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词条 List of Capsicum cultivars
释义

  1. Capsicum species

      Capsicum types  

  2. Cultivars

     Capsicum annuum  Capsicum baccatum  Capsicum chinense  Capsicum frutescens  Capsicum pubescens 

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. Further reading

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of Capsicum cultivars}}

This is a list of Capsicum cultivars belonging to the five major species of cultivated peppers (genus Capsicum): C. annuum, C. chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens. Due to the large and changing number of cultivars, and the variation of cultivar namings in different regions, this list only gives a few examples of the estimated 50,000 pepper varieties that exist.

Capsicum species

There are perhaps fifty thousand Capsicum cultivars grown worldwide.[1] The USDA-ARS GRIN seed collection contains 6,200 Capsicum accessions alone, which include 4000 Capsicum annuum accessions. The other Capsicum species in the USDA germplasm repository include: C. chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. cardenasii, C. chacoense, C. flexuosum, C. eximium, C. rhomboideum, C. galapagoense, and C. tovarii. [2]

There are five major species of cultivated Capsicum, C. annuum, C. chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, and within those species are several "taxonomic varieties". Because of the ability of many of species to cross and generate inter-specific hybrids, albeit with low success, there are also what is referred to as "complexes" within the genus Capsicum of closely related and sexually compatible species.[3] This includes the Capsicum annuum complex, which consists of C. annuum, C. frutescens, and C. chinense.

Major species and their taxonomic varieties:[4]

  • Capsicum annuum, which includes bell peppers, sweet/Italian peppers, serrano, cayenne, paprika and jalapeños
  • Capsicum baccatum, which includes the South American varieties, such as ají amarillo, ají limon and criolla sella
  • Capsicum chinense, which includes all of the Habaneros,[5] Scotch Bonnets, Trinidad Scorpions, the Bhut Jolokia and the Carolina Reaper.
  • Capsicum frutescens, which includes the Tabascos and many of the peppers grown in India;[6] sometimes not distinguished as a species separate from C. annuum.[7][8]
  • Capsicum pubescens, which includes the Rocoto and Manzano pepper, and are distinctive plants in having violet flowers, black seeds and hairy dark green leaves and grows as a large, multi-stemmed vine up to 5 meters long.

Capsicum types

There are several different general types typically based on shape, intended use and pungency level. Some general types include:

  • Ancho / Poblano - These are the same type. They differ in whether the fruit is eaten fresh or dried.
  • Bell Pepper - One of the most common sweet peppers.
  • Cascabel
  • Cayenne - Popular in Cajun cuisine.
  • Chiltepins or Small Hots
  • Fresno Chili
  • Hungarian wax pepper
  • Jalapeño - Popular in Texas and Tex-Mex cooking.
  • New Mexico chile - Popular in New Mexico, but also throughout the Southwestern United States, El Norte, and the Valley of Mexico. Typically referred to as red or green chile in New Mexican cuisine. Includes Hatch, Rio Grande, Española, Big Jim, Sandia, Anaheim, 6-4, and other varieties.
  • Pasilla
  • Pimiento
  • Serrano - Popular in Puebla and Hidalgo.
  • Shishito - Popular in East Asia, called a groundcherry pepper in Korean cuisine.

Cultivars

The species and varieties include many economically important cultivars with different shapes, colors, and flavors that are grown for different purposes, such as spices, vegetables, and herbal medicines. Some confusion has resulted from the legal term "plant variety", which is used interchangeably with "cultivar" (not with "taxonomic variety"). The terminology around a cultivar also includes terms such as heirloom, open-pollinated, self-pollinated, and hybrid.[9]

