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词条 Danish People's Party
释义

  1. History

     Early years (1995–2001)  Conservative-Liberal coalition (2001–2011) 

  2. Policies

     Immigration  Other domestic  Foreign  Controversies 

  3. Analysis of vote

  4. Election results

     Parliament (Folketinget)  Municipal Councils  Amt & Regional Councils  European Parliament 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Sources

  8. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}{{Other uses}}{{distinguish|Party of the Danes}}{{Infobox political party
| colorcode = {{Danish_People's_Party/meta/color}}
| name = Danish People's Party
| native_name = Dansk Folkeparti
| logo =
| leader = Kristian Thulesen Dahl
| leader1_title = Parliamentary leader
| leader1_name = Peter Skaarup
| split = Progress Party
| foundation = 6 October 1995
| headquarters = Christiansborg,
1240 København K
| youth_wing = Danish People's Party Youth
| membership_year = 2014
| membership = 14,000[1]
| ideology = {{nowrap|Danish nationalism[2][3][4]
National conservatism[5][6]
Social conservatism[5][6]}}
Right-wing populism[5][6]
Euroscepticism[6][7][8]
Anti-Islam[9]
Climate scepticism[10]
| position = Right-wing[11]
| international = None
| european = None
| europarl = European Conservatives and Reformists
| seats1_title = Folketing
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|37|179|hex={{Danish_People's_Party/meta/color}}}}
| seats2_title = European Parliament
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{Danish_People's_Party/meta/color}}}}
| seats3_title = Regional Councils[12]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|21|205|hex={{Danish_People's_Party/meta/color}}}}
| seats4_title = Municipal Councils[13]
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|223|2432|hex={{Danish_People's_Party/meta/color}}}}
| seats5_title = Mayors:
| seats5 = {{Composition bar|1|98|hex={{Danish People's Party/meta/color}}}}
| colours = {{Color box|#0054A5|border=darkgray}} Blue
{{Color box|#E4BD4A|border=darkgray}} Yellow (customary)[14]
| website = www.danskfolkeparti.dk
| symbol = O
| country = Denmark
}}

The Danish People's Party (DPP) ({{lang-da|Dansk Folkeparti}}, DF) is a political party in Denmark which is generally described as right-wing populist by academics[2][15][16][17][18] and far-right by international media.[19][20][21][22][23] It has also been described in academia and the media as a nativist[24][25] and anti-immigrant party.[26][27][28] The party was founded in 1995 by Pia Kjærsgaard, who was the leader of the party until 2012, when she passed the leadership on to Kristian Thulesen Dahl. The DPP lent its support to the Liberal-Conservative government from the general election of 2001 until the 2011 election defeat. While not part of the cabinet, DPP cooperated closely with the governing coalition on most issues and received support for key political stances in return, to the point that the government was commonly referred to as the "VKO-government" (O being DPP's election symbol).[35]

The DPP's stated goals are to protect the freedom and cultural heritage of the Danish people, including the family, the Monarchy and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark, to enforce a strict rule of law, to work against Denmark becoming a multi-cultural society by limiting immigration and promoting cultural assimilation of admitted immigrants, to maintain a strong welfare system for those in need, and to promote entrepreneurship and economic growth by strengthening education and encouraging people to work, and to protect the environment and natural resources.[29] In comparison to its predecessor, the Progress Party, the DPP focuses more on immigration, while at the same time being more pragmatic on other topics.[37][30] While overall considered part of the radical right, its policies on most economic issues would rather place the party in the centre to centre-left.[31] The party's current leader, Kristian Thulesen Dahl, once declared DPP an anti-Muslim party.[32]

In 2014 the party won the European Parliament election in Denmark by a wide margin, securing 27% of the vote. After the election, it joined the European Conservatives and Reformists group alongside parties such as the United Kingdom's Conservative Party and Poland's Law and Justice. The DPP received 21% of the vote in the 2015 general election, becoming the second largest party in Denmark for the first time amid a plurality for the centre-right parties.

