1. Design

2. Designation

3. History

4. Variants

5. Users

6. See also

7. References

8. External links

1928–1960s (USSR)

The Degtyaryov machine gun (Russian: Пулемёт Дегтярёвa Пехотный Pulemyot Degtyaryova Pekhotny "Degtyaryov's infantry machine gun") or DP-27 is a light machine gun firing the 7.62×54mmR cartridge that was primarily used by the Soviet Union, with service trials starting in 1927 followed by general deployment in 1928. Besides being the standard Soviet infantry light machine gun (LMG) during WWII, with various modifications it was used in aircraft as a flexible defensive weapon, and it equipped almost all Soviet tanks in WWII as either a flexible bow machine gun or a co-axial machine gun controlled by the gunner. It was improved in 1943 producing the DPM, but it was replaced in 1946 with the RP-46 which improved on the basic DP design by converting it to use belt feed. The DP machine gun was supplemented in the 1950s by the more modern RPD machine gun and entirely replaced in Soviet service by the general purpose PK machine gun in the 1960s.

Design

The DP-27 was a light machine gun designed for the Soviet Red Army in the 1920s under the leadership of Vasily Degtyarev (1880-1949), the first test model being the DP-26. Two test guns were manufactured and fired 5,000 rounds each from September 27 -29, 1926, during which weaknesses were discovered in the extractor and firing pin mechanisms. After design improvements, two more guns were made and tested in December of 1926, firing 40,000 rounds under adverse conditions, resulting in only .6% stoppages. However, changes to the bolt carrier and the chamber locking mechanism were still required. After this redesign the improved gun, now called the DP-27, was tested by the Red Army at the Kovrov plant on January 17-21 of 1927, passing all tests and being approved for manufacture. A full year of service testing followed, after which the primary requested change was the addition of the large flash suppressor that is now considered one of the recognition features of the design.^[5] With further refinements, the DP was to be the primary light machine gun of the Red Army during WWII.

As with most other light machine guns of WWII, the DP-27 was designed to fire the same 7.62×54mmR (R indicating Rimmed) ammunition as the main Soviet infantry battle rifle, the Mosin-Nagant, much simplifying ammunition logistics for Soviet infantry units. Of typical Russian design philosophy, the DP-27 was a sturdy and simple gun that was easy and cheap to manufacture, and could be relied upon to perform even in the most adverse conditions; it was capable of withstanding being buried in dirt, mud, or sand and still operating consistently. However it had a low rate of fire when compared to its main wartime rival, the German MG 34/MG 42 series, firing at a rate of 550rpm as compared to the 800-1200rpm of the German light machine guns.

The operating mechanism of the DP-27 was gas-operated, using a Kjellmann-Friberg flap locking design to lock the bolt against the chamber until the round had left the barrel, aided by a recoil spring.^[6] Ammunition came in the form of a 47-round circular pan magazine that attached to the top of the receiver. It was this disc-shaped, rotating magazine that led Soviet soldiers to call the DP, in typical soldier slang, the "record player".

Its main parts were a removable barrel with an integrated flash suppresor and gas cylinder, a receiver with the rear sight, a perforated barrel shroud/guide with the front sight, the bolt and locking flaps, the bolt carrier and gas piston rod, a recoil spring, stock and trigger mechanism group, a bipod for firing from prone positions, and the previously-mentioned pan magazine. The use of bipod makes the controlling of the DP-28 really easy. Its recoil becomes almost negligible. In total, the first versions contained only 80 parts, indicating both the simplicity and ease of manufacture of the design. Early versions had 26 transverse cooling fins machined into the barrel, but it was found that these had little cooling effect and so were deleted in 1938, further easing manufacture.

Its main weaknesses besides the somewhat low rate of fire were that the pan magazines were prone to damage while being carried, the bipod mechanism was known to be weak and likely to fail if not handled with care, the recoil spring's location near the barrel led to overheating of the spring causing it to lose proper spring temper and thereby most of its strength as a spring, and the 47-round magazines made sustained fire impossible. Since the German MG-34/MG-42 were continuous belt-fed, they had both a much higher rate of fire as well as a sustained fire capability that the DP series could not match. Further, the pan magazines were difficult and time-consuming to reload.

