| 词条 | Cytomegalovirus retinitis |
| 释义 |
| name = Cytomegalovirus retinitis | synonyms = | image = Fundus photograph-CMV retinitis EDA07.JPG |alt=| caption = Fundus photograph of CMV retinitis | pronounce = | field = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Bone marrow transplant, HIV/AIDS[1] | risks = | diagnosis = Ophthalmologic exam, blood test[1] | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = Antivirals (oral or intraocular injection)[3] | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Cytomegalovirus retinitis, also known as CMV retinitis, is an inflammation of the retina of the eye that can lead to blindness.[1] Caused by human cytomegalovirus, it occurs predominantly in people whose immune system has been compromised, 15-40% of those with AIDS.[2] There are different types of retinitis, such as retinitis pigmentosa (causes tunnel vision).{{medical citation needed|date=March 2016}} Signs and symptomsThe symptoms of cytomegalovirus retinitis have it usually starting in one eye (and also have the possibility of retinal detachment), presenting as:[1]
CauseCytomegalovirus (a type of herpes virus) is what causes cytomegalovirus retinitis. Other types of herpes viruses include herpes simplex viruses and Epstein-Barr virus. Once an individual is infected with these viruses they stay in the body for life.[3] What triggers the virus to reactivate are the following (though CMV can also be congenital).[4]
MechanismHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV or CMV) is a DNA virus in the family Herpesviridae known for producing large cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions,[5] CMV infects around 40% of the population worldwide.[6]Those areas infected by cytomegalovirus have cells evolve to necrosis, though inflammation within the retina is not great. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments can occur following the development of holes in areas of healed retinitis (retina may be atrophic).[7][8] Proliferative vitreoretinopathy has been observed in cases of retinal detachment.[9] DiagnosisThe diagnosis of CMV retinitis can be done via the following:[4][10]
TreatmentIn terms of the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis, oral valganciclovir, intravenous ganciclovir, IV foscarnet, and IV cidofovir are all efficient in the treatment of this condition. Also intravitreal injections, an injection of medicine into the vitreous near the retina, of foscarnet in concomitance with oral valganciclovir can be used for treatment as well.[11][12][13] Often individuals with CMV retinitis will need surgery for either retinal detachment or intravitreal instillation of ganciclovir. Retinal detachment occurs in up to 29% of affected eyes, repair being most effective with endolaser and silicone oil endotamponade. Intravitreal ganciclovir implant has the benefit of less systemic toxicity. An adverse effect of this is retinal detachment (and vitreous hemorrhage), also there is no systemic beneficial effect for cytomegalovirus organ disease.[4] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000665.htm|title=Cytomegalovirus retinitis : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=www.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-03-14}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7XTAwAAQBAJ|title=Principles and Practice of Vitreoretinal Surgery|last=V|first=Narendran|last2=Kothari|first2=Abhishek|date=2014-05-30|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|page=571|isbn=9789351520979|language=en}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/overview.html|title=CMV {{!}} Overview {{!}} Cytomegalovirus and Congenital CMV Infection {{!}} CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2016-03-16}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1227228-clinical#b5|title=CMV Retinitis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes|website=emedicine.medscape.com|access-date=2016-03-16}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ9tAwAAQBAJ|title=Sexually Transmitted Infections|last=Kumar|first=Bhushan|last2=Gupta|first2=Somesh|date=2014-02-10|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|page=399|isbn=9788131229781|language=en}} 6. ^{{cite book |vauthors=Offermanns S, Rosenthal W | title = Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology | edition = 2nd | pages = 437–438 | publisher = Springer | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-3-540-38916-3 }} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1224737-clinical#b5|title=Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes|website=emedicine.medscape.com|access-date=2016-03-16}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Cheeran|first=Maxim C.-J.|last2=Lokensgard|first2=James R.|last3=Schleiss|first3=Mark R.|date=2009-01-01|title=Neuropathogenesis of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Disease Mechanisms and Prospects for Intervention|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=22|issue=1|pages=99–126|doi=10.1128/CMR.00023-08|issn=0893-8512|pmc=2620634|pmid=19136436}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sadaka|first=Ama|last2=Giuliari|first2=Gian Paolo|date=2012-01-01|title=Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: current and emerging treatments|journal=Clinical Ophthalmology|volume=6|pages=1325–1333|doi=10.2147/OPTH.S27896|issn=1177-5467|pmc=3429288|pmid=22942638}} 10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZxqM6cuQI4C|title=Diagnosis & Treatment of Uveitis|last=Foster|first=C. Stephen|last2=Vitale|first2=Albert T.|date=2013-03-30|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|page=449|isbn=9789350255728|language=en}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-oi-prevention-and-treatment-guidelines/337/cmv|title=Cytomegalovirus Disease {{!}} Adult and Adolescent OI Prevention and Treatment Guidelines {{!}} AIDSinfo|website=AIDSinfo|access-date=2016-03-16}} 12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://patient.info/doctor/inflammatory-retinal-diseases|title=Inflammatory Retinal Diseases. Medical information {{!}} Patient|website=Patient|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-03-16}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007629.htm|title=Intravitreal injection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=www.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-03-16}} Further reading
External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|25|8|b|25}}, {{ICD10|H|30|9|h|30}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|078.5}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000665 | eMedicineSubj = oph | eMedicineTopic = 701 | MeshID = D017726 }}
3 : HIV/AIDS|Cytomegalovirus-associated diseases|Disorders of choroid and retina |
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