History

The party's popularity has grown since its inception, taking 25 seats in the 179-member Folketing in the 2007 parliamentary election (13.8% of the vote, remaining the third largest party in Denmark).[33] In the 2011 parliamentary election, while maintaining its position as the third largest party, DPP received 12.3% of the vote, marking its first electoral decline.[34]

Early years (1995–2001)

The Danish People's Party was founded on 6 October 1995, after Pia Kjærsgaard, Kristian Thulesen Dahl, broke out from the Progress Party.[35] Its first national convention was held in Vissenbjerg on 1 June 1996, where Pia Kjærsgaard was unanimously elected as the party's chairman.[36] The party was established in protest over the "anarchistic conditions" of the Progress Party, and its "all or nothing" policies. It was initially seen by many as a "clone" of the Progress Party, but this was soon proved false.[35] In a struggle to be respected as a responsible party able to cooperate with others and distance it from the conditions in the Progress Party, the leadership of the party struck down criticism from its members by means of expulsions.[37] The party saw a highly centralized party leadership as necessary, as it would not tolerate internal conflicts and disagreements with the official strategy.[38]

The party was the first successful parliamentary party in the Nordic countries to relate philosophically more closely to the French Nouvelle Droite, than to the previous Nordic form of right-wing populism. DPP represented a synthesis of several political currents: the Lutheran movement Tidehverv and its related journal, an intellectual nationalist right from the Danish Association (Den Danske Forening) and conservative populists from the Progress Party.[39][40]

In 1997, the party won about 7% in the municipal elections, and did very well in traditional left-wing municipalities, potentially rivaling the Social Democrats.[41] By 1998, the party had 2,500 registered members.[41] The party made its electoral debut in the 1998 Danish parliamentary election, winning 13 seats and 7.4% of the vote. The party was, however, left with no influence in the formation of a government; it was shut out in large part due to the perception that it was not stuerent (i.e. not acceptable or "housebroken").[37]

Conservative-Liberal coalition (2001–2011)

In the 2001 election, the party won 12% of the vote and 22 seats in parliament. It became the third largest party in the parliament, giving them a key position, as they would have a parliamentary majority together with the Conservative People's Party and Venstre. DPP was favoured by these parties, as it had supported the Venstre candidate for Prime Minister, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, during the election campaign.[38] Eventually, it gave its parliamentary support for a Conservative-Liberal coalition government, headed by Prime Minister Rasmussen, in exchange for the implementation of some of their key demands, first and foremost stricter policies on immigration.[37] The party had a key role in writing the rules and conditions for immigration in the immigration law that was established by the government in May 2002,[42] which it called "Europe's strictest".[56]

In the 2005 election the party further increased their vote, and won 13.2% of the vote and 24 seats.[37] By young first-time voters the party showed even more popular, receiving one fifth of their votes.[46] The party continued to support the government, and developed a broader policy base, as it made welfare policies its core issue, together with immigration policies.[37]

In 2006, the party's popularity rose dramatically in opinion polls following the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, at the expense of the Social Democrats. The average of all monthly national polls showed DPP gaining seven seats in parliament from January to February, with the Social Democrats losing an equal amount.[47] This effect, however, somewhat waned with the falling media attention to the cartoons controversy.

In the 2007 parliamentary election, DPP won 13.9% and 25 seats, and again continued to support the Conservative-Liberal government. Thus, in every election since its founding the party has had a steady growth, although the growth rate has stagnated somewhat in recent years. Parties in the political centre, particularly the newly founded New Alliance had sought to become the kingmaker and be able to isolate the immigration policies of DPP, but eventually failed.[37] The party was a member of the Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy (MELD).[48][49]

In the 2009 elections for the European Parliament the prime candidate for the party, Morten Messerschmidt, won his seat in a landslide with 284,500 personal votes (most votes for any single candidate by any party); thus giving the party a second seat (which went to Anna Rosbach Andersen).[50] The party made a breakthrough from its previous results in European elections, more than doubling its vote to 15.3%, and receiving 2 MEPs.

Policies

Immigration

The party holds that Denmark is not naturally a country of immigration. The party also does not accept a multi-ethnic transformation of Denmark,[51] and rejects multiculturalism.[37] Former party leader Pia Kjærsgaard stated she did "not want Denmark as a multiethnic, multicultural society",[52] and that a multiethnic Denmark would be a "national disaster".[53] The party seeks to drastically reduce non-Western immigration, opposes Islamisation, and favours cultural assimilation of immigrants. In 2010, the party proposed to put a complete stop to all immigration from non-Western countries, a continuation of a proposal the month before to toughen the 24-year rule.[54] They do, however, make the distinction between immigrants, those who intend to stay in Denmark permanently, and refugees, those that will only be in Denmark for the duration of the conflict, but ultimately intend to return home. The party has stated that it is more than happy to help those in need, but have a moral responsibility to the people of Denmark to keep Denmark Danish.[55]

