| 词条 | Corrine Brown |
| 释义 |
|name = Corrine Brown |image = Corrinebrown.jpeg |office = Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida |term_start = January 3, 1993 |term_end = January 3, 2017 |predecessor = Charles E. Bennett |successor = Al Lawson |constituency = {{ushr|FL|3|3rd district}} (1993–2013) {{ushr|FL|5|5th district}} (2013–2017) |state_house1 = Florida |district1 = 17th |term_start1 = November 8, 1982 |term_end1 = November 3, 1992 |predecessor1 = Redistricted |successor1 = Redistricted |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|11|11}} |birth_place = Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. |residence = Coleman Federal Correctional Complex |inmate_# = 67315-018 |party = Democratic |spouse = |children = 1 daughter; Shantrel Brown |education = Florida A&M University (BS, MA) University of Florida (EdS) }}Corrine Brown (born November 11, 1946) is a convicted felon and former American politician who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida from 1993 to 2017. She is a member of the Democratic Party. After a court-ordered redistricting significantly changed her district, and a federal indictment, Brown was defeated in the 2016 Democratic primary by Al Lawson, who went on to win Brown's former seat.[1][2] On December 4, 2017, she was sentenced to five years in prison and ordered to pay restitution.[3] She reported on January 29, 2018 to Coleman Federal Correctional Complex in Sumter County, Florida, near Wildwood, to begin her sentence. She has been assigned prison inmate #67315-018. Early life, education, and academic careerBorn in Jacksonville, Florida, Brown earned a bachelor of science degree from Florida A&M University in 1969[4][5] She earned a master's degree in 1971 from Florida A&M University, and in 1974 received an educational specialist degree from the University of Florida.[6] Florida LegislatureAfter an unsuccessful bid for the Florida House of Representatives in 1980, Brown was elected two years later from a newly drawn House district and served in the House for ten years. U.S. House of RepresentativesElections1992–2008After the 1990 census, the Florida legislature carved out a new 3rd congressional district in the northern part of the state. This district was designed to enclose an African-American majority within its boundaries. A horseshoe-shaped district encompassing largely African-American neighborhoods in Jacksonville, Gainesville, Orlando, Ocala, and Lake City,[7] the 3rd district seemed likely to send Florida's first African-American to Congress since Reconstruction, and Brown decided to run.[8] Brown faced several candidates in the 1992 Democratic primary, but the strongest opponent to emerge was Andy Johnson, a white talk radio host from Jacksonville. Brown defeated Johnson in the primary and in a two-candidate runoff, and went on to win the general election in November 1992.[9] In 1995, the 3rd district was struck down by the United States Supreme Court as an unconstitutional racial gerrymander.[10] One of the main instigators of the lawsuit that led to the redistricting was Brown's 1992 opponent, Andy Johnson. Brown railed against the change, complaining that "[t]he Bubba I beat couldn't win at the ballot box [so] he took it to court," in an interview with New Republic. Although the district was redrawn to be more compact and its black population decreased, Brown won reelection in 1996.[11] 2010{{See also|United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, 2010#District 3}}On June 1, 2009, Brown announced she would form an exploratory committee for a possible run for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Republican Mel Martinez saying, "These are challenging times for Florida. Our economy is in a shambles and our families are hurting. Charlie Crist may be good at taking pictures and making promises, but what has he actually accomplished?"[12][13] In October 2009, it was announced that Brown would not run for Senate, and would seek reelection in the House of Representatives.[14] 2012–2016{{See also|United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, 2012#District 5}}After decennial redistricting in 2012, Brown's district was renumbered as the 5th district, but its basic shape remained the same, stretching from Jacksonville to Orlando. It was identified as one of the most gerrymandered districts in the country.[15] The League of Women Voters of Florida and the Florida Democratic Party challenged the new redistricting plan in court, claiming that the new 5th district was drawn to favor its incumbent and the Republican Party by packing Democratic voters, in violation of the newly adopted Fair Districts Amendment.[16] In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that the congressional redistricting plan was a partisan gerrymander in violation of the Fair Districts Amendment, and ordered the 5th district to be substantially redrawn. Brown challenged the new court-ordered map in federal court, arguing that the new plan violated the federal Voting Rights Act. In April 2016, the court ruled against Brown.