“Contract killing”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Contract killing is a form of murder in which one party hires another party (often called a hitman) to kill a target individual or group of people. It involves an illegal agreement between two or more parties in which one party agrees to kill the target in exchange for some form of payment, monetary or otherwise. Either party may be a person, group, or an organization. In the United States, the crime is punishable by 15 years to life in a state penitentiary. Contract killing has been associated with organized crime, government conspiracies, and vendettas. For example, in the United States, the gang Murder, Inc. committed hundreds of murders on behalf of the National Crime Syndicate during the 1930s and 1940s.

Contract killing provides the hiring party with the advantage of not having to commit the actual killing, making it more difficult for law enforcement to connect said party with the murder. The likelihood that authorities will establish that party's guilt for the committed crime, especially due to lack of forensic evidence linked to the contracting party, makes the case more difficult to attribute to the hiring party.

Statistics

A study by the Australian Institute of Criminology of 162 attempted or actual contract murders in Australia between 1989 and 2002 indicated that the most common reason for murder-for-hire was insurance policies payouts. The study also found that the average payment for a "hit" was $15,000 with variation from $5,000 up to $30,000 and that the most commonly used weapons were firearms. Contract killings accounted for 2% of murders in Australia during that time period.^[1]

Contract killings also make up a relatively similar percentage of all killings elsewhere. For example, they made up about 5% of all murders in Scotland from 1993 to 2002.^[2]

Notable cases

Perpetrators

Victims

Employers

In fiction

Fictional cases of contract killing or "hitmen" are depicted in a range of popular fiction genres in the 20th and 21st century, including films, comic books and video games, one most notably being the video game series Hitman, where the player controls a hired hitman simply known as Agent 47.

References

1. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/02/05/australia.killings.offbeat.reut/index.html|title=Lovers top contract killing hit list |date=February 5, 2004|publisher=CNN}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/11/18570/29572|title=Homicide in Scotland, 2002|publisher=Government of Scotland}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/story/2013/01/23/ns-hitman-michael-ryan.html |title=Ex-husband in hit-man case says courts were wrong - Nova Scotia| work=CBC News}}
4. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/tim-lambesis-sentenced-to-six-years-in-jail-for-murder-for-hire-plot-20140516|title=Tim Lambesis Sentenced to Six Years in Jail for Murder-for-Hire Plot|accessdate=February 21, 2016}}
5. ^{{cite news |last=Boyle|first=Robert H.|title=End Of A Bloody Bad Show|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1087415/index.htm|accessdate=March 21, 2013|newspaper=Sports Illustrated|date=June 4, 1973}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/mob-boss-john-gotti-dead|title=Mob Boss John Gotti Is Dead|publisher=The Smoking Gun|date=June 10, 2002|accessdate=May 10, 2015}}