“Community centre”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Community centre

释义

Uses and activities
Organization and ownership
Origins of individual community centres
Schools as community centres
Grassroots functions
Urban planning
See also
References
External links

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Community centres or community centers are public locations where members of a community tend to gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes. They may sometimes be open for the whole community or for a specialized group within the greater community. Community centres can be religious in nature, such as Christian, Islamic, or Jewish community centres, or can be secular, such as youth clubs.

Uses and activities

Community centres generally perform many (though rarely all) the following functions in its community (Note this list is intended to define which meaning of the phrase community centre is covered by this article rather than being facts about what some other sources associate with that phrases, though adding source confirming that other sources use the phrase in a similar way would be nice).

As the place for all-community celebrations at various occasions and traditions.
As the place for public meetings of the citizens on various issues.
As the place where politicians or other official leaders come to meet the citizens and ask for their opinions, support or votes ("election campaigning" in democracies, other kinds of requests in non-democracies).
As a place where community members meet each other socially.
As a place housing local clubs and volunteer activities.
As a place that community members (and sometimes others), can rent cheaply when a private family function or party is too big for their own home. For instance the non-religious parts of weddings, funerals etc.
As a place that passes on and retells local history.
As a place where local non-government activities are organised.
As a place where indoor circuses can entertain the paying public.
As a place of relief in instances of community tragedies.

Organization and ownership

Around the world (and sometimes within single countries) there appear to be four common ways in which the operation of the kind of community centre are owned and organised{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}. In the following description "Government" may refer to the ordinary secular government or to a dominant religious organisation such as the Roman Catholic Church; and it may refer to the central national or international branch or to the local subdivision of it.

Community owned: The centre is directly owned and run by the local community through an organization separate from the official (local) governmental institutions of the area, but with the full knowledge and sometimes even funding from (local) government institutions. Example: {{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.
Government owned: The centre is a public (local) government facility, though it is mostly used for non-government community activities and may even have some kind of local leadership elected from its community. Example: {{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.
- Kominkan (in Japan)
Sponsored: A rich citizen or commercial corporation owns the place and donates its use to the community for reasons of charity or public relations. Example: {{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.

Origins of individual community centres

Each individual community centre typically has its own peculiar origin and history, though some variants seem to be common{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.

Built as such. Buildings have been erected specifically to function as community centres at least as far back as the 1880,^[1] perhaps even earlier.
Disused public building. When an official government building (such as a school or city hall) is no longer needed for its original purpose, it is sometimes offered to the community as gift, loan or sale{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.
Disused commercial building. When a commercial building of some local importance is no longer used, it is sometimes sold or donated to the community{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.
Building that served many of the community centre purposes in addition to a different primary use (such as school, church, inn or town hall), which was later acquired so it could continue these functions after its primary use subsided{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.

Schools as community centres

Early forms of community centres in the United States were based in schools providing facilities to inner city communities out of school hours. An early celebrated example of this is to be found in Rochester, New York from 1907. Edward J. Ward, a Presbyterian minister, joined the Extension Department at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, organizing the Wisconsin Bureau of Civic and Social Development. By 1911 they organized a country-wide conference on schools as social centres. Despite concerns expressed by politicians and public officials that they might provide a focus for alternative political and social activity, the idea was successful. In 1916, with the foundation of the National Community Center Association, the term Community Center was generally used in the US. By 1918 there were community centres in 107 US cities, and in 240 cities by 1924. By 1930 there were nearly 500 centres with more than four million people regularly attending. The first of these was Public School 63, located in the Lower East Side. Clinton Child's, one of the organizers, described it as

"A Community organized about some centre for its own political and social welfare and expression; to peer into its own mind and life, to discover its own social needs and then to meet them, whether they concern the political field, the field of health, of recreation, of education, or of industry; such community organization is necessary if democratic society is to succeed and endure".

In the UK many villages and towns have their own Community Centre, although nearby schools may offer their assembly or dining hall after school for Community Centre activities. For example, local schools near Ouston may host dance, or sporting activities provided by a local community centre.^[2]

Grassroots functions

Parks are also considered community centres.

Another pioneer of community centres was Mary Parker Follett, who saw community centres as playing a major part in her concept of community development and democracy seen through individuals organizing themselves into neighbourhood groups, and attending to people's needs, desires and aspirations. This can also include parks.

In the United Kingdom, the oldest community centre is possibly that which was established in 1901 in Thringstone, Leicestershire by the old age pensions pioneer, Charles Booth (1847-1916). Extended in 1911 and taken over by the Leicestershire County Council in 1950, this centre still thrives as an educational, social and recreational community resource and was the inspiration for numerous others of its kind.

There are also community centres for a specific purpose, but serving the whole community, such as an arts centre.

Community centres online are defined as a web based interactive, user-submitted network for groups, organizations, or businesses. Users create their own personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, art, calendars, music and videos to display on their own pages. Administrators provide oversight to the content and approve membership of users.

Urban planning

In Singapore, community centres are distinct buildings that are officially designated by the government of Singapore. They are meant to play an urban planning role especially as part of Housing Development Board projects. Enrichment and grassroots organization are their functions like most other community centres, but relieving traffic congestion concerns by placing community centres nearby is also another reason.

References

1. ^{{cite web|last=Jacobsen|first=Jan Steen|url=http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/da_DK/stenstrup-forsamlingshus/|title=Stenstrup Forsamlingshus: Et hus for ideologi og fællesskab|trans-title=Stenstrup Community Hall: A house for ideology and community|language=da|publisher=kulturarv.dk|accessdate=11 August 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oca.me.uk/|title=Ouston Community Centre|publisher=oca.me.uk|accessdate=6 November 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116105408/http://www.oca.me.uk/|archivedate=16 January 2013|df=dmy}}

External links

Selfmanaged Social Centers
Social Centers, Community Spaces, and Squats From "Italy's Cultural Underground" by Adam Bregman
[https://radar.squat.net/en/groups Social Centre events calendar]
International Federation of Settlements and Neighborhood Centers

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