[17][18] The configuration approved by the Supreme Court made the new 5th district significantly more compact than its predecessor; running in an east-west orientation along the Georgia border from downtown Jacksonville to Tallahassee.[19][20] Brown ran for reelection in 2016, even though she now found herself in a district that was over 62 percent new to her.[21] After being indicted by a federal grand jury and facing trial on 22 federal felony criminal counts, Brown was defeated by former state senator Al Lawson, in the 2016 primary for the Democratic party ticket.[22] TenureBrown was one of the 31 representatives who voted against counting the electoral votes from Ohio in the United States presidential election, 2004.[23] In 2006, she voted "no" on the Child Custody Protection Act, Public Expression of Religion Act, Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act, Military Commissions Act, and Private Property Rights Implementation Act of 2006. She voted "yes" on the SAFE Port Act.[5] On September 29, 2008, Brown voted for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.[24][25] Interest group ratingsIn terms of interest group ratings, Brown held high percentages in pro-choice groups such as the Florida Alliance of Planned Parenthood Affiliates – Positions on Reproductive Rights (for which she has a 100% rating), NARAL Pro-Choice America – Positions (100%), National Family Planning & Reproductive Health Association – House of Representatives Score (100%). Brown overall held high percentage rates from other issue groups involving animal and wildlife issues, senior and security issues, labor, education, and welfare and poverty. Meanwhile, Brown's ratings were lower in issues that deal with agriculture and economics such as National Taxpayers Union – Positions on Tax and Spending (5%), American Farm Bureau Federation – Positions (33%), and United States Chamber of Commerce – Positions (13%). Other relatively low rates for Brown from interest groups include trade, conservative issues, national security, indigenous peoples issues, gun issues, immigration, and foreign aid and policy issues. The ratings do not necessarily correlate with Brown's positions or votes on certain issues during her time as a representative in the House.[26] Political controversiesNational Baptist Convention checkIn 1998, Brown was questioned by the House Ethics Committee about receiving a $10,000 check from National Baptist Convention leader and long-time associate, Henry Lyons.[7] Brown confirmed receiving the check and denied she had used the money improperly.[7] Brown said that she had taken the check and converted it into another check made out to Pameron Bus Tours to pay for transportation to a rally she organized in Tallahassee. She said that she didn't have to report the money, and that she had been cleared, explaining the rally was to protest the reorganization of her district lines, and she did not use it for herself.[7]Forgery The Federal Election Commission admonished Brown and Brown's former campaign treasurer quit after he discovered that his name had been forged on her campaign reports. The staffer alleged to have forged the treasurer's signature stayed with Brown and as of 1998 was her chief of staff.[27] Congressional Accountability ProjectOn June 9, 1998, the Congressional Accountability Project voted to conduct a formal inquiry regarding Brown. The Project called for the U.S. House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to determine whether Brown had violated House ethics rules.[28] One of the complaints was that Brown's adult daughter, Shantrel Brown, had received a luxury automobile as a gift from an agent of a Gambian millionaire named Foutanga Sissoko. Sissoko, a friend of Congresswoman Brown, had been imprisoned in Miami after pleading guilty to charges of bribing a customs officer. Brown had worked to secure his release, pressuring U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno to deport Sissoko back to his homeland as an alternative to continued incarceration. The Project held this violated the House gift rule, but Brown denied she had acted improperly. The congressional subcommittee investigating Brown found insufficient evidence to issue a Statement of Alleged Violation, but said she had acted with poor judgment in connection with Sissoko.[7][29][30] 2000 presidential electionIn July 2004, Brown was rebuked by the House of Representatives after she referred to the disputed 2000 presidential election in Florida as a "coup d'état". This comment came during floor debate over HR 4818, which would have provided for international monitoring of the 2004 U.S. presidential election.[31] Campaign financesDuring her 2009–2010 campaign, Brown raised up to $966,669 from fundraising. Brown’s top contributors included CSX Corporation, a railroad-based freight transportation company with its headquarters in Jacksonville; Carnival Corporation, cruise line operator; Picerne Real Estate Group; Union Pacific Corp and Berkshire Hathaway, which owns BNSF Railway. Brown's top industry contributors included those railroads, lawyers/farm firms, real estate, transportation unions, and sea transportation.