Beumler, Marcus |language=Latin |location=Heidelbergae |publisher=Typis Iacobi Mylij |year=1584 |edition=Editio tertia |oclc=123471534 |quote=4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/speculum-uranicum-anni-r-christian-1649-or-an-almanack-and-prognosication-for-the-year-of-our-lord-1649-being-the-first-from-bissextile-or-leap-year-and-from-the-creation-of-the-world-5598-wherein-is-contained-many-useful-pleasant-and-necessary-observations-and-predictions-calculated-according-to-art-for-the-meridian-and-latitude-of-the-ancient-borrough-town-of-stamford-in-lincolnshire-and-without-sensible-errour-may-serve-the-3-kingdoms-of-england-scotland-and-ireland/oclc/18533017 |title=1649 use of æræ Christianæ in English book – 1st usage found in English |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borrough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. |last=WING|first=Vincent |year=1649|location=London |publisher=J.L. for the Company of Stationers |quote=anni æræ Christianæ, 1649}}
22. ^{{cite book |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A24778.0001.001?view=toc |title=first appearance of "Christian Era" in English (1652) |accessdate=2016-11-02}} {{cite book |title=A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester |author=Sliter, Robert |year=1652 |publisher=Printed for the Company of Stationers |location=London}}
23. ^1 {{cite book |title=first so-far-found use of common era in English (1708) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_wvAAAAYAAJ&q=%22common+era%22#v=onepage&q=%22common%20era%22&f=false |publisher=Printed for H. Rhodes |year=1708 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=The History of the Works of the Learned |volume=10 |page=513 |location=London |date=January 1708}}
24. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ze8ehe65hwcC&pg=RA2-PA252&dq=%22Common+Era%22+%22before+chrift%22++chriftian+common+era |first=David|last=Gregory |title=The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical |author2=John Nicholson|author3= John Morphew |year=1715 |quote=Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ |page=252 |publisher=printed for J. Nicholson, and sold by J. Morphew |location=London |volume=1 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} Before Christ and Christian Era appear on the same page 252, while Vulgar Era appears on [https://books.google.com/books?id=ze8ehe65hwcC&pg=RA2-PA250&dq=%22Vulgar%22 page 250]
25. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tn0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA130&dq=%22Common+aEra%22+%22chrift%22 |title=1759 use of common æra |publisher=Printed for C. Bathurst |author1=Sale, George |author2=Psalmanazar, George |author3=Bower, Archibald |author4=Shelvocke, George |author5=Campbell, John |author6=Swinton, John |year=1759 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time |first=George|last=Sale|authorlink=George Sale |author2=Psalmanazar, George |author3=Bower, Archibald |author4=Shelvocke, George |author5=Campbell, John |author6= Swinton, John |year=1759 |quote=at which time they fixed that for their common era |publisher=C. Bathurst [etc.] |location=London |volume=13|page=130}} In this case, their refers to the Jews.
26. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=gBETAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105&dq=%22Common+Era%22+%22vulgar+Era%22+date:1-1800 |title=First-so-far found English usage of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770) |publisher=Printed by G. Scott, for J. Robson and B. Law |author1=Von), Jakob Friedrich Bielfeld (Freiherr |author2=Hooper, William |year=1770 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |last=Hooper|first=William |author2=Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich |title=The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres |volume=2 |pages=105, 63 |year=1770 |publisher=G. Scott, printer, for J Robson, bookseller in New-Bond Street, and B. Law in Ave-Mary Lane |location=London |quote=in the year of the world 3692, and 312 years before the vulgar era.... The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63)}}
27. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA228&dq=%22vulgar+era%22 |title="vulgar era" in 1797 EB |quote=St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era |at=p. 228 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Peter) |year=1797 |publisher=A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar |author1=MacFarquhar, Colin |author2=Gleig, George |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50&dq=%22common+era%22 |title="common era" in 1797 EB |at=p. 50 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Paul) |quote=This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, fome time after our Saviour's death. |year=1797 |publisher=A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar |author1=MacFarquhar, Colin |author2=Gleig, George |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (Third Edition in 18 volumes) |year=1797 |at=v. 14 pt. 1 P |editor=George Gleig |location=Edinburgh}}
28. ^{{cite book |url=https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L4.HTM |title=The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition |year=1835 |author=Alexander Campbell |pages=16–20 |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
29. ^{{cite book |url=https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L3.HTM |title=The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition |year=1835 |author=Alexander Campbell |pages=15–16 |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
30. ^http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#christian "Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living".
31. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=GMfyJ2PeD-cC&q=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22 |title="common era of the Jews" (1874) |quote=the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760 |author1=Encyclopedia, Popular |year=1874 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=Conversations Lexicon |work=The Popular Encyclopedia |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor=A. Whitelaw|year=1874 |page=207 |volume=V}}
32. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=e6oCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA176&dq=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22 |title="common era of the Jews" (1858) |quote=Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618-5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology. |publisher=Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt |year=1858 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Church of God |author=Rev. Bourchier Wrey Savile, MA |year=1858 |page=176 |publisher=Wertheim, Macintosh and Hunt |location=London}}
33. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4WEBAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22&q=%22common+era+of+the+Mahometans%22 |title="common era of the Mahometans" (1856) |quote=Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet. |author1=Gumpach, Johannes von |year=1856 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |year=1856 |title=Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar |page=4 |author=Johannes von Gumpach |publisher=Oxford University}}
34. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=bXIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA354&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22 |title="common era of the world" (1801) |publisher=F. and C. Rivington |author1=Jones, William |year=1801 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones |first=William|last=Jones |year=1801 |location=London|publisher=Rivington}}
35. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=6FKHIeUQ2J0C&pg=PA284&dq=%22common+era+of+the+foundation+of+rome%22 |title="common era of the foundation of Rome" (1854) |author1=Alexander Fraser Tytler, HON |year=1854 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century |author=Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee |publisher=Fetridge and Company |location=Boston |year=1854 |page=284}}
36. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=HKgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA711&dq=%22common+era+of+the+incarnation%22 |title="common era of the Incarnation" (1833) |publisher=A. & C. Black |author1=Baynes, Thomas Spencer |year=1833 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature |location=New York |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1833 |edition=9 |volume=V |page=711}}
37. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=um44AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22common+era+of+the+Nativity%22&q=%22common+era%22+%22of+the+Nativity%22 |title="common era" "of the Nativity" (1864) |quote=It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the annals of Ulster being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord. |publisher=Hodges, Smith & co. |author1=Todd, James Henthorn |year=1864 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission |author=James Henthorn Todd |year=1864 |pages=495, 496, 497 |publisher=Hodges, Smith & Co, Publishers to the University |location=Dublin}}
38. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=PGdCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR16&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22 |title="common era of the birth of Christ" (1812) |publisher=printed by A.J. Valpy for T. Payne |year=1812 |accessdate=2011-05-18}} {{cite book |title=Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (2nd edition) |author=Heneage Elsley |year=1812 |edition=2nd |publisher=A. J. Valpy for T. Payne |location=London |page=xvi |nopp=true}}
39. ^C.f. every good Latin dictionary, e.g., perseus.tufts.edu, freedict.com, pons (English/German) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227161234/http://en.pons.eu/translate/latin-german |date=2013-12-27 }}, pons (German) or auxilium-online.net (German)
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thelema101.com/calendar |title=What is Thelema? |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
41. ^{{cite web |quote=Jews do not generally use the words "A.D." and "B.C." to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. "A.D." means "the year of our L-rd," and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era). |author=Tracey R Rich |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/calendar.htm#Years | title=Judaism 101 | accessdate=2011-05-18}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/susser/plymouthinscriptions.htm |title=Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions |publisher=Jewish Communities & Records |quote=Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected. |accessdate=2011-05-18}}[19 Sivan 5585 AM is June 5, 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for Vulgar Era.]
43. ^Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Post-Biblical History of The Jews. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=r7CbDH5hTe8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=CE+BCE.
44. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=r7CbDH5hTe8C&pg=PA75&vq=era |title=Search for era in this book. |publisher=Moss & Brother |author1=Raphall, Morris Jacob |year=1856 |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=BCE,BC,CE,AD&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1;,BCE;,c0;.t1;,BC;,c0;.t1;,CE;,c0;.t1;,AD;,c0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|website=books.google.com}}
46. ^See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use C.E. (common era), B.P. (before present), or B.C.E.; convert these expressions to A.D. and B.C." (In section I 5 the Society explains how to use "years B.P." in connection with radiocarbon ages.) {{cite web |url=https://sha.org/documents/SHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf |title=Style Guide |author=Society for Historical Archaeology |date=December 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052334/http://www.sha.org/documents/SHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf |archivedate=2016-04-19 |accessdate=2017-01-16 |deadurl=no |df=}} whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide takes a different approach calling for "C.E." and "B.C.E." {{cite web |url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm |title=AAA Style Guide |format=PDF |author=American Anthropological Society|date=2009 |accessdate=2015-05-26 |page=3}}
47. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.egyptstudy.org/ostracon/guidelines.html |journal=The Ostracon – Journal of the Egyptian Studies Society |title=Submission Guidelines for The Ostracon |quote=For dates, please use the now-standard "BCE–CE" notation, rather than "BC–AD." Authors with strong religious preferences may use "BC–AD," however. |accessdate=2011-05-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612143226/http://www.egyptstudy.org/ostracon/guidelines.html |archivedate=June 12, 2007 }}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ang-md.org/mcn/style_guide.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620230309/http://ang-md.org/mcn/style_guide.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=20 June 2006 |title=Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual |work=Maryland Church News |format=PDF |date=1 April 2005 |accessdate=2011-05-18 |df= }}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/topic.html?worldhist |title=AP: World History |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem |title=Jerusalem Timeline |publisher=History Channel |accessdate=2011-05-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111303/http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem |archivedate=May 20, 2011 }};{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem |title=Jerusalem: Biographies |publisher=History Channel |accessdate=2011-05-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111303/http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem |archivedate=2011-05-20 |df= }}
51. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do |title=AD and BC become CE/BCE |date=9 February 2002 |accessdate=2012-02-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220120909/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do |archivedate=December 20, 2011 }}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tffky.org/articles/Press%20Releases/prs%2006-14-06%20MC.html |title=State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy |publisher=Family Foundation of Kentucky |accessdate=2011-05-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427032052/http://www.tffky.org/articles/Press%20Releases/prs%2006-14-06%20MC.html |archivedate=April 27, 2011 }}
53. ^{{cite web |url=http://legacy.kctcs.edu/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2006-06-16#5119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710123618/http://legacy.kctcs.edu/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2006-06-16#5119 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 July 2009 |title=School board keeps traditional historic designations |author=Joe Biesk |publisher=Louisville Courier-Journal |date=15 June 2006 |accessdate=2011-05-18 }}
54. ^{{cite web |url=http://cpe.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6/0/6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926165947/http://cpe.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6/0/6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=26 September 2006|title=Kentucky Board of Education Report |publisher=Kentucky Board of Education Report |date=10 June 2006 |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
55. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2033225/Australia-goes-PC-ban-BC-Birth-Jesus-removed-reference-point-dates-school-history-books.html |title=Australia goes all PC with a ban on BC: Birth of Jesus to be removed as reference point for dates in school history books |date=2 September 2011|accessdate=2012-02-05 |location=London |work=Daily Mail}}
56. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/adbc-rock-solid-in-curriculum-20111020-1mab2.html |title=AD/BC rock solid in curriculum |date=21 October 2011|accessdate=2012-03-04 |location=Melbourne |work=The Age}}
57. ^{{cite book|title=The American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice|year=1910|page=1116|quote=It has been said of the Latin words anno Domini, meaning in the year of our Lord [...]}}
58. ^{{cite book|title=World Religions At Your Fingertips|author1=Michael McDowell |author2=Nathan Robert Brown |publisher=Penguin|year=2009|isbn=978-1-101-01469-1|page=38|quote=Marked by the turn of the Common Era, C.E., originally referred to as A.D., an abbreviation of the Latin Anno Domini, meaning "Year of our God/Lord." This was a shortening of Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi, meaning "Year of our God/Lord Jesus Christ."}}
59. ^{{Cite news|last=Lefevere |first=Patricia |title=Annan: 'Peace is never a perfect achievement' – United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |date=11 December 1998 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_7_35/ai_53460476 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713031248/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_7_35/ai_53460476 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-07-13 |accessdate=2008-02-26}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/articleFull.asp?TID=37 |title=Common values for a common era: Even as we cherish our diversity, we need to discover our shared values |author=Annan, Kofi A., (then Secretary-General of the United Nations) |date=28 June 1999 |publisher=Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress |accessdate=2011-05-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501020027/http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/articleFull.asp?TID=37 |archivedate=May 1, 2011 }}
61. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20180814202630/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/17/magazine/bc-ad-or-bce-ce.html |author=Safire, William |date=17 August 1997
62. ^{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20061202/ai_n16891064|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132926/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20061202/ai_n16891064|dead-url=yes|archive-date=12 October 2007|last=Whitney|first=Susan|title=Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'|publisher=The Deseret News|date=2 December 2006|quote=I find this attempt to restructure history offensive," Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers.... The forward to your book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to 'not impose the standards of one culture on others.'... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact.|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
63. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9-vYAAAAMAAJ&dq=Panikkar,+Raimon+(2004).+Christophany:+The+Fullness+of+Man.|last= Panikkar |first=Raimon |authorlink=Raimon Panikkar |title=Christophany: The Fullness of Man |location=Maryville, NY |publisher=Orbis Books |year=2004 |page=173|quote=To call our age "the Common Era," even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme of colonialism.|accessdate=2011-05-18|isbn=978-1-57075-564-4}}
64. ^{{cite news|last=Simon |first=Stephanie |title=A conservative's answer to Wikipedia|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/19/nation/na-schlafly19 |date=22 June 2007 |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
65. ^Conservapedia Commandments at Conservapedia
66. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html |title=Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |quote=Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070909071543/http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html|archivedate=9 September 2007|accessdate=26 May 2015}}
67. ^SBL Handbook of Style Society of Biblical Literature 1999 "8.1.2 ERAS – The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see § 7.1.3.2.)"
