| 词条 | Confederate Memorial Day |
| 释义 |
|holiday_name = Confederate Memorial Day |type = Local |image = Beech-Grove-Confederate-Cemetery-grave-tn1.jpg |caption = Standard government headstone for unknown Confederate soldier, Beechgrove, Tennessee |nickname = Confederate Heroes Day, Confederate Decoration Day |observedby = Southern states (United States) |longtype = Cultural |duration = 1 day |frequency = annual |firsttime = {{nowrap|{{Start date and age|1866|04|26}}}} |relatedto = {{unbulleted list|Lee–Jackson Day|Robert E. Lee Day}} }}Confederate Memorial Day (called Confederate Heroes Day in Texas, and Confederate Decoration Day in Tennessee) is a holiday observed in several Southern states on various dates since the end of the American Civil War to remember the estimated 258,000 Confederate soldiers and sailors who died fighting against the Union.[1] The holiday is observed in late April in many states to recall the surrender of the last major Confederate field army at Bennett Place on April 26, 1865.[2] The holiday is widely but unofficially observed in some Southern states, although it is an official state holiday in South Carolina, Mississippi, and Alabama.[3][4][5] ==Origins== In the spring of 1866 the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia, passed a resolution to set aside one day annually to memorialize the Confederate war dead. Mary Ann Williams, the association secretary, was directed to pen a letter inviting ladies associations in every former Confederate state to join them in the observance.[6] Their invitation was written in March 1866 and sent to all of the principal cities in the former Confederacy, including Atlanta,[7] Macon;[8] Montgomery; Memphis; Richmond; St. Louis; Alexandria; Columbia;[9] and New Orleans, as well as smaller towns like Staunton, Virginia;[10] Anderson, South Carolina;[11] and Wilmington, North Carolina.[12] The actual date for the holiday was selected by Elizabeth Rutherford Ellis.[13] She chose April 26, the first anniversary of Confederate General Johnston's surrender to Union Major General Sherman at Bennett Place. For many in the Confederacy, that date in 1865 marked the end of the Civil War.[6] In their book, The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America, Bellware and Gardiner assert that the national Memorial Day holiday is a direct offshoot of the observance begun by the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia in 1866. In a few places, most notably Columbus, Mississippi[14] and Macon, Georgia,[15] Union graves were decorated during the first observance. The day was even referred to as Memorial Day by The Baltimore Sun on May 8, 1866 after the ladies organization that started it. The name Confederate Memorial Day was not used until the Northern observance was initiated in 1868.[16] While initially cool to the idea of a Northern version of the holiday, General John A. Logan was eventually won over as evidenced by his General Order No. 11 of May 5, 1868 wherein he commanded the posts of Grand Army of the Republic to likewise strew flowers on the graves of Union soldiers. The Grand Army of the Republic eventually adopted the name Memorial Day at their national encampment in 1882.[17] Many theories have been offered as to how Logan became aware of the former Confederate tradition he imitated in 1868. In her autobiography, his wife claims she told him about it after a trip to Virginia in the spring of that year.[18] His secretary and his adjutant also claim they told him about it. John Murray of Waterloo, New York, claims it was he who inspired Logan in 1868. Bellware and Gardiner, however, offer proof that Logan was aware of the Southern tributes long before any of them had a chance to mention it to him.[19] In a speech to veterans in Salem, Illinois, on July 4, 1866, Logan referred to the various dates of observance adopted in the South for the practice saying “…traitors in the South have their gatherings day after day, to strew garlands of flowers upon the graves of Rebel soldiers...”[20] The first official celebration as a public holiday occurred in 1874, following a proclamation by the Georgia legislature.[21] By 1916, ten states celebrated it, on June 3, the birthday of CSA President Jefferson Davis.[21] Other states chose late April dates, or May 10, commemorating Davis' capture.[21] ==Statutory holidays for state employees== Confederate Memorial Day is a statutory holiday in Alabama on the fourth Monday in April.[22][23] In Mississippi it is observed on the last Monday in April.[22][24] In South Carolina it is a legal holiday, observed on May 10.[25] In Texas it is called Confederate Heroes Day and held on January 19 each year. Only one day off is given to workers if it coincides with Martin Luther King Day.[22][26] ==See also==
References1. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Boyer |editor-first=Paul S. |editor-link=Paul Boyer (historian) |date=2001 |title=The Oxford Companion to United States History |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=132 |isbn=0-19-508209-5}} 2. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Woolf |editor-first=Henry Bosley |title=Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary |date=1976 |publisher=G. & C. Merriam Co. |location=Springfield, Massachusetts |page=236 |isbn=0-87779-338-7 |ol=5207141M}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t53c005.php|title=Code of Laws - Title 53 - Chapter 5 - Legal Holidays|last=|first=|date=|website=www.scstatehouse.gov|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-05-17}} 4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/04/confederate_memorial_day_still.html|title=Confederate Memorial Day still recognized in Alabama and across the South|work=AL.com|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-1-general-provisions/al-code-sect-1-3-8.html|title=Alabama Code Title 1. General Provisions § 1-3-8 {{!