Cooperation with the Conservative-Liberal coalition government resulted in the implementation of some of their key demands, most importantly strong restrictions in immigration policies, which have resulted in what is often described as Europe's strictest immigration laws.[56] The new government enacted rules that prevented Danish citizens and others from bringing a foreign spouse into the country unless both partners were aged 24 or above, passed a solvency test showing the Dane had not claimed social security for 12 months and could lodge a bond of 60,011 kroner (about 10,100 USD). One declared aim of this was to fight arranged marriages. These new rules had the effect that while about 8,151 family reunification permits were granted in 2002, the number had fallen to 3,525 by 2005. Some social benefits for refugees were also cut by 30-40% during their first seven years in the country, ordinary unemployment benefits being replaced by a reduced "start-up aid". Whereas the government coalition's declared aim with this was to improve integration by inciting people to work, immigration spokesman Søren Krarup of DPP has expressed his content in that the start-up aid has decreased the number of economic refugees greatly, showing them that "one does not find gold in the streets in Denmark".[57] Nevertheless, total immigration increased post implementation of the migration reforms.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Other domestic

The party wants to improve conditions for the elderly and disabled,{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} and advocates stricter punishments for crimes such as rape, violence, sexual abuse, reckless driving, and cruelty to animals. It supports grants for specific research into terrorism, Islamism, and cold-war history, as well as increased defense spending. It also wants to maintain the Danish monarchy and the current Danish constitution, and to abolish the blasphemy clause[58] and 'hate speech' clause in the Danish criminal code.[59][60]

Foreign

The party opposes a cession of Denmark's sovereignty to the EU, wants to maintain the Danish krone, and opposes the accession of Turkey to the European Union.[61] The party seeks international recognition of Taiwan and supports Taiwan in its disputes with the People's Republic of China.[62] In 2007, the party opposed the Danish government's plan to recognise the independence of Kosovo, and maintained the territorial integrity of Serbia.[63]

Controversies

The changes to Denmark's immigration laws drew criticism from the former social democratic government of Sweden, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the Council of Europe's human rights commissioner. In a response to the criticism from the Swedish government, Pia Kjærsgaard said: "If they want to turn Stockholm, Gothenburg or Malmö into a Scandinavian Beirut, with clan wars, honour killings and gang rapes, let them do it. We can always put a barrier on the Øresund Bridge."[56]

Analysis of vote

{{synthesis|date=November 2012}}
  • An analysis by the trade union SiD after the 2001 election stated that among unskilled workers aged under 40, 30% voted for DPP and only 25% for the Social Democrats.[64]
  • Decreased importance of "economic cleavage": Several authors believe that the political "cleavages" of European societies have changed over recent decades[65] Contemporary Western European democracies are characterized by two major cleavage dimensions: the economic cleavage dimension, which pits workers against the capital, and which concerns the degree of state involvement in the economy, and the socio-cultural cleavage dimension.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}
  • Referendums brought the rejection of the Maastricht treaty and the Euro. The DPP has managed to harness this scepticism more effectively than others.[66]

One feature, compared to other Danish parties, is that the Danish People's Party is usually underrepresented by about 1-1.5% in opinion polls. Election researchers have suggested that the party's voters may be less interested in politics, and therefore declining to talk to pollsters, or that voters are reluctant to reveal their support for the party to pollsters.[67]

Election results

Parliament (Folketinget)

Election year # of
overall votes		 % of
Danish votes		 # of
overall seats won		 # of
Danish seats won		 +/– Government
1998 252,429 7.4 (#5)13|179|hex=#E4BD4A}}{{Composition bar>13|175|hex=Lightgrey}}in opposition}}
2001 413,987 12.0 (#3)22|179|hex=#E4BD4A}}{{Composition bar>22|175|hex=Lightgrey}} {{increase}} 9providing parliamentary support}}
2005 444,205 13.2 (#3)24|179|hex=#E4BD4A}}{{Composition bar>24|175|hex=Lightgrey}} {{increase}} 2providing parliamentary support}}
2007 479,532 13.8 (#3)25|179|hex=#E4BD4A}}{{Composition bar>25|175|hex=Lightgrey}} {{increase}} 1providing parliamentary support}}
2011 436,726 12.3 (#3)22|179|hex=#E4BD4A}}{{Composition bar>22|175|hex=Lightgrey}} {{decrease}} 3in opposition}}
2015 741,539 21.1 (#2)37|179|hex=#E4BD4A}}{{Composition bar>37|175|hex=Lightgrey}} {{increase}} 15providing parliamentary support}}

