| 词条 | Millet butterflyfish |
| 释义 |
| name = Millet butterflyfish | image = Chaetodon miliaris by NPS.jpg | image_width = 240px | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Actinopterygii | ordo = Perciformes | familia = Chaetodontidae | genus = Chaetodon (but see text) | subgenus = Exornator | species = C. miliaris | binomial = Chaetodon miliaris | binomial_authority = Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 }} The millet butterflyfish (Chaetodon miliaris)[2] is a species of butterflyfish in the family Chaetodontidae. Other common names include the lemon butterflyfish and the millet-seed butterflyfish.[1] It is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and the Johnston Atoll, where it is found at depths down to {{convert|250|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Although it has a limited range, it is common around Hawaii, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed its conservation status as being of "least concern". TaxonomyIn its subgenus Exornator, it probably belongs to a group that also includes the African butterflyfish (C. dolosus), the crochet butterflyfish (C. guentheri) and the reef butterflyfish (C. sedentarius). The crochet butterflyfish might be the closest living relative of C. miliaris. If the genus Chaetodon is split up, Exornator might become a subgenus of Lepidochaetodon.[3] DescriptionThe millet butterflyfish grows to a maximum length of {{convert|13|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. It is a deep-bodied, laterally flattened fish. The dorsal fin has 13 to 14 spines and 20 to 23 soft rays and the anal fin has 2 to 3 spines and 17 to 20 soft rays. The general body colour is whitish or yellow, with a number of vertical rows of dark spots on the flanks. A broad black stripe runs from above the eye to the base of the operculum, and there is a large black patch on the caudal peduncle.[4] Distribution and habitatThis fish is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and the Johnston Atoll, and is found down to depths of at least {{convert|250|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Its habitats include coastal fringing reefs, outer reefs and lagoons.[1] EcologyThe millet butterflyfish is a schooling species found in mid-water that feeds on zooplankton. It also feeds opportunistically on polychaete worms and other small invertebrates on the seabed.[1] Food is drawn into the mouth by rapid suction.[5] It does not seem to be territorial but forms aggregations to feed at particular sites on the reef. Although its breeding habits are unknown, the gonads are large as compared with the body size, suggesting that it may have a promiscuous mating system.[6] Breeding takes place between January and May, and newly settled juveniles are found on inner reef areas between April and June.[1] This butterflyfish is sometimes collected from the wild for the aquarium trade.[1] Its feeding habits make it more suitable for keeping in a reef aquarium than more specialist butterflyfish species that feed on scleractinian corals.[7] Although rare at Johnston Atoll, it is plentiful around the Hawaiian Islands. The International Union for Conservation of Nature believes that the population is stable and that collection has little impact, and they assess the conservation status of this fish as being of "least concern".[1] Footnotes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite journal | author = Pyle, R.; Craig, M.T. | title = Chaetodon miliaris | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2010 | page = e.T165721A6101795 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2010 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/165721/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165721A6101795.en | access-date = 15 January 2018}} 2. ^{{Fishbase species|genus=Chaetodon |species=miliaris}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Fessler|Westneat|2007}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/5136 |title=Chaetodon miliaris Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 |publisher=FishBase |accessdate=9 December 2017}} 5. ^{{cite journal |author=Motta, Philip J. |year=1982 |title=Functional morphology of the head of the inertial suction feeding butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris (perciformes, chaetodontidae) |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=283–312 |doi=10.1002/jmor.1051740305 }} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Pratchett, Morgan S.|author2=Berumen, Michael L.|author3=Kapoor, B.G.|title=Biology of Butterflyfishes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMnMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |year=2013 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4665-8290-3 |pages=213}} 7. ^{{cite book|author1=Pratchett, Morgan S.|author2=Berumen, Michael L.|author3=Kapoor, B.G.|title=Biology of Butterflyfishes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMnMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 |year=2013 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4665-8290-3 |pages=303–304}} References{{Commons|Chaetodon miliaris}}
4 : Chaetodon|Endemic fauna of Hawaii|Fish of Hawaii|Fish described in 1825 |
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