| 词条 | Daugava |
| 释义 |
|name = Daugava |name_other = Western Dvina, {{lang-ru|Западная Двина (Západnaya Dviná)}}, {{lang-be|Заходняя Дзвіна}} ({{IPA-be|zaˈxodnʲaja dzʲvʲiˈna|}}), {{lang-liv|Vēna}}, {{lang-de|Düna}} |image = Fluss-lv-Düna.png |image_caption = The drainage basin of the Daugava |source1_location = Valdai Hills, Russia |mouth_location = Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea |subdivision_type1 = Country |subdivision_name1 = Belarus, Latvia, Russia, Lithuania, Estonia |length = {{convert|1020|km|mi|abbr=on}}[1] |source1_elevation = {{convert|221|m|ft|abbr=on}} |mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}} |discharge1_avg = {{convert|678|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |basin_size = {{convert|87900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}[1] |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_size = |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_map_alt = }} The Daugava ({{lang-ltg|Daugova}}) or Western Dvina is a river rising in the Valdai Hills, flowing through Russia, Belarus, and Latvia and into the Gulf of Riga. The total length of the river is {{convert|1020|km|mi|abbr=on}}:[1] {{convert|325|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Russia GeographyThe total catchment area of the river is {{convert|87900|km²|mi2|abbr=on}}, {{convert|33150|km²|mi2|abbr=on}} of which are within Belarus.[1] EtymologyAccording to the Max Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary, the toponym Dvina clearly cannot stem from a Uralic language, and it possibly comes from Indo-European word which used to mean river or stream.[2] EnvironmentThe river began experiencing environmental deterioration in the era of Soviet collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and a wave of hydroelectric power projects.[3] Cities, towns and settlementsRussiaAndreapol, Zapadnaya Dvina and Velizh. BelarusRuba, Vitebsk, Beshankovichy, Polotsk with Boris stones strewn in the vicinity, Navapolatsk, Dzisna, Verkhnedvinsk, and Druya. LatviaKrāslava, Daugavpils, Līvāni, Jēkabpils, Pļaviņas, Aizkraukle, Jaunjelgava, Lielvārde, Kegums, Ogre, Ikšķile, Salaspils and Riga. HistoryHumans have settled at the mouth of the Daugava and around the other shores of the Gulf of Riga for millennia, initially participating in a hunter-gatherer economy and utilizing the waters of the Daugava estuary as fishing and gathering areas for aquatic biota. Beginning around the sixth century AD, Viking explorers crossed the Baltic Sea and entered the Daugava River, navigating upriver into the Baltic interior.[4] In medieval times the Daugava was an important area of trading and navigation - part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks - for transport of furs from the north and of Byzantine silver from the south. The Riga area, inhabited by the Finnic-speaking Livs, became a key element of settlement and defence of the mouth of the Daugava at least as early as the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the now destroyed fort at Torņakalns on the west bank of the Daugava at present day Riga. Since the Late Middle Ages the western part of the Daugava basin has come under the rule of various peoples and states; for example the Latvian town of Daugavpils, located on the western Daugava, variously came under papal rule as well as Slavonic, Polish, German and Russian sway until restoration of the Latvian independence in 1990 at the end of the Cold War.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Water qualityUpstream of the Latvian town of Jekabpils the pH has a characteristic value of about 7.8; in this reach the calcium ion has a typical concentration of around 43 milligrams per liter; nitrate has a concentration of about 0.82 milligrams per liter (as nitrogen); phosphate ion is measured at 0.038 milligrams per liter; and oxygen saturation was measured at eighty percent. The high nitrate and phosphate load of the Daugava is instrumental to the buildup of extensive phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic Sea; other European rivers contributing to such high nutrient loading of the Baltic are the Oder and Vistula Rivers.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} In Belarus, water pollution of the Daugava is considered moderately severe, with the chief sources being treated wastewater, fish-farming and agricultural chemical runoff (e.g. herbicides, pesticides, nitrate and phosphate).{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus |publisher = Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. |year = 2011 |website = Land of Ancestors |accessdate= 27 September 2013 }} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Фасмер|first=Макс|script-title=ru:Этимологический словарь Фасмера|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=morpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&off=&text_word=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=substring&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on|language=Russian|page=161}} 3. ^{{cite web| last=C.Michael Hogan|year=2012|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Daugava_River?topic=78166|title=Daugava River|work=Encyclopedia of Earth|publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment}} 4. ^Compare: {{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&lpg=PA115&ots=EGc53AHVTf&dq=Vikings%20Daugava%20River&pg=PA115#v=snippet&q=daugava&f=false|title= Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|last= Frucht|first= Richard C.|date= 2005-01-01|publisher= ABC-CLIO|isbn= 9781576078006|language= en|access-date= 2017-07-06|quote= The Daugava was an important transit river (carrying everything from Vikings to floating lumber) for centuries [...].}} Further reading
External links{{Portal|Riga}}
10 : Daugava River|Daugava basin|International rivers of Europe|Rivers of Belarus|Rivers of Latvia|Gulf of Riga|Rivers of Smolensk Oblast|Rivers of Tver Oblast|Rivers of Vitebsk Region|Belarus–Latvia border |
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