Municipal Councils

DateSeats
# ±
1997119|4685|#E4BD4A}}New
2001168|4647|#E4BD4A}}{{increase}} 49
2005125|2522|#E4BD4A}}{{decrease}} 43
2009186|2468|#E4BD4A}}{{increase}} 61
2013255|2444|#E4BD4A}}{{increase}} 69
2017223|2432|#E4BD4A}}{{decrease}} 32

Amt & Regional Councils

DateSeats
# ±
199721|374|#E4BD4A}}New
200124|374|#E4BD4A}}{{increase}} 3
200514|205|#E4BD4A}}{{decrease}} 10
200919|205|#E4BD4A}}{{increase}} 5
201323|205|#E4BD4A}}{{increase}} 4
201721|205|#E4BD4A}}{{decrease}} 2

European Parliament

Election year # of
overall votes		 % of
Danish votes		 # of
overall seats won		 # of
Danish seats won		 +/–
1999 114,865 5.8 (#8){{Composition bar|1|16|hex=#E4BD4A}}
2004 128,789 6.8 (#6){{Composition bar|1|14|hex=#E4BD4A}} {{steady}} 0
2009 357,942 15.3 (#4){{Composition bar|2|13|hex=#E4BD4A}} {{increase}} 1
2014 605,889 26.6 (#1){{Composition bar|4|13|hex=#E4BD4A}} {{increase}} 2