68. ^Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums. Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse, II. Jahrgang, No. 60, Leipzig, 19. Mai 1838 (19 May 1838). See page 175 in [https://books.google.com/books?id=pwxFAAAAcAAJ Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums: Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse in Betreff von Politik, Religion, Literatur, Geschichte, Sprachkunde und Belletristik, Volume 2] (Leipzig 1838).
69. ^{{aut|Julius Fürst}}, Geschichte des Karäerthums von 900 bis 1575 der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung (Leipzig 1862–1869).
70. ^{{cite web |page=149 |first=Karl Ludwig Freiherr |last=von und zu Guttenberg |author-link=Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg |url=http://www.monarchieforum.org/ARCHIV/WeisseBlaetter/MAI1938.pdf |date=May 1938 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119145938/http://www.monarchieforum.org/ARCHIV/WeisseBlaetter/MAI1938.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |title=Weiße Blätter: Monatschrift für Geschichte, Tradition u. Staat |accessdate=15 April 2018 |format= PDF}}
71. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759195,00.html |title=GERMANY: Jewish Joke |date=7 March 1938|accessdate=2012-02-05 |work=Time}}
72. ^{{cite web |url=http://spanish.about.com/od/writtenspanish/qt/dates.htm |title=Writing Dates in Spanish |accessdate=2012-02-05}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=welsh-termau-cymraeg;982a203b.0610 |title=Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg Archives |publisher=JISCMail |date=19 October 2006 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}
74. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PR11&dq=before+%22common+era%22+christian|title=History of the World Christian Movement|first=Dale T.|last=Irvin|author2=Sunquist, Scott|year=2001|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=0-567-08866-9|page=xi|quote=The influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly Christian meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms common era and before the common era, abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations. The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly western Christian historical research.|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
75. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Pedersen |first=O.|year=1983|contribution=The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church|editor=Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.)|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&letter=.&db_key=PRE&page_ind=66&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES|title=The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar|publisher=Vatican Observatory|page=50|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
76. ^1 {{cite book|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm|chapter=General Chronology|title=New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1908|volume=Vol III|publisher=Robert Appleton Company, New York|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
77. ^1 2 {{cite news|first=Michael |last=Gormley|title=Use of B.C. and A.D. faces changing times|publisher=Houston Chronicle|date=24 April 2005|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2005_3864650|page=A–13|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
78. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/ceintro.htm|title=Comments on the use of CE and BCE to identify dates in history|publisher=ReligiousTolerance.com|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
79. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E.|url=https://books.google.com/?id=L2ChiO2yEZ0C&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=%22The+Columbia+Guide+to+Standard+American+English%22+BCE&q|year=1993|last=Wilson |first=Kenneth G.|quote=A.D. appears either before or after the number of the year... although conservative use has long preferred before only; B.C. always follows the number of the year.... Common era (C.E.) itself needs a good deal of further justification, in view of its clearly Christian numbering. Most conservatives still prefer A.D. and B.C. Best advice: don't use B.C.E., C.E., or A.C.E. to replace B.C. and A.D. without translating the new terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them. Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis.|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-06989-2|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
80. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/amResolution.asp?ID=298|title=On Retaining The Traditional Method Of Calendar Dating (B.C./A.D.)|publisher=Southern Baptist Convention|date=June 2000|quote=This practice [of BCE/CE] is the result of the secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness pervasive in our society... retention [of BC/AD] is a reminder to those in this secular age of the importance of Christ's life and mission and emphasizes to all that history is ultimately His Story.|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
{{cite book|quote=anno aerae nostrae vulgaris|author=Johannes Kepler|title=Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum.|publisher=Francofurti:Tampach|language=Latin


|year=1615}}[74][75][76][77][78][79][80]}}

External links

  • {{wiktionary-inline|Common_Era#Translations}}
  • Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D., and why? (United Church of Christ)
  • Response by Awake! to a reader upset by the use of B.C.E. and C.E. (Jehovah's Witnesses)
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6 : 1615 introductions|Calendar eras|Chronology|Political correctness|Secularism|17th-century neologisms
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