[32] Top sectors in Brown's 2009–2010 campaign included transportation, lawyers and lobbyists, labor, construction, and finance/insurance/real estate. During her campaign, the largest source of funds was given by large individual companies, which accounted for 54% of the contributions, and PAC contributions, which accounted for 36%. Sources of funds also included small individual contributions, self-financing on Brown's part and other sources. Felony fraud convictionIn July 2016, Brown and her chief of staff, Elias "Ronnie" Simmons, pleaded not guilty to a 22 count federal indictment in relation to a non-profit charity, One Door for Education Foundation. The indictment included charges of participating in a conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud, multiple counts of mail and wire fraud, concealing material facts on required financial disclosure forms, theft of government property, obstruction of the Internal Revenue Service laws, and filing false tax returns.[33] Federal prosecutors allege the charity was to give scholarships to underprivileged students, but instead acted as the personal slush fund for Brown and her associates. The indictment said that Brown and Simmons "filled the coffers of Brown and her associates" with One Door donations for their personal and professional benefit, totaling $800,000, much of which was deposited in cash to Brown's personal bank accounts.[34][35] On May 11, 2017, former congresswoman Brown was convicted on 18 of 22 corruption charges ranging from mail fraud to filing a false federal tax return.[36] On December 4, 2017, she was sentenced to five years in prison and ordered to pay restitution.[3] She reported on January 29, 2018 to Coleman Federal Correctional Complex in Sumter County, Florida, near Wildwood, to begin her sentence. She is appealing her conviction, and will continue to collect her Congressional pension until her appeal is concluded.[37] Committee assignments
Electoral historyFlorida House of Representatives (1980–1988){{columns-list|colwidth=35em|Florida House of Representatives, District 20, 1980 primary:[38]
U.S. Congress (1992–2016)Florida's 3rd congressional district, 1992:[43]
}} See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Corrine Brown loses re-election to Al Lawson|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/politics/os-ap-corrine-brown-loses-al-lawson-20160830-story.html|publisher=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=23 December 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Rep. Corrine Brown loses primary|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/rep-corrine-brown-loses-primary-227568|website=Politico|publisher=Politico|accessdate=23 December 2017}} 3. ^1 Ex-Florida Democratic Rep. Corrine Brown sentenced for mail, wire and tax fraud involving sham charity; FOX News; http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/12/04/ex-florida-democratic-rep-corrine-brown-sentenced-for-mail-wire-and-tax-fraud-involving-sham-charity.html 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.house.gov/corrinebrown/biography.shtml |title=Corrine Brown Biography |accessdate=2011-02-03 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203172635/http://www.house.gov/corrinebrown/biography.shtml |archivedate=February 3, 2011 |df=mdy }}, accessed October 10, 2009 5. ^1 Votes Database {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220061612/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/B000911/ |date=February 20, 2016 }}, Washington Post, accessed October 10, 2009 6. ^Brown, Corrine, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 7. ^1 2 3 4 Bill Adair and Monica Davey "Rep. Brown explains check from Lyons", St. Petersburg Times, July 28, 1998 8. ^Resolution of the State Senate of Alabama Commending Congresswoman Corrine Brown {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203553/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/searchableInstruments/2000RS/Resolutions/SR109.htm |date=June 13, 2011}}, Alabama State Legislature, 2000. 9. ^"Concentrating Minority Voters Builds Liberal Strength in the South" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302001207/http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/research/pubpolicy_minorityvoters.shtml |date=March 2, 2012 }}, Stanford University Graduate School of Business News, April 11, 2004 10. ^"The shape of things to come: Cleo Fields is the first to fall as redistricting changes the political map — Blacks in Congress are threatened — Elections '96", Black Enterprise, Oct 1996. 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=1955&wit_id=5462 |title="Testimony of Professor David Canon" |accessdate=2006-07-28 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060728010340/http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=1955&wit_id=5462 |archivedate=July 28, 2006 |df=mdy }} (June 21, 2006). Senate testimony.