See also

{{Portal|Right-wing populism}}
  • Politics of Denmark

References

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44. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/25/muhammadcartoons.gwladysfouche|work=Guardian|title=Danish election ad reignites Muhammad cartoon controversy|first=Gwladys|last=Fouché|date=25 October 2007|location=London}}
45. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7087474.stm|work=BBC News|title=Danes in poll tussle over migrants|first=Thomas|last=Buch-Andersen|date=13 November 2007}}
46. ^{{Cite book|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ztR2W3r-e50J:www.duf.dk/uploads/tx_templavoila/DUF_Fakta_-_Valgretsalder_-_Unges_partivalg_og_deltagelse_09.pdf+danmark+politisk+spektrum+dansk+folkeparti+venstre+konservative+folkeparti&hl=no&gl=no&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGZWxQQ3_ivuBG6sqW5GqgLVajIUqUzP2k2sBgP0KEGiEGPX0uG06VF3WTV39Czxh29WnH-hSuubQzFOEqsG2d1iHpxeq3rfvHIdrAbMkUpu3dln0pw78oVnK9b2qarW8zE8gT&sig=AHIEtbRMLxviWJzh5_UI9zvvV7AU63MJFQ|publisher=DUF Fakta|title=Valgretsalder – unges partivalg og deltagelse|year=2009}}
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/verden/1.590989|work=NRK (NTB)|title=Dansk Folkeparti sterkt fram|date=3 March 2006|language=Norwegian}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/intern-eu-rapport-retter-skarp-kritik-af-udgifter-i-messerschmidts-europaeiske-parti|title=Intern EU-rapport retter skarp kritik af udgifter i Messerschmidts europæiske parti|publisher=}}
49. ^http://politik.tv2.dk/2015-10-20-df-sejltur-blev-ogsaa-stoettet-af-dansk-eu-kasse
50. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dst.dk/valg/Valg1191212/other/personlige_stemmer.pdf|title=Personlige stemmer ved Europa-Parlamentsvalget 7. juni 2009|work=Danmarks Statistik}}
51. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.danskfolkeparti.dk/Principprogram.asp|title=Principprogram|work=Dansk Folkeparti}}
52. ^"Världens lyckligaste folk". 1 September 2009, TV4.
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.danskfolkeparti.dk/Pia_Kj%C3%A6rsgaards_tale_om_Udl%C3%A6ndingepolitik_%C3%85rsm%C3%B8det_1997.asp |work=danskfolkeparti.dk |title=Pia Kjærsgaards tale om Udlændingepolitik, Årsmødet 1997 |date=4 October 1997 |language=Danish |accessdate=25 October 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202456/http://www.danskfolkeparti.dk/Pia_Kj%C3%A6rsgaards_tale_om_Udl%C3%A6ndingepolitik_%C3%85rsm%C3%B8det_1997.asp |archivedate=16 July 2011 |df= }}
54. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cphpost.dk/classifieds/personals/49627.html |title=Halt on non-Western immigration proposed |work=The Copenhagen Post |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811115301/http://cphpost.dk/classifieds/personals/49627.html |archivedate=11 August 2010 |df= }}
55. ^Program
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57. ^{{cite web|title=DF: Starthjælpen skal holde udlændinge ude|url=http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/df-starthjaelpen-skal-holde-udlaendinge-ude|website=DR.DK|publisher=DR|accessdate=29 January 2016}}
58. ^{{cite news|title=Efter tiltale: DF genåbner angreb på blasfemi-paragraf|url=http://www.fyens.dk/indland/Efter-tiltale-DF-genaabner-angreb-paa-blasfemi-paragraf/artikel/3125632|publisher=Fyens Stiftstidende|accessdate=4 August 2017|date=23 February 2017}}
59. ^{{cite news|title=DF vil af med racismeparagraf|url=http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/df-vil-af-med-racismeparagraf|publisher=dr.dk|accessdate=4 August 2017|date=18 June 2003}}
60. ^{{cite book|last1=Mchangama|first1=Jacob|author-link1=Jacob Mchangama|last2=Stjernfelt|first2=Frederik|title=MEN: Ytringsfrihedens historie i Danmark|year=2016|url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=FlixDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT837&lpg=PT837#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9788702216189}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.danskfolkeparti.dk/M%C3%A6rkesag-EU.asp|work=Dansk Folkeparti|title=EU-politik|accessdate=25 October 2010|language=Danish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019185025/http://danskfolkeparti.dk/M%C3%A6rkesag-EU.asp|archivedate=19 October 2010|df=}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.danskfolkeparti.dk/Pia_Kj%C3%A6rsgaard_DF_arbejder_for_Taiwan.asp |work=Dansk Folkeparti |title=Pia Kjærsgaard: DF arbejder for Taiwan |accessdate=25 October 2010 |language=Danish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202517/http://www.danskfolkeparti.dk/Pia_Kj%C3%A6rsgaard_DF_arbejder_for_Taiwan.asp |archivedate=16 July 2011 |df= }}
63. ^{{cite news|url=http://jp.dk/indland/indland_politik/article1196907.ece|work=Jyllands-Posten|title=DF siger nej til, at regeringen anerkender Kosovo|accessdate=18 November 2010|date=9 December 2007|language=Danish}}
64. ^Dansk Folkeblad, vol. 4, 2002.
65. ^Hout, M., Brooks, C. and Manza, J. 1996. “The persistence of classes in post-industrial societies,” in Lee, D. J. and Turner, B. S. eds. Conflicts about Class. Debating Inequality in Late Industrialism. London: Longman, pp. 55–56
66. ^Catherine E. De Vries & Erica E. Edwards. 2009. Taking Europe To Its Extremes Extremist Parties and Public Euroscepticism. Party Politics January 2009 vol. 15 no. 1 5-28. doi: 10.1177/1354068808097889
67. ^{{cite news|url=http://nyhederne.tv2.dk/article.php/id-9238412.html?ss|title=DF er bedre end meningsmålinger|work=TV2|date=5 November 2007}}

Sources

  • {{cite journal|last = Rydgren | first = Jens |date=May 2004 | title = Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark | journal = West European Politics | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 474–502 | doi = 10.1080/0140238042000228103 }}
  • {{cite book | type= PhD thesis | url = http://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/the-danish-peoples-party-the-italian-northern-league-and-the-austrian-freedom-party-in-a-comparative-perspective-party-ideologyand-electoral-support%280a7918a0-583a-11df-9ad7-000ea68e967b%29.html | last = Meret | first = Susi | year = 2010 | title = The Danish People's Party, the Italian Northern League and the Austrian Freedom Party in a Comparative Perspective: Party Ideology and Electoral Support | series = SPIRIT PhD Series | publisher = University of Aalborg | volume = 25 | issn = 1903-7783 }}

External links

{{wikiquote}}
  • {{da icon}} Dansk Folkeparti - Official site
  • The Party Program of the Danish People's Party Official website (page in English).
{{Danish political parties}}

11 : European Conservatives and Reformists member parties|Political parties established in 1995|1995 establishments in Denmark|Nationalist parties in Denmark|Eurosceptic parties in Denmark|Conservative parties in Denmark|Opposition to Islam in Denmark|Right-wing populism in Europe|Right-wing populist parties|Anti-immigration politics in Europe|Social conservative parties
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