| 词条 | Mnajdra | |||||
| 释义 |
|name = Mnajdra |alternate_name = |image = Sudika Mnajdra porthole.jpg |alt = |caption = Niche at the Mnajdra South Temple |map_type = Malta |map_size = |relief = yes |map_caption = Location within Malta |latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = |longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = |coordinates = {{coord|35|49|36|N|14|26|11|E|display=inline, title}} |location = Qrendi, Malta |region = |type = Temple |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = |material = Limestone |built = c.3600 BC–c.3200 BC |abandoned = |epochs = Ġgantija phase Tarxien phase |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = 1840–1954 |archaeologists = J. G. Vance Themistocles Zammit John Davies Evans |condition = Well-preserved ruins |ownership = Government of Malta |management = Heritage Malta |public_access = Yes |website = {{URL|http://heritagemalta.org/museums-sites/mnajdra-temples/|Heritage Malta}} |notes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | part_of = Megalithic Temples of Malta | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iv)}}(iv) | ID = 132ter-003 | year = 1980 | extension = 1992, 2015 | area = {{convert|0.563|ha|sqft|abbr=on}} }}Mnajdra ({{lang-mt|L-Imnajdra}}) is a megalithic temple complex found on the southern coast of the Mediterranean island of Malta. Mnajdra is approximately 500 metres from the Ħaġar Qim megalithic complex. Mnajdra was built around the fourth millennium BCE; the Megalithic Temples of Malta are among the most ancient religious sites on Earth,[1] described by the World Heritage Sites committee as "unique architectural masterpieces."[2] In 1992 UNESCO recognized the Mnajdra complex and four other Maltese megalithic structures as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[3] In 2009 work was completed on a protective tent.[4] DesignMnajdra is made of coralline limestone, which is much harder than the soft globigerina limestone of Ħaġar Qim. The main structural systems used in the temples are corbelling with smaller stones, and post and lintel construction using large slabs of limestone. The cloverleaf plan of Mnajdra appears more regular than that of Ħagar Qim, and seems reminiscent of the earlier complex at Ggantija. The prehistoric structure consists of three temples, conjoined, but not connected: the upper, middle, and lower.[5][6] The upper temple is the oldest structure in the Mnajdra complex and dates to the Ggantija phase (3600-3200 BC).[7] It is a three-apsed building, the central apse opening blocked by a low screen wall. The pillar-stones were decorated with pitmarks drilled in horizontal rows on the inner surface.[8] The middle temple was built (or possibly rebuilt) in the late Tarxien phase (3150 – 2500 BC), the main central doorway of which is formed by a hole cut into a large piece of limestone set upright, a type of construction typical of other megalithic doorways in Malta. This temple appears originally to have had a vaulted ceiling, but only the base of the ceiling now remain on top of the walls [9] and, in fact, is the most recent structure. It is formed of slabs topped by horizontal courses. The lowest temple, built in the early Tarxien phase, is the most impressive and possibly the best example of Maltese megalithic architecture. It has a large forecourt containing stone benches, an entrance passage covered by horizontal slabs, one of which has survived, and the remains of a possibly domed roof.[10] The temple is decorated with spiral carvings and indentations, and pierced by windows, some into smaller rooms and one onto an arrangement of stones.[7] FunctionsThe lowest temple is astronomically aligned and thus was probably used as an astronomical observation and/or calendrical site.[11] On the vernal and the autumnal equinox sunlight passes through the main doorway and lights up the major axis. On the solstices sunlight illuminates the edges of megaliths to the left and right of this doorway.[12] Although there are no written records to indicate the purpose of these structures, archaeologists have inferred their use from ceremonial objects found within them: sacrificial flint knives and rope holes that were possibly used to constrain animals for sacrifice (since various animal bones were found).{{fact|date=January 2016}} These structures were not used as tombs since no human remains were found.[13] The temples contain furniture such as stone benches and tables that give clues to their use. Many artifacts were recovered from within the temples suggesting that these temples were used for religious purposes, perhaps to heal illness and/or to promote fertility.[11] Excavations and recent historyThe excavations of the Mnajdra temples were performed under the direction of J.G. Vance in 1840, one year after the discovery of Ħagar Qim.[8] In 1871, James Fergusson designed the first plan of the megalithic structure. The plan was quite inaccurate and hence in 1901, Dr. Albert Mayr made the first accurate plan which was based on his findings.[14] In 1910, Dr. Thomas Ashby performed further investigations which resulted in the collection of the important archaeological material. Further excavations were performed in December 1949, in which two small statues, two large bowls, tools and one large spherical stone, which was probably used to move the temple's large stones, were discovered.