{{Dead link|date=September 2009}} 12. ^U.S. Rep. Corrine Brown joins race for Senate seat, The Miami Herald, June 3, 2009, accessed August 23, 2009 13. ^Simmons, Ronnie Rep. Corrine Brown announces Senate Exploratory Committee {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309221940/http://www.thewestsidegazette.com/news/Article/Article.asp?NewsID=97046&sID=4&ItemSource=L |date=March 9, 2012 }}, Westside Gazette, June 3, 2009, accessed August 23, 2009 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/39579-1.html|title=Corrine Brown Chooses Re-Election Over 2010 Senate Race|last=Kurtz|first=Josh|date=October 16, 2009|work=Roll Call|accessdate=January 5, 2010}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/05/15/americas-most-gerrymandered-congressional-districts/ |title=America's most gerrymandered congressional districts |last1=Ingraham |first1=Christopher |date=May 15, 2014 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=May 21, 2014}} 16. ^{{cite news|last=Dixon|first=Matt|title=Florida Democrats file lawsuit on Congress maps, cite Corrine Brown's district|url=http://jacksonville.com/news/florida/2012-03-26/story/florida-democrats-file-lawsuit-congress-maps-cite-corrine-browns|accessdate=June 1, 2012|newspaper=Florida Times-Union|date=March 26, 2012}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/politics/2016/04/18/court-rejects-bid-throw-out-florida-congressional-map/83209764/|title=Court rejects bid to throw out Florida congressional map|last=Cotterell|first=Bill|date=April 18, 2016|work=Tallahassee Democrat|accessdate=May 9, 2016}} 18. ^ ; The Florida Times-Union; Tia Mitchell; August 16, 2015 19. ^Judge sides with voters groups in redistricting case; Orlando Sentinel; December 30, 2015 20. ^Florida Supreme Court approves congressional map drawn by challengers; Miani Herald; December 2, 2015 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16OF7EgHsAzXCVeLhrq-yUAsiSeNm_tJz2yYg_rapjmY/edit?ts=568eb6c7&usp=embed_facebook|title=Daily Kos Elections congressional district redistribution analysis (post-2010 census)|website=Google Docs|accessdate=December 4, 2017}} 22. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/2016/08/30/al-lawson-defeats-corrine-brown-us-house-district-5-primary/89557348/|title=Al Lawson defeats Corrine Brown in U.S. House District 5 primary|last=Cotterell|first=Bill|date=August 30, 2016|work=Tallahassee Democrat|access-date=September 6, 2016|via=}} 23. ^Final vote results for roll call 7, January 6, 2005 24. ^Bailout roll call, September 29, 2008, retrieved on September 29, 2008 25. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095145/http://www.themiddleclass.org/legislator/corrine-brown-43?gclid=CLSPofu6sp0CFSXyDAodPkLIjw What has Corrine Brown done for the middle class], accessed October 10, 2009 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vote-smart.org/candidate/evaluations/26797/corrine-brown |title=Corrine Brown's Ratings and Endorsements – The Voter's Self Defense System – Vote Smart |work=Project Vote Smart |accessdate=September 19, 2015 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 27. ^Monica Davey, David Barstow and David Dahl "Lawmaker got $10,000 from Lyons fund" St. Petersburg Times, April 14, 1998 28. ^Ethics complaint. Congressproject.org. 29. ^[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:MmW84qdNr_AJ:ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/Press%2520StatementCorrineBrownend.pdf+%2B%22corrine+brown%22+site:ethics.house.gov&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi8Gz_RHqEEBRCmDnQ5fWh7ol0GUtiI0M4GlTMfegkAUaKpXRN23BmGmHo8UsQ77voYt5T09hb8USWMy-TgU6MR91_iNQQfygBucYM9edWmO-TAtmKStM4ErAB2lgRxiqFZsrVd&sig=AHIEtbQLcJIgDY6hV5Z_JbvP0w4HhPmL8w Ethics Report Press Release]; House.Ethics.Gov; September 21, 2000 30. ^"Statement of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct in the Matter of Representative Corrine Brown" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411184233/http://www.house.gov/ethics/Press_Statement_CorrineBrownend.html |date=April 11, 2008 }} (September 21, 2000). House.gov. 31. ^David Decamp , The Florida Times-Union, July 16, 2004 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00002713&cycle=2010|title=Rep. Corrine Brown|work=opensecrets.org|accessdate=September 19, 2015}} 33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/08/politics/rep-corrine-brown-indicted-for-alleged-role-regarding-fraudulent-education-charity/index.html|title=Rep. Corrine Brown indicted for alleged role regarding fraudulent education charity|publisher=CNN|author=Kevin Bohn|website=CNN|access-date=July 8, 2016}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-07-08/urgent-us-rep-corrine-brown-indicted-after-fraud-investigation |title=Representative Corrine Brown Indicted After Fraud Investigation |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2016-07-08 |accessdate=2017-05-15}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-rep-corrine-brown-indicted-fraud-investigation-40436088|title=US Rep. Corrine Brown Indicted After Fraud Investigation|publisher=ABC News|access-date=July 8, 2016}} 36. ^{{cite web|author=4:23 PM ET |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/11/527943688/former-u-s-rep-corrine-brown-convicted-of-stealing-from-phony-charity |title=Former U.S. Rep. Corrine Brown Convicted Of Stealing From Phony Charity : The Two-Way |publisher=NPR |date=2017-05-11 |accessdate=2017-05-15}} 37. ^Former Congresswoman Corrine Brown reports to prison on fraud, other charges; Atlanta Journal-Constitution; January 29, 2018 38. ^{{cite web|url=https://results.elections.myflorida.com/Index.asp?ElectionDate=9/9/1980&DATAMODE=|title=Florida Department of State - 1980 Election Results|date=|website=results.elections.myflorida.com|access-date=2017-05-07}} 39. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://results.elections.myflorida.com/Index.asp?ElectionDate=10/5/1982&DATAMODE=|title=Florida Department of State - 1982 Election Results|date=|website=results.elections.myflorida.com|access-date=2017-05-07}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=https://results.elections.myflorida.com/Index.asp?ElectionDate=9/4/1984&DATAMODE=|title=Florida Department of State - 1984 Election Results|date=|website=results.elections.myflorida.com|access-date=2017-05-07}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=https://results.elections.myflorida.com/Index.asp?ElectionDate=9/2/1986&DATAMODE=|title=Florida Department of State - 1986 Election Results|date=|website=results.elections.myflorida.com|access-date=2017-05-07}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=https://results.elections.myflorida.com/Index.asp?ElectionDate=9/6/1988&DATAMODE=|title=Florida Department of State - 1988 Election Results|date=|website=results.elections.myflorida.com|access-date=2017-05-07}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11%2F3%2F1992&DATAMODE=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120707192727/http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11%2F3%2F1992&DATAMODE=|deadurl=yes|title=Florida Department of State - Election Results|date=July 7, 2012|archivedate=July 7, 2012|publisher=|accessdate=December 4, 2017}} 44. ^https://archive.is/20120709034731/http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/8/1994&DATAMODE= 45. ^https://archive.is/20120711155734/http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/8/1996&DATAMODE= 46. ^https://archive.is/20120711082126/http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/8/1998&DATAMODE= 47. ^https://archive.is/20120711070826/http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/8/2000&DATAMODE= 48. ^https://archive.is/20120709050024/http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/8/2002&DATAMODE= 49. ^https://archive.is/20120711005319/http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/8/2004&DATAMODE= 50. ^1 {{cite news| url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/house/florida/3 | work=The New York Times | title=House Races}} 51. ^https://archive.is/20120708044506/http://enight.dos.state.fl.us/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/8/2010&DATAMODE= 52. ^{{cite web|url=https://results.elections.myflorida.com/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/6/2012&DATAMODE=|title=Florida Department of State - 2016 Election Results|date=|website=results.elections.myflorida.com|access-date=2017-05-07}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=https://results.elections.myflorida.com/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11/4/2014&DATAMODE=|title=Florida Department of State - 2014 Election Results|date=|website=results.elections.myflorida.com|access-date=2017-05-07}} 54. ^{{cite web|author=EndPlay |url=http://www.actionnewsjax.com/news/elections/primary-results-florida-us-house-of-representatives/431737398 |title=Primary results: Florida U.S. House of Representatives | WJAX-TV |publisher=Actionnewsjax.com |date=2016-08-30 |accessdate=2017-05-15}} External links
from Florida's 3rd congressional district|years=1993–2013}}{{s-aft|after=Ted Yoho}} |-{{s-bef|before=Rich Nugent}}{{s-ttl|title=Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida's 5th congressional district|years=2013–2017}}{{s-aft|after=Al Lawson}}{{s-end}}{{U.S. Florida Representatives}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Corrine}} 24 : 1946 births|20th-century American politicians|20th-century American women politicians|21st-century American politicians|21st-century American women politicians|African-American members of the United States House of Representatives|African-American state legislators in Florida|African-American women in politics|American people convicted of tax crimes|American prisoners and detainees|Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives|Edward Waters College faculty|Female members of the United States House of Representatives|Florida A&M University alumni|Florida Democrats|Florida politicians convicted of crimes|Living people|Members of the Florida House of Representatives|Members of the United States House of Representatives from Florida|Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida|Politicians convicted of mail and wire fraud|Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government|University of Florida alumni|Women state legislators in Florida |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。