Heirloom varieties are typically those that have been selected and grown historically with seed saved every year, and are still maintained today in similar fashion, such as the blocky-type California Wonder. Open-pollinated varieties are those that are maintained without strict barriers to prevent out-crossing and then seed is collected at and stored from each harvest such as the lamuyo-type Marconi Yellow. While open-pollinated varieties are typically true-to-type, there may be occasional out-crossing to other Capsicum varieties that may introduce some heterogeneity. Self-pollinated varieties are similar to open-pollinated varieties in that they are true-to-type and seed is collected at and stored from each harvest, but measures are taken to minimize out-crossing. This may involve placing a barrier such as a mesh bag or cage over the plant to prevent pollinators from reaching flowers, ensuring that the plant has "selfed". This is how much seed intended for home-garden use is produced, like the cultivar Early Jalapeño. These three types of cultivar seed production are all similar in that only one parent is used and the seed are produced generally through selfing.

Hybrid varieties take advantage of a phenomenon called heterosis or hybrid vigor, which occurs in pepper. To generate a hybrid variety, two self-pollinated varieties are intentionally crossed, and all seed from this cross are collected. The new hybrid variety typically is more vigorous than either of the two parents contributing to traits such as higher yield.[9] Hybrid seed if saved will not produce a homogeneous set of plants the next generation, meaning that the two parents will need to be crossed again to generate more hybrid seed. This method is used to produce hybrid Capsicum cultivars such as the blocky-types Double-Up and Orange Blaze. Much of the commercial pepper production uses hybrid varieties for their improved traits.

Capsicum annuum

{{main| Capsicum annuum}}

Capsicum annuum, native from southern North America through Central America to South America, has been cultivated worldwide for over 400 years.[10] Its fruit forms are varied, from large to small, sweet to sour, and very hot/pungent to bland. Despite being a single species, C. annuum has many forms, with a variety of names, even in the same language. Official names aside, in American English, any variety lacking heat is colloquially known as a sweet pepper, and those sweet peppers that have a blocky-shape are referred to as bell peppers. A variety that produces capsaicin is colloquially known as a hot pepper or chili pepper. In British English, the sweet varieties are called "peppers"[11] and the hot varieties "chillies",[12] whereas in Australian English, the name "capsicum" is commonly used for bell peppers exclusively and "chilli" is often used to encompass the hotter varieties.

The plant is a tender perennial subshrub, with a densely branched stem. The plant reaches 0.5–1.5 m (20–60 in). Single white flowers develop into the fruit, which is typically green when unripe, but may lack chlorophyll causing a white color. Ripening fruits usually change to red, although some varieties may ripen to yellow, orange, peach, brown, or purple. The species are grown in temperate climates as an annual, but they are especially productive in warm and dry climates.[13]

Capsicum annuum
ImageNameTypeOriginHeatPod sizeDescription
Aleppo Syria and Turkey15000}} 15,000 SR Grown in Syria and Turkey and used, in coarsely ground, dried form, as a spice that is also called aleppo pepper
Anaheim Anaheim United States2500}} 500–2,500 SR15|cm|abbr=on}} A mild variety of New Mexico chile. It was later brought to California from New Mexico by Emilio Ortega in the 1900s. Often it is used for chile relleno. When mature, it takes on a red color and is referred to as a colorado.
Banana Waxy500}} 0–500 SR15|cm|abbr=on}} Often it is pickled and used as an ingredient in sandwiches; its piquancy is not very hot. Its shape and color resemble a banana.
Bird's Eye Small hot Southeast Asia100000}}50,000–100,000[14] SR4|cm|abbr=on}} A Southeast Asian cultivar known by many local names, but generally it is called Thai chili in the United States. It has thin fruit with a pointed tip.
Black Hungarian[15]Ornamental/

Culinary

 Hungary10000}}5,000–10,000 SR 5–7 cm (≈ 2–3 in)Grows in a conical shape with a slight curve near the tip.

Starting from green, they ripen first to a slightly shiny deep purple to black which is only skin deep; when you slice one open, the thick flesh of the interior is green. As it continues to ripen, it morphs to red.

