“Demographics of Tunisia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Nearly all Tunisians, around 99 percent of the population, are Muslim adherents.^[3] There is a Jewish population on the southern island of Djerba and Tunis. There also exists a small autochthonous group of Christian adherents.^[4]

Population

Source: National Institute of Statistics^[5] and United Nations Statistics Division^[6]

Vital statistics

Structure of the population

Population

The population of Tunisia is primarily of Berber ancestral origin (>60%).^[2] Whilst the Ottoman influence has been particularly significant in forming the Turco-Tunisian community, other peoples have also migrated to Tunisia during different periods of time, including Sub-Saharan Africans, Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians (Punics), Jews, and French settlers. The Tunisian , by 1870 the distinction between the Arabic-speaking mass and the Turkish elite had blurred^[8] and today the overwhelming majority, of about 98%,^[3]^[9] simply identify themselves collectively as Arabs.^[10] There is also a small purely Berber (1% at most)^[11] population located in the Dahar mountains and on the island of Djerba in the south-east and in the Khroumire mountainous region in the north-west.

From the late 19th century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of French and Italians (255,000 Europeans in 1956),^[12] although nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became independent. The history of the Jews in Tunisia goes back some 2,000 years. In 1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000, but by 2013 only about 900 remained.^[13]

The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers. Numerous civilizations and peoples have invaded, migrated to, or have been assimilated into the population over the millennia, with influences of population from Phoenicians/Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Spaniards, Ottoman Turks and Janissaries, and French. There was a continuing inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia.^[14]

After the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Muslims and Jews also arrived. According to Matthew Carr, "As many as eighty thousand Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis, which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia Alley."^[15]

Life expectancy

Genetic

While the many modern Tunisians identify themselves as Arab, they are predominantly genetically descended from Berber groups, with substantial Phoenician/Punic, Arab and Western European input. Tunisians are also descended, to a much lesser extent, from other African, Middle Eastern and/or European peoples. In sum, a little less than 20 percent of their genetic material (Y-chromosome analysis) comes from the present day Levant, Arabia, Europe or West Africa.^[17]^[18]

"In fact, the Tunisian genetic distances to European samples are smaller than those to North African groups. (...) This could be explained by the history of the Tunisian population, reflecting the influence of the ancient Punic settlers of Carthage followed, among others, by Roman, Byzantine, Arab and French occupations, according to historical records. Notwithstanding, other explanations cannot be discarded, such as the relative heterogeneity within current Tunisian populations, and/or the limited sub-Saharan genetic influence in this region as compared with other North African areas, without excluding the possibility of the genetic drift, whose effect might be particularly amplified on the X chromosome.",^[19]^[20] This suggests a fairly significant Middle Eastern and European input to Tunisian genetics compared to other neighbouring populations.

However, later research has suggested instead that Tunisians exhibit a mostly indigenous North African genetic make up similar to other Northwest African populations; characterized by a high amount of native Northwest African genes, but with higher Middle Eastern input than in Algeria or Morocco.^[21]

Y-Chromosome

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Vital Statistics

Ethnic groups

Languages

Literacy

The literacy rate among the Tunisian population increased greatly after its independence from France. According to the 1996 census data,^[24] the literacy rate of the last generation of Tunisian men educated under the French rule (those born 1945-49) was less than 65%. For the first generation educated after independence (born 1950-1954), literacy in Arabic among males had increased to nearly 80%. (Sixty-two percent were also literate in French and 15 percent literate in English). Among the youngest generation included in the census (those born 1980-1984), 96.6% were literate in Arabic.

Among Tunisian women, the increase in literacy was even greater. The literacy rate among the last generation of women educated under the French was less than 30%. In the first generation educated after independence, this increased to just over 40%. For the youngest generation of women cited (born 1980-1984), literacy in Arabic had increased to slightly over 90%; over 70% of women were also literate in French.^[25]

