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词条 Development hell
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Causes

  3. List of development hells

     Films  Music  Video games 

  4. See also

  5. References

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Development hell, development limbo, or production hell is media industry jargon for a film, video game, television program, screenplay, software application,[1] concept, or idea that remains in development (often moving between different crews, scripts, or studios) for an especially long time before it progresses to production, if it ever does. Projects in development hell are not officially cancelled, but work on them slows or stops.

Overview

Film industry companies often buy the film rights to many popular novels, video games, and comic books, but it may take years for such properties to be successfully brought to the screen, and often with considerable changes to the plot, characters, and general tone. This pre-production process can last for months or years. More often than not, a project trapped in this state for a prolonged period of time will be abandoned by all interested parties or canceled outright. As Hollywood starts ten times as many projects as there are released, many scripts will end up in this limbo state.[2] This happens most often with projects that have multiple interpretations and reflect several points of view.[3][4]

Causes

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In the case of a film or television screenplay, generally the screenwriter has successfully sold a screenplay to producers or studio executives, but then new executives assigned to the project may raise objections to prior decisions, mandating rewrites and recasting. As directors and actors join the project, further rewrites and recasting may be done, to accommodate the needs of the new talents involved in the project.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

It may also be the case that the screenwriters have an issue with the final rights agreement after signing an option, requiring research on the chain of title. The project may be stuck until the situation is resolved and project participants are happy with the full terms.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

If a film is in development but never receives the necessary production funds, another studio may execute a turnaround deal and successfully produce the film. An example of this is when Columbia Pictures stopped production of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Universal Pictures then picked up the film and made it a success. If a studio completely abandons a film project, the costs are written off as part of the studio's overhead.[5] Sometimes studios will halt production on a film to ensure that the actors involved will be available for a different project that the studio prefers.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The concept artist and illustrator Sylvain Despretz has suggested that "Development hell doesn't happen with no-name directors. It happens only with famous directors that a studio doesn't dare break up with. And that's how you end up for two years just, you know, polishing a turd. Until, finally, somebody walks away, at great cost."[6]

With video games, slow progress and a lack of funds may lead developers to focus their resources elsewhere. Occasionally, completed portions of a game fail to meet expectations, with developers subsequently choosing to abandon the project rather than start from scratch. The commercial failure of a released game may also result in any prospective sequels being delayed or cancelled.[7]