Catalán dulceSweetUruguay10-12cm
Not as common as the hot subvariety, it is a sweet subvariety of the catalán variety, green when unripe, it turns red when ripen. It's commonly used for pickling.[16]
Cascabel Mexico3000}} 3,000 SR1|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} The small, round fruit are usually dried, and have a distinct, nutty flavor. The name, Spanish for "rattle" or "jingle bell", derives from the rattling noise made by the seeds inside the dried pod.
Cayenne (Red)[17] Cayenne French Guiana50000}} 30,000–50,000 SR5|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} This long, thin fruit was transported by the Portuguese to China and India, where it is used widely. Often it is dried and ground into powder.
Cherry Pimiento3500}} 3,500 SR1|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} Named for the fruit it resembles, this cultivar's fruit is small, red, and round. It is typically used fresh, or pickled and jarred, and is often used to stuff green olives. It is also called pimento.
Cheongyang long, hot Korea10000}} 10,000 SR a medium-sized chilli cultivar, named after Cheongsong and Yeongyang Counties when developed by Dr Yoo Il-Woong(유일웅), by hybridizing local Jejudo chilli with Bird's eye chilli.
Chilaca Pasilla2000}} 1,000–2,000 SR15|cm|abbr=on}} Popular in Mexican cuisine, it is almost always encountered dried; in this state, it is referred to as a pasilla. The pasilla has a dark brown color and a smoky flavor.
Chiltepin[17] Chiltepin100000}} 50,000–100,000 SR0.5|cm|abbr=on}} This small, hot fruit is often eaten by birds. The plant is thought to be the ancestor of the cultivated C. annuum peppers. Evidence indicates it has been consumed by humans as far back as 7,500 BC.[18]
Chimayo United States6000}} 4,000–6,000 SR
Cubanelle1000|debug}} 1–1,000 SR5|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} Medium in thickness, the tapered fruit is green when unripe, but turns red when mature. Often it is fried in Italian cooking.
Dangjo[19] Korea Light green or bright yellow chili peppers with mild heat.
De árbol[17] Mexico30000}} 15,000–30,000 SR8|cm|abbr=on}} This slender-fruited cultivar is grown primarily in Mexico, its name is Spanish for "from a tree".
Facing Heaven Pimiento China{{ntsh|30000}} 30,000-50,000SR
Fish30000}} 5,000–30,000 SR
Fresno Fresno United States10000}} 2,500–10,000 SR9|cm|abbr=on}} Similar to the jalapeño, but with thinner walls, it is generally used ripe, and has a higher vitamin content. Frequently it is used in ceviche, and is one of the most frequently used chilis in salsa.
Friggitelli (Peperoncini) Waxy Italy500}} 100–500 SR8|cm|abbr=on}} Sweet-tasting and mild, used extensively in Italian and Greek cuisine, very frequently pickled.
Guntur Sannam40000}} 35,000–40,000 SR It is well known as a commercial crop used as a condiment, culinary supplement, or vegetable.
Hungarian Wax Waxy8000}} 2,500–8,000 SR This wide, medium-hot variety is used in Hungarian cuisine, frequently pickled. Also it is commonly dried, ground, and presented as "paprika".
Italian Sweet Long, sweet Italy Used in Spanish cuisine
Jalapeño Jalapeño Mexico8000}} 2,500–8,000 SR9|cm|abbr=on}} Very popular, especially in the United States, it is often pickled or canned. A smoke-dried ripe jalapeño is referred to as a chipotle.
Korean chili Korea1500}} 1,500 SR3|-|4|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} Also known as "Korean Dark Green", "Korean Long Green", "Korean Red" or "Korean Hot"
Medusa Ornamental It is a sweet, ornamental chili pepper which grows upright and has brightly colored fruit.
Mirasol Mexico5000}} 2,000–5,000[20] SR The dried form of the Mirasol chili is called guajillo,[21] and is used to make a red sauce used for tamales.
Mulato Poblano Mexico3000}} 2,500–3,000 SR10|cm|abbr=on}} Grown in Mexico, the mulato is a mild to medium chili pepper, closely related to the poblano (ancho), and usually sold dried.
NuMex peppers Ornamental United States The Chile Pepper Institute at New Mexico State University has developed a number of unusual chile cultivars.[22] NuMex Twilight peppers pictured.
Peter Pepper Ornamental United States and Mexico30000}} 5,000–30,000 SR8|–|10|cm|abbr=on}} Rare, heirloom-type hot pepper cultivated for its unique shape.
Peperoncino Cayenne Italy30000}} 15,000–30,000 SR Generic Italian name for hot chili peppers, specifically the cultivars of the species Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens.
Pequin Small Hot United States and Mexico140000}} 100,000–140,000 SR Also spelled piquín
Piment d'Espelette[17] Pimiento Basque Country (French part)2500}}1,500 - 2,500 SR Fresh fruits, plants and seeds are known as "Gorria", dried fruits are called "Piment d'Espelette". "Gorria" is the Basque word for "red".