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|title=Tunisia (03/09/12)|url=https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/tunisia/196390.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013143542/http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/tunisia/196390.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=13 October 2012|publisher=US Department of State|date=9 March 2012}}
2. ^¹²{{cite book|author=Tej K. Bhatia |author2=William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0631227359|page=860|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=15 August 2017}}
3. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html#People |title=CIA – The World Factbook — Tunisia |accessdate=2007-01-13 |website= }}
4. ^¹[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Tunisia]. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
5. ^National Institute of Statistics - Tunisia
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|accessdate=28 March 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/index.cshtml|title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics|first=United Nations Statistics|last=Division|date=|website=unstats.un.org|accessdate=18 April 2018}}
8. ^{{citation|last=Green|first=Arnold H.|year=1978|title=The Tunisian Ulama 1873–1915: Social Structure and Response to Ideological Currents|place=|publisher=BRILL|page=69|isbn=978-90-04-05687-9}}
9. ^{{cite journal |pmid=19414164 |year=2009 |last1=Turchi |first1=C |last2=Buscemi |first2=L |last3=Giacchino |first3=E |last4=Onofri |first4=V |last5=Fendt |first5=L |last6=Parson |first6=W |last7=Tagliabracci |first7=A |title=Polymorphisms of mtDNA control region in Tunisian and Moroccan populations: An enrichment of forensic mtDNA databases with Northern Africa data|volume=3|issue=3|pages=166–72|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.01.014 |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lapresse.tn/24032011/593/le-tunisien-une-dimension-mediterraneenne-quatteste-la-genetique.html |title=Le Tunisien: une dimension méditerranéenne qu'atteste la génétique |publisher=Lapresse.tn |language=French |date=28 January 2010 |author=Bouhadiba, M.A. |accessdate=19 January 2013 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722114506/http://www.lapresse.tn/24032011/593/le-tunisien-une-dimension-mediterraneenne-quatteste-la-genetique.html |archivedate=22 July 2012 }}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm |title=Q&A: The Berbers |publisher=BBC News |date=12 March 2004 |accessdate=19 January 2013}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Angus Maddison|title=Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeWy7a6nAHcC&pg=PA214|accessdate=26 January 2013|date=20 September 2007|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-922721-1|page=214}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/tunisjews.html |title=The Jews of Tunisia |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date= |accessdate=11 July 2014}}
14. ^{{cite book | last1 = Stearns | first1 = Peter N. | last2 = Leonard Langer | first2 = William | title = The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | year = 2001 | edition = 6 | pages = 129–131 | isbn = 978-0-395-65237-4}}
15. ^{{Cite book | last = Carr | first = Matthew | title = Blood and faith: the purging of Muslim Spain | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=netlOtzI6R8C&pg=PA290&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false | publisher = The New Press | year = 2009 | page = 290 | isbn = 978-1-59558-361-1 }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|last=|date=|year=|pages=|language=|format=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=|accessdate=2017-07-15|quote=|periodical=|month=|day=}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-05-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414212524/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-14 |df= }}
18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Cruciani|first=Fulvio|date=May 2004|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|url=http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)64365-1|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74| issue = 5|pages=1014–1022|doi=10.1086/386294|pmid=15042509|access-date=24 May 2016|display-authors=etal|pmc=1181964}}
19. ^The X chromosome Alu insertions as a tool for human population genetics: data from European and African human groups, Athanasiadis et al. 2007
20. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomas C, Sanchez JJ, Barbaro A |title=X-chromosome SNP analyses in 11 human Mediterranean populations show a high overall genetic homogeneity except in North-west Africans (Moroccans) |journal=BMC Evol. Biol. |volume=8|pages=75 |year=2008 |pmid=18312628 |pmc=2315647 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-75 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/75 |quote=Tunisians did not show a significant level of differentiation with northern populations as mentioned by others|display-authors=etal}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/4137738|title=Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia}}
22. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Bekada | first1 = A | last2 = Fregel | first2 = R | last3 = Cabrera | first3 = VM | last4 = Larruga | first4 = JM | last5 = Pestano | first5 = J |display-authors=et al | year = 2013 | title = Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 2| page = e56775 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 | pmid=23431392 | pmc=3576335}}
23. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |title=Africa :: TUNISIA |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BRmFRbow?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |archivedate=2012-10-16 |df= }}
24. ^{{cite journal | author = As , Walters Keith | year = 2003 | title = Fergie's prescience: the changing nature of diglossia in Tunisia | url = | journal = International Journal of the Society of Language | volume = 163 | issue = | pages = 85–87 }}
25. ^The children born in the early 1980s had not yet begun English instruction by the time of the 1996 census, so no literacy rate in English is given. However, the children born between 1970-74 (who had completed their education) had a literacy in English of 20%. It's highly likely that the younger generation's literacy in English was even higher at the conclusion of their schooling. Walters 86.