List of development hells

Films

  • Alien vs. Predator: Alien vs. Predator was first planned shortly after the 1990 release of Predator 2, to be released sometime in 1993. It was halted for more than a decade, with constant actor changes, restarts, and failed promotions of the film until it was finally released in 2004.[8]
  • Akira: Warner Bros. has been developing a live-action American adaptation of the anime film and manga of the same name for years. As of January 6, 2012, Warner Bros. has "shut down" production for the fourth time.[9]
  • Battle Angel: James Cameron's live-action adaptation of Yukito Kishiro's manga series Battle Angel Alita has been in development hell since the early 2000s. The project has been completed under the direction of Robert Rodriguez, and released in 2019.[10]
  • Atlas Shrugged: Film and later television adaptations of Ayn Rand's novel were in development hell for nearly 40 years[11] before the novel was finally brought to screen in the first part of a trilogy in 2011. Part II appeared in 2012, and Part III was released in September 2014.[12]
  • Atuk: A film adaptation of the novel The Incomparable Atuk. Several principals involved in the film have died during the film's development time, now over a decade.[13]
  • Austin Powers 4: The possibility of a third sequel to the film International Man of Mystery was first announced in 2005 by Mike Myers, who stated "There is hope!" and "We're all circling and talking to each other. I miss doing the characters."[14] In July 2008, Mike Myers stated that he had begun writing Austin Powers 4, and that the plot is "really about Dr. Evil and his son."[15] In September 2013, when asked about the future of Austin Powers, Myers answered "I'm still figuring that out."[16]
  • Beverly Hills Cop III: Went through multiple script revisions, including a treatment that had Axel Foley teaming up with a Scotland Yard detective (to be played by Sean Connery), until finally being released.[17][18][19][20]
  • Bajirao Mastani: The film was conceived in the 1990s and was finally announced in 2003 but was shelved indefinitely due to its ever changing cast. The film was finally revived in 2014 and went immediately in production and was released in December 2015.[21]
  • Batman Unchained: The failure of Batman & Robin in 1997 hindered many attempts to produce a fifth Batman movie until Warner Bros. opted to reboot the series in 2005, resulting in Batman Begins, which met with far greater success.[22]
  • The Brazilian Job: A sequel to the 2003 remake of The Italian Job was in development by the summer of 2004, but has faced multiple delays. Principal photography was initially slated to begin in March 2005, with a projected release date in November or December 2005.[23] However, the script was never finalized, and the release date was pushed back to sometime in 2006,[24] and later summer 2007.[25] Writer David Twohy approached Paramount Pictures with an original screenplay titled The Wrecking Crew, and though the studio reportedly liked the idea, they thought it would work better as a sequel to The Italian Job.[26] Gray was slated to return as director, as well as most, if not all, of the original cast.[25][26] At least two drafts of the script had been written by August 2007, but the project had not been greenlit.[27]
  • A Confederacy of Dunces, the Pulitzer prize winning novel. has had a motion picture adaptation announced at least seven times, with some of the attempts even making it to a full script being written and most of the major characters of the novel cast, only to always stall and be abandoned.[28][29][30][31][32][33][28][34][35]
  • Dallas Buyers Club: The screenplay was written in September 1992 by Craig Borten. Throughout the 1990s, he wrote 10 different scripts, hoping for it to be picked up. It was unable to secure financial backing, going through three different directors, finally being released in 2013, with Jean-Marc Vallée directing.[36]
  • Darkchylde: In August 2007 comic book creator Randy Queen revealed to Newsarama that a movie based on his character Darkchylde is in the works. In an interview with Nicholas Yanes from scifipulse.net, Randy Queen was asked and responded to a question about a film/television adaptation of Darkchylde: "Yanes: For years now there have been rumors of Darkchylde being turned into an animated series, miniseries for a cable network and movie. Are you able to comment on Darkchylde’s potential future on in television and film? Any actresses you’d love to play Ariel? Queen: A movie makes so much sense it’s ridiculous, and all I can say is that we are working on it. I know that’s a frustrating answer for fans, but it’s a frustrating process. It’s probably best for me not to comment on actresses, so we’ll just all have to wait and see."[37] Test footage from the set of Darkchylde emerged in July 2010[38] and on October 31, 2010, it was announced John Carpenter was to direct.[39] Since then, there has been no further development news.
  • The Dark Tower: An adaptation of The Dark Tower had been in development since at least 2007.[40] The film was eventually released on August 4, 2017.[41]
  • Deadpool: Deadpool was in development hell for more than 15 years.[42] In May 2000, Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel Entertainment to coproduce, finance and distribute a film based on American comic books publisher Marvel Comics character Deadpool.[43] In February 2004, New Line Cinema attempted to produce a Deadpool film with writer/director David S. Goyer working on the spin-off and actor Ryan Reynolds in the title role;[44][45] Reynolds himself became interested in the character after finding out that in Cable & Deadpool, Deadpool refers to his own scarred appearance as "Ryan Reynolds crossed with a Shar-Pei".[46][47] By August, Goyer lost interest in favor of other projects.[48] In March 2005, after New Line put Deadpool in turnaround, 20th Century Fox became interested in moving forward on production for the project.[49] Fox considered a Deadpool spin-off early in the development of Wolverine, which had Reynolds cast in the role,[44] and after the opening weekend success of that film announced that it was lending Deadpool out to writers, with Lauren Shuler Donner acting as a producer.[50] Donner wanted the film to reboot the character of Deadpool, ignoring the version in X-Men Origins: Wolverine and including attributes that the character has in the comics, such as breaking the fourth wall.[51] Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick were hired to write the script in January 2010,[52] and Robert Rodriguez was sent an early draft of the screenplay that June.[53] After negotiations with Rodriguez fell through, Adam Berg emerged as a top contender to direct.[54] In April 2011, visual effects specialist Tim Miller was hired as director, making the film his directorial debut.[55] In September 2014, Fox gave the film a release date of February 12, 2016.[56] The film was released on that date to positive reviews[57][58] and became the ninth highest-grossing film of 2016 worldwide,[59] as well as the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time.[60][61]
  • Foodfight!: In 2004, the CGI film Foodfight was announced. Described as "Toy Story in a supermarket", the film promised to bring together over 80 famous advertising characters with voice talent including Charlie Sheen, Christopher Lloyd, Eva Longoria, Hilary and Haylie Duff, and Wayne Brady. Director Lawrence Kasanoff expected it to be a commercial hit and merchandise for the movie appeared on store shelves before the film had a release date. However, the film ran into many problems.[62] In late 2002/early 2003, Kasanoff reported that hard drives containing unfinished assets from the film had been stolen in what he called an act of "industrial espionage". After several years, a trailer[63] was finally shown at AHM in 2011, a company bought the DVD distribution rights for the film in Europe,[64] and a quiet video-on-demand American release came in 2012.
  • ID Forever Part I and II: The sequels to Independence Day were in development hell from 1997 until 2009, when director Roland Emmerich announced the pre-production of the films, which were planned to be shot back-to-back.[65] However, ID Forever Part I was renamed to Resurgence for its release on June 24, 2016.[66]
  • The Jetsons: A live-action adaptation of The Jetsons was first announced in late 1984 by Paramount Pictures. The film was to be executive produced by Gary Nardino and released in 1985, but failed to do so.[67] In the late 1980s Universal Studios purchased the film rights for The Flintstones and The Jetsons from Hanna-Barbera Productions. The result was the animated film The Movie, which was released in 1990. In May 2007, director Robert Rodriguez entered talks with Universal Studios and Warner Bros. to film a live action film adaptation of The Jetsons for a potential 2009 theatrical release, having at the time discussed directing a film adaptation of Land of the Lost with Universal. Rodriguez was uncertain which project he would pursue next, though the latest script draft for The Jetsons by assigned writer Adam F. Goldberg was further along in development.[68] The film was to be released in 2012. However, in early 2012, Warner Bros. Pictures delayed indefinitely the release of the film. Also in 2012, Warner Bros. hired the screenwriting duo Van Robichaux and Evan Susser to rewrite the script. Producer Denise Di Novi said in 2011 that Rodriguez was off the project as his vision for the movie "wasn’t a mainstream studio version". Kanye West reported via Twitter in February 2012 that he was in talks to be creative director on The Jetsons.[69]
  • The Keith Moon Movie: A biopic of The Who drummer Keith Moon was first floated by The Who's singer Roger Daltrey in 1994. A competing movie by Keith Moon's personal manager, Peter "Dougal" Butler, produced by Robert De Niro and written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, was cancelled in 1998 after Daltrey had Pete Townshend deny the use of music by The Who.[70] Since then, some major names have been attached to the movie (a script by Alex Cox[71] among many written, and a starring role for Robbie Williams[72] or Mike Myers[73]) but no script has yet gotten Roger Daltrey's approval.[74] As of 2013, the movie is attached to Exclusive Media and Da Vinci Media Ventures.[75]
  • Love & Mercy: Named after the 1988 song