Grown in Espelette since ca. 1650.

Padrón Pimiento Spain
Poblano[17] Poblano Mexico2000}} 1,000–2,000 SR13|cm|abbr=on}} The large, heart-shaped, dark green fruit is extremely popular in Mexico, often to make chile relleno. When dried, it is referred to as an ancho or mulato.
Prik Kee Nu Small Hot Thailand100000}} 50,000–100,000 SR3|cm|abbr=on}}[7] {{lang-th>พริกขี้หนู}}, {{RTGS|phrik khi nu}}, {{IPA-th|pʰrík kʰîː nǔː|IPA}}, literal: Mouse/rat dropping chili.
Puya Mexico5000}} 5,000 SR[23] Capsicum annuum L.,[24] hot, medium-size, green to red, and tapered[25] Also known as a 'Pulla'.
Santa Fe Grande[17] Fresno The Santa Fe Grande is a very prolific variety used in the Southwestern United States. The conical, blunt fruits ripen from greenish-yellow, to orange-yellow to red. The peppers grow upright on 24-in plants. Santa Fe Grande has a slightly sweet taste and is fairly mild in pungency.
Serrano[17] Serrano Mexico23000}} 10,000–23,000 SR5|cm|abbr=on}} The thin, tapered fruit turns red when mature. Due to its thin skin, it does not need to be peeled before use.
Shishito Japan
Siling Mahaba Philippines A chili pepper grown in the Philippines, and a popular ingredient in Filipino Cuisine

Capsicum baccatum

{{main| Capsicum baccatum}}

These have a distinctive, fruity flavor, and are commonly ground into colorful powders for use in cooking, each identified by its color.

Capsicum baccatum
ImageNameOriginHeatPod sizeDescription
Bishop's Crown30000}}10,000–30,000 SR6|cm|abbr=on}} C. baccatum strain from Barbados. Medium hot pods have a unique shape which resembles the hat of a bishop. Sturdy plants, can be grown as perennials. Also known as bishops hat, orchid, ají flor, monks hat.
Lemon Drop30000}}30,000–50,000 SR4|cm|abbr=on}} Very productive C. baccatum variety. Pods are thin walled and have a fruity taste with medium heat.
Peppadew2000}}1,000–2,000 SR2|cm|abbr=on}} Mild, sweet and tangy flavour, usable in many dishes

Capsicum chinense

{{main| Capsicum chinense}}

Capsicum chinense or "Chinese capsicum" is a misnomer since all Capsicum species originated in the New World. Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), a Dutch botanist, named the species in that way in 1776 because he believed they originated in China. Most of the peppers of this species have a distinctive flavor and are similar in flavor to each other.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