[14] The temple was included on the Antiquities List of 1925.[15] Mnajdra was vandalized on 13 April 2001, when at least three people armed with crowbars toppled or broke about 60 megaliths, and inscribed graffiti on them. The attack was called "the worst act of vandalism ever committed on the island of Malta" by UNESCO.[16] The damage to the temples was initially considered irreparable,[17] but they were restored using new techniques making it difficult to tell where the megaliths had been damaged. The temples were reopened to the public in 2002.[18] The 1, 2 and 5 cent Maltese euro coins, minted since 2008, bear a representation of the Mnajdra temples on their obverse side. A protective shelter was constructed around Mnajdra (along with Ħaġar Qim) in 2009. GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.otsf.org/ |title=Malta Temples and The OTS Foundation |publisher=Otsf.org |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05}} 2. ^from the Reports of the 4th (1980) and the 16th (1992) Sessions of the Committee 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/132 |title=Megalithic Temples of Malta - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090407/local/prehistoric-temples-get-futuristic-roof |title=Prehistoric temples get futuristic roof |publisher=Times of Malta |date=2009-04-07 |accessdate=2009-07-02}} 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Gunther|first1=Michael D.|title=Plan Of The Temple Complex At Mnajdra|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/malta/mnajdra.html|website=art-and-archaeology.com}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/malta/mnajdra-temples.htm |title=Mnajdra Temples, Malta |publisher=Sacred-destinations.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.heritagemalta.org/mnajdratemples.html |title=Heritage Malta |publisher=Heritage Malta |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301074313/http://www.heritagemalta.org/mnajdratemples.html |archivedate=2013-03-01 |df= }} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.maltavoyager.com/placesofinterest_mnajdra.html |title=Places of Interest - Mnajdra |publisher=Maltavoyager.com |date=1927-03-04 |accessdate=2009-05-05}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands|url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/00024.pdf|publisher=Government of Malta|accessdate=23 March 2013}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.beautytruegood.co.uk/hagarq2.htm |title=ĦaÄ¡ar Qim and Mnajdra (2) |publisher=Beautytruegood.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905060840/http://www.beautytruegood.co.uk/hagarq2.htm |archivedate=2011-09-05 |df= }} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.sacredsites.com/europe/malta/temples_malta.html |title=Malta |publisher=Sacredsites.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-05}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chrisf.com.au/pivot/entry.php?id=83 |title=Equinox at Mnajdra Temples » Chris and Marika's Online Journal |publisher=Chrisf.com.au |date=2004-09-22 |accessdate=2009-05-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430005220/http://www.chrisf.com.au/pivot/entry.php?id=83 |archivedate=2009-04-30 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.carnaval.com/goddess/malta_temples2.htm |title=Hypogeum,Tarxien & Malta as tip of Atlantis |publisher=Carnaval.com |date=2002-06-22 |accessdate=2009-05-05}} 14. ^1 Alfie Guillaumier, Bliet u Rhula Maltin, Malta 1972 15. ^{{cite web|title=Protection of Antiquities Regulations 21st November, 1932 Government Notice 402 of 1932, as Amended by Government Notices 127 of 1935 and 338 of 1939.|url=https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=2627|website=Malta Environment and Planning Authority|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6guMwmZDW?url=https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=2627|archivedate=20 April 2016|deadurl=yes|df=}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Director-General shocked by vandalism of megalithic Mnajdra Temple in Malta|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612171257/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/01-58e.shtml|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=16 December 2014|date=18 April 2001}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Vandals cause 'irreparable' damage to Mnajdra temple|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146410314|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=The Megalithic Portal|date=16 April 2001}} 18. ^{{cite news|last1=Massa|first1=Ariadne|title=Recent technique used in restoring Mnajdra temples|url=http://www.maltamigration.com/news/times95404.shtml|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Times of Malta|publisher=MaltaMigration.com|date=11 April 2002}} External links{{Commons category}}
6 : Megalithic Temples of Malta|World Heritage Sites in Malta|Neolithic sites|Qrendi|National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands|Sites managed by Heritage Malta |
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