Designation

The Degtyaryov machine gun was accepted for Red Army service in 1927 with the official designation 7,62-мм ручной пулемет обр. 1927 г (7.62mm Hand-Held Machine Gun Model 1927). It was called the ДП-27 (DP-27) or just DP in use, besides the aforementioned soldier slang name of "Record Player" due to the disc-shaped magazine.

For reasons that are unclear, it is often called the DP-28 in the west, even though no Soviet sources ever used that designation. It is possible, since the Soviets generally named equipment referring to the first year of use, that western sources became confused between the initial service testing date of 1927 and the general service distribution date of 1928 and assumed it would be called the DP-28.

History

Despite its numerous problems, the DP had a reputation as a relatively effective light support weapon. It was nicknamed the "Record player" (proigryvatel') by Red Army troops because the disc-shaped pan magazine resembled a gramophone record and its top cover revolved while the weapon was fired. Many were captured by the Finnish army in the Winter War and the Continuation War and partially replaced the Lahti-Saloranta M/26. The DP received the nickname Emma in Finnish service after a popular waltz, again due to the magazine's resemblance to a record player. In the summer of 1944, the Finnish army had about 3400 Finnish-made Lahti-Salorantas and 9000 captured Soviet-made Degtyarevs on the front. Captured examples were operated by the Volkssturm, the German civilian army, in German service the Degtyarev received the designation Leichtes Maschinengewehr 120(r).

The Chinese Nationalists received 5,600 DPs from the USSR and used them in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. The Chinese Communists used the DP in the Korean War and copied the DPM as the Type 53.

All variants of the DP machine gun were given or sold to Viet Minh in the First Indochina War ^[7] by the USSR and Chinese Communists. Similarly, in the Vietnam war to the NVA and Vietcong ^[8][9]

A number of the RP-46 variant of the DP have been spotted in present-day Somalia, in use with militant forces, and also among rebel forces in the 2011 Libyan uprising to overthrow Muammar Gaddafi.^[10]

DPMs have also been recovered from Taliban fighters during NATO intervention in Afghanistan^[12] while DPs or DPMs have been spotted in 2014 in the Northern Mali conflict.^[11]

Variants

• DPM, modernized version adopted in 1943–44, with a more robust bipod fastened to the cooling jacket and the recoil spring housed in a tube projecting from the rear of the receiver which necessitated a pistol grip for this model of the weapon (manufactured in China as the Type 53)
• DA, for mounting and loading in aircraft (Дегтярёва авиационный, Degtyaryova Aviatsionny; ДА). Also used in tandem mounts known as DA-2. Employed in the early versions of the Tupolev TB-3 bomber and in the Polikarpov R-5 and Polikarpov Po-2 fighters. The DA weighted 7.1 kg empty and 11.5 kg with standard ammunition load. Its rate of fire was 600 rounds per minute. It was built between 1928 and March 1930 with 1,200 units delivered.^[12] It was soon superseded by the ShKAS, which had a much higher rate of fire.
• DT and DTM, for mounting and loading in armoured fighting vehicles (Дегтярёва танковый, Degtyaryova Tankovy; ДТ and ДТМ)
• DTM-4, (ДТМ-4) quad mounted variant.^[13]

• RP-46 (Ротный пулемет - company machine gun): metallic-belt fed version adopted in 1946 with a heavier barrel to allow prolonged sustained fire. About 500 rounds could be fired continuously before the barrel had to be swapped or allowed to cool down. Also had a user-adjustable gas system, with three holes of varying diameters provided, to cope with varying environmental conditions and residue buildup. Although the empty weight of the RP-46 exceeded that of DP by 2.5 kg, when considered together with a single ammo box of 250 rounds, the RP-46 weighed 10 kg less than the DP together with the same amount of ammunition in DP pans. The RP-46 remained in Soviet service for 15 years before it was replaced (together with the SGM) by the PK machine gun. The RP-46 was later manufactured in China as the Type 58 and in North Korea as the Type 64.^[14] The RP-46 could still fire from DP-style magazines by removing its belt-feeding system.^[15]

The original DP is more commonly called the DP-28 (or DP-27), although there is some confusion as to whether these are official designations or not.