Capsicum chinense
ImageNameOriginHeatPod sizeDescription
Adjuma500000}}100,000–500,000 SR Very hot, originally cultivated in Suriname
Ají Dulce50}}0–50 SR It is a type of seasoning pepper. It refers to a specific variety of Capsicum chinense that is related to the habanero but with a much milder flavor.
Bhut Jolokia[17]1500000}}Up to 1,500,000 SR6|cm|abbr=on}} This cultivar originated in Northeast India, and was once confirmed by Guinness World Records to be the hottest pepper. It is an interspecific hybrid, largely C. chinense with some C. frutescens genes. It is also known as naga jolokia and ghost pepper.
Carolina Reaper United States2200000}} 1,569,300–2,200,000 [26] SR Extremely hot pepper, currently the Guinness book of world records holder as of August 7, 2013.[27]
Datil[17]300000}}100,000–300,000 SR A very hot chili; primarily grown in Florida
Fatalii325000}}125,000–325,000 SR6|cm|abbr=on}} Grown in central and southern Africa, it is very similar in appearance to and often confused with the devil's tongue habanero.
Habanero[17]350000}}100,000–350,000 SR5|cm|abbr=on}} Once considered to be the hottest chili pepper, the habanero has been surpassed by other hot varieties, but it is nonetheless hotter than most commonly available cultivars. The habanero has a subtle, fruity flavour and a floral aroma. It is closely related to many other very hot peppers. Disseminated to China over 500 years ago by Spanish and Portuguese explorers, it became so much a part of Chinese cuisine, botanists who found it in China thought it was native to the area and thus named this species Capsicum chinense, based on the habaneros from China.
Hainan Yellow Lantern300000}}300,000 SR5|x|3|cm|abbr=on}} Also known as the yellow emperor chili, it grows only in Hainan, China.
Infinity chili1176182}} 1,176,182 SR{{refn |group=note |name=PopSci |Contested as being the result of testing a single specimen and thus not establishing a consistent result for a cultivar.[28]}}
Madame Jeanette350000}}100,000–350,000 SR Originally cultivated in Suriname
Naga Morich Bangladesh and India1000000}} 1,000,000 SR
Naga Viper England1382118}} 1,382,118 SR{{refn |group=note |name=PopSci}}
NuMex peppers United States The Chile Pepper Institute at New Mexico State University has developed a number of unusual chile cultivars.[22] NuMex Suave Orange peppers pictured.
Red Savina United States580000}} 200,000–580,000 SR
Scotch Bonnet325000}}150,000–325,000 SR5|cm|abbr=on}} Named because of its resemblance to a Tam o' Shanter, this fruit is closely related to the habanero and is similarly hot. Due to its heat and distinct flavour, it is often used in Caribbean cuisine.
Trinidad moruga scorpion[29]2000000}}Up to 2,000,000 SR Former World-record holder for hottest chili as of 2012.
Trinidad Scorpion 'Butch T'1400000}}Up to 1,400,000 SR Former world-record hottest chili.

Capsicum frutescens

{{main| Capsicum frutescens}} Sometimes considered to be the same species as C. annuum
Capsicum frutescens
ImageNameOriginHeatPod sizeDescription
African Birdseye175000}}50,000–175,000 SR1|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} Also known as piri piri, it is common in Portuguese, Mozambican, and Angolan cuisines.
Kambuzi Malawi Kambuzi is a small, round chili pepper cultivar that is found in central region of Malawi, a landlocked country in southeast Africa.
Siling Labuyo10000}}80,000–100,000 SR1|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} A small, cone-shaped cultivar grown in the Philippines.
Tabasco50000}}30,000–50,000 SR4|cm|abbr=on}} Used in Tabasco sauce. The fruit is only used when it is a particular red color measured with “le petit bâton rouge”.[30]

Capsicum pubescens

{{main| Capsicum pubescens}}

Capsicum pubescens is among the oldest of domesticated peppers, and was grown as long as 5000 years ago.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} It is probably related to undomesticated plants that still grow in South America (C. cardenasii, C. eximium, and others).