}} FindLaw|work=Findlaw|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US}} 6. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zczAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials, and Legends ...: Under the code duello ... |author=Lucian Lamar Knight |page=156 |website=Books.google.com |accessdate=January 15, 2016}} 7. ^{{Cite web |url=http://atlnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/atlnewspapers-j2k/view?docId=bookreader/adi/adi1866/adi1866-0248.mets.xml#page/n0/mode/1up |title=The Soldiers’ Graves |publisher=Atlanta Intelligencer |date=March 21, 1866 | page= 2 |website=Digital Library of Georgia |access-date=February 27, 2017}} 8. ^{{Cite web |url=http://telegraph.galileo.usg.edu/telegraph/view?docId=bookreader/mwt/mwt1866/mwt1866-0069.mets.xml;#page/n0/mode/1up |title=“Woman’s Honor to the Gallant Dead,” Macon Telegraph, March 26, 1866, p. 5 |website=Digital Library of Georgia |access-date=February 27, 2017}} 9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84027008/1866-04-04/ed-1/seq-2 |title=“In Memory of the Confederate Dead,” Daily Phoenix, Columbia, SC, April 4, 1866, p. 2 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=February 26, 2017}} 10. ^{{Cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024718/1866-03-27/ed-1/seq-1 |title=“The Southern Dead,” Staunton Spectator, Staunton, VA, March 27, 1866 p.1 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=February 26, 2017}} 11. ^{{Cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026965/1866-03-29/ed-1/seq-1 |title=“The Southern Dead,” Anderson Intelligencer, Anderson Court House, SC, March 29, 1866, p.1 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=February 26, 2017}} 12. ^{{Cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026536/1866-04-05/ed-1/seq-1 |title=“In Memory of the Confederate Dead,” Wilmington Journal, Wilmington, NC, April 5, 1866, p.1 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=February 25, 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2901 |title=Lizzie Rutherford (1833-1873) | New Georgia Encyclopedia |website=Georgiaencyclopedia.org |date=2004 |accessdate=January 15, 2016}} 14. ^{{Cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82003389/1866-07-18/ed-1/seq-3/ |title=“Confederate Soldiers’ Dead,” Louisiana Democrat, July 18, 1866 |date=July 18, 1866 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=February 23, 2017}} 15. ^{{Cite news |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028645/1866-05-04/ed-1/seq-2 |title=Will They Notice This Touching Tribute |publisher=Ohio Statesman |location=Columbus, OH |page=2 |date=May 4, 1866 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=February 23, 2017}} 16. ^{{Cite book|title=The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America|last=Bellware|first=Daniel|publisher=Columbus State University|year=2014|isbn=9780692292259|location=Columbus, GA|pages=87}} 17. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6BZCAAAAIAAJ |title= The Grand Army Blue-Book Containing the Rules and Regulations of the Grand Army of the Republic and Decisions and Opinions Thereon .. |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Grand Army of the Republic |page=118 |last=Beath |first=Robert B. |date=1884 |website=Google Books |access-date=February 25, 2017}} 18. ^{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBJCAAAAIAAJ |title=Logan, Mrs. John A., Reminiscences of a Soldier’s Wife, C. Scribner sons, 1913, p. 243 |website=Google Books |access-date=February 23, 2017}} 19. ^{{Cite book|title=The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America|last=Bellware|first=Daniel|publisher=Columbus State University|year=2014|isbn=9780692292259|location=Columbus, GA|pages=144}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1866-07-14/ed-1/seq-5/|title=Illinois - Gen. Logan on Reconstruction,” New York Tribune July 14, 1866 p. 5.|last=|first=|date=July 14, 1866|website=Library of Congress|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 29, 2018}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Confederate Memorial Day in Georgia |url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/history/article/civil-war-reconstruction-1861-1877/confederate-memorial-day-in-georgia |website=GeorgiaInfo |publisher=University of Georgia |accessdate=22 January 2019}} 22. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/confederate-memorial-day |title=Confederate Memorial Day in the United States |author= |date=n.d. |website=time and date.com |publisher=Time and Date AS |access-date=October 17, 2017}} 23. ^{{cite news |agency=The Associated Press |date=April 27, 2015 |title=Confederate Memorial Day still recognized in Alabama and across the South |publisher=Alabama Media Group |url=http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/04/confederate_memorial_day_still.html}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.ms.gov/Education-Publications/Pages/Proclamation-Confederate.aspx |title=Confederate Memorial Day |website=Sos.ms.gov |date=April 27, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2016}} 25. ^{{cite news |title=What the controversial Confederate Memorial Day would be in other countries |first=Annalisa |last=Merelli |date=May 10, 2018 |newspaper=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1274668/confederate-memorial-day-historical-equivalents-in-germany-russia-italy-and-more/}} 26. ^{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.hr.sao.texas.gov/Documents/Holidays/Holidays2017.pdf |title=State Holiday Schedule for Fiscal Year 2017 |date=n.d. |publisher=Texas State Auditor's Office |format=PDF |access-date=April 28, 2017}} Further reading{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
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