Users

• {{flag|Afghanistan}}: DPM^[16] and RP-46 variants^[17]
• {{flag|Albania}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Algeria}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Angola}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Benin}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Bulgaria}}: RP-46 variant.^[19]
• {{flag|Central African Republic}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Republic of China (1912-1949)|name=Republic of China}}^[20]
• {{PRC}}: DPM and RP-46 locally built as Type 53 and Type 58{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=297}}
• {{flag|Comoros}}: RP-46 and Type 58 variants.^[18]
• {{flag|Congo-Brazzaville}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Cuba}}: DP, DT, DTM,{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=22}} DPM and RP-46 variants.^[18]
• {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: DP, DPM and RP-46 variants.^[21]
• {{flag|Egypt|1958}}^[2]
• {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Ethiopia}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Finland}}: Used captured examples during World War II.^[22]
• {{flag|East Germany}}: DT and DTM variants.{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=381}}
• {{flag|Nazi Germany}}: Captured models were issued to the Volkssturm.^[23]
• {{flag|Hungary|1949}}: DP, DPM and DTM variants.^[24]. Locally produced as M-27.^[1]
• {{flag|Indonesia}}{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=461}}
• {{flag|Iraq}}: Iraqi insurgents used RP-46 variant.^[25]
• {{flag|Laos}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Libya}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Nigeria}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|North Korea}}: DPM, Type 53 and RP-46 variants.^[26][27]
• {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg}} Palestine Liberation Organization^[28]
• {{flag|Poland}}: Used by Polish Army in USSR during World War II^[29] and then during the Cold War era (DPM and RP-46 variants).{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=526}}
• {{flagicon|Romania|1952}} Romania: DP and DPM used after the war.{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=533}}
• {{flag|Seychelles}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Somalia}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Soviet Union}}^[30]
• {{flag|Spanish Republic}}^[31]
• {{flag|Sri Lanka}}: Type 58 variant^[32]
• {{flag|Sudan}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{SYR}}: RP-46 variant.^[3]
• {{flag|Tanzania}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Togo}}: RP-46 variant.^[18]
• {{flag|Vietnam}}: DPM, Type 53, RP-46 and Type 58 variants^[33]
• {{flag|Yemen}}^[34]
• {{flagcountry|SFR Yugoslavia}}{{sfn|Smith|1969|p=723}}
• {{flag|Zambia}}: RP-46 variant.^[35]

See also

• Charlton Automatic Rifle
• Kucher Model K1
• Lahti-Saloranta M/26
• Lewis Gun
• List of Russian weaponry

References

• {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Joseph E.|title=Small Arms of the World|edition =11|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|publisher= The Stackpole Company|year=1969|ref=harv}}

External links

• The Battles of the Winter War
• Modern Firearms – Degtyarev DP DPM RP-46
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120223163723/http://www.scribd.com/doc/29617716/DT-28-Machine-Gun-Manual-T-34-Tank Soviet DT-28 Repair and Operation Manual]{{ru_icon}}
• Degtyarov machine gun variants{{ru_icon}}
• Degtyaryov machine gun with Japanese Type 11 magazine hopper
• {{cite web|url=http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/7dc/06_16.pdf |date=22 April 2010 |title=75 лет ручному пулемёту Дегтярёва |accessdate=2015-09-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815074754/http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/7dc/06_16.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-15 |df= }}

• KX450
• Kx450f
• KX450f
• Kx'a
• KXA
• KXAD
• KXAD-LD
• Kx'a languages
• KX Andromedae
• Kxaoae
• Kxaoae language
• KXAX
• KXAX-LP
• KX blood-group antigen family
• KXDD
• KXDD-CD
• KXDF
• KXDM-LP
• KXGO
• KXI46
• KXI48
• KXI73
• KXI77
• KXII-DT4
• KXJB-LD