Capsicum pubescens
ImageNameOriginHeatPod sizeDescription
Canário Peru50000}}30,000–50,000 SR6.5|cm|abbr=on}} Canário is a medium hot C. pubescens variety. Thick walled pods are dark yellow when fully ripe and have the size of a small apple. This South American strain trives well under cool growing conditions and can be grown as a perennial.
Rocoto Peru, Bolivia100000}} 30,000–100,000[31] SR Also known as a Manzano or Locoto pepper,[32] there are many Rocoto varieties. "Manzano" is the Spanish word for "apple", and describes the fruits' shape.

See also

{{Portal|Capsicum|Food}}
  • Capsicum
  • International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
  • USDA National Plant Germplasm System
  • New Mexico State University: Chile Pepper Insititute

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|title=introducing the capsicum to the world|url=http://www.worldofchillies.com/Chilli-plant-varieties/growing-chilli-plants.html|website=World Of Chillies|accessdate=7 February 2015}}
2. ^USDA-ARS GRIN pepper seed collection, Experiment, Georgia
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jarret|first=Robert L.|title=DNA Barcoding in a Crop Genebank: The Capsicum annuum Species Complex|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228375272|journal=The Open Biology Journal|volume=1|issue=1|pages=35–42|doi=10.2174/1874196700801010035|year=2008}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Capsicum|title=The Plant List}}
5. ^{{citation |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=8910 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy, Taxon: Capsicum chinense Jacq. |accessdate=6 January 2017}}
6. ^{{citation |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=8913 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy, Taxon: Capsicum frutescens Jacq. |accessdate=6 January 2017}}
7. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A Gardener's Guide to Choosing, Growing, Preserving, and Cooking|publisher=Timber Press|author=Dave DeWitt and Paul W. Bosland|isbn=978-0881929201|year=2009}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/29602638?tab=acceptednames |title=Capsicum frutescens L. |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |accessdate=19 Jul 2015}}
9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/how-are-hybrid-and-open-pollinated-vegetables-different|title=How are hybrid and open-pollinated vegetables different? {{!}} Oregon State University Extension Service {{!}} Gardening|website=extension.oregonstate.edu|access-date=2016-04-01|date=}}
10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JCbkCgAAQBAJ|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 30th Anniversary Edition|last=Jr|first=Alfred W. Crosby|date=2003-04-30|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313095399|language=en}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waitrose.com/food/cookingandrecipes/cookinglibraries/glossary/glossary.aspx?type=0&id=250 |title=Pepper - Glossary - Cooking libraries - Cooking and recipes - Food & drink |publisher=Waitrose.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-11}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waitrose.com/food/cookingandrecipes/cookinglibraries/glossary/glossary.aspx?type=0&id=92 |title=Chilli - Glossary - Cooking libraries - Cooking and recipes - Food & drink |publisher=Waitrose.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-11}}
13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxJP5iknOToC|title=Protected Cultivation in the Mediterranean Climate|last=Nations|first=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=9789251027196|language=en}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Bird's Eye Chili Peppers|url=http://www.chilipeppermadness.com/chili-pepper-types/medium-hot-chili-peppers/bird-s-eye-chili-peppers|website=Chili Pepper Madness|accessdate=7 February 2015|date=2013-09-27}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.pepperscale.com/black-hungarian-pepper/|title=Black Hungarian Pepper|last=|first=|date=2016-03-29|website=PepperScale|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=24 April 2018}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercadomodelo.net/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=c9e0705d-70a4-478c-ba69-a327b4695e79&groupId=42766|title=Canasta Inteligente|last=|first=|date=MGAP|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|title=The Chile Pepper Institute Merchandise Catalog|url=http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/content/files/2013%20Catalog%5B1%5D.pdf|website=The Chile Pepper Institute|publisher=New Mexico State University|accessdate=21 May 2015}}
18. ^Gil-Jurado, A. T., Il senso del chile e del piccante: dalla traduzione culturale alla rappresentazione visiva in (G. Manetti, ed.), Semiofood: Communication and Culture of Meal, Centro Scientifico Editore, Torino, Italy, 2006:34–58
19. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Mi-Sung|last2=Zhu|first2=Ya Xin|last3=Pae|first3=Hyun-Ock|last4=Park|first4=Seong Hoon|title=In Vitro and In Vivo α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitory Effects of the Water Extract of Leaves of Pepper (Capcicum Annuum L. Cultivar Dangjo) and the Active Constituent Luteolin 7-O-Glucoside|journal=Journal of Food Biochemistry|date=9 March 2016|volume=40|issue=5|pages=696–703|doi=10.1111/jfbc.12252}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Mirasol Chili Peppers|url=http://www.chilipeppermadness.com/chili-pepper-types/sweet-mild-chili-peppers/mirasol-chili-peppers|website=Chili Pepper Madness|accessdate=5 February 2015|date=2013-09-22}}
21. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_fUh4YXWPikC|title=The Peppers Cookbook: 200 Recipes from the Pepper Lady's Kitchen|author=Jean Andrews|page=14|year=2005|publisher=University of North Texas Press|isbn=9781574411935}}
22. ^1 [https://cpi.nmsu.edu/nmsu-cultivars/ NuMex Chile cultivars]
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiw.org/~corey/chile/scoville.html |title=The Scoville Heat Measurement Chart |publisher=Wiw.org |date= |accessdate=2012-02-29}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/wstarron/capsaicinarticle12.htm |title=Selective Enzyme-Mediated Extraction of Capsaicinoids and Carotenoids from Chili Guajillo Puya (Capsicum annuum L.) Using Ethanol as Solvent |publisher=Oocities.org |date= |accessdate=2012-02-29}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://cubits.org/salsagarden/db/pepperdatabase/view/3171/ |title=Salsa Garden cubit: Salsa Garden Pepper Database: Puya, Capsicum annuum (Hot Pepper) |publisher=Cubits.org |date=2010-05-12 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}
26. ^{{cite web|last1=Hallock|first1=Betty|title=World's hottest pepper hits 2.2 million Scoville heat units|url=http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-worlds-hottest-pepper-scoville-heat-units-20131226-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=11 July 2014}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Hottest chili|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/hottest-chili|website=Guinness World Records|accessdate=11 July 2014}}
28. ^{{cite magazine |author=Paul Adams |title=FYI: What is the Hottest Pepper in the World? |url=http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-06/fyi-what-hottest-pepper-world |magazine=Popular Science |date=7 July 2011 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=NMSU’s Chile Pepper Institute names the Trinidad Moruga Scorpion hottest pepper on earth|url=http://newscenter.nmsu.edu/8341/|date=2012-02-13|author=Justin Bannister|accessdate=2013-11-26}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tabasco.com/tabasco-products/how-its-made/making-original-tabasco-sauce/|title=How We Make Original Red Sauce {{!}} TABASCO® Products {{!}} TABASCO.com|website=TABASCO.com|access-date=2016-04-01}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Which Chile Peppers are Which?|url=http://phoenix.about.com/od/foodanddrink/ss/chilepepper_7.htm|website=About Travel|accessdate=5 February 2015}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Rocoto Chili Peppers|url=http://www.chilipeppermadness.com/chili-pepper-types/medium-hot-chili-peppers/rocoto-chili-peppers|website=Chile Pepper Madness|accessdate=7 February 2015|date=2013-09-27}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Further reading

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20031010151200/http://www.g6csy.net/chile/database.html G6CSY chile database]: Used as source for information on various cultivars in this article.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825200213/http://www.chillisgalore.co.uk/pages/chilli_varieties.html chillisgalore database]: More can be found here.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100802205934/http://www.chilepepperinstitute.org/files/tiny_mce/file_manager/educ_info/ChileCultof%20NMSU.pdf NMSU Chile Pepper Institute list of chile cultivars]
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Capsicum cultivars}}

4 : Chili peppers|Capsicum cultivars|Lists of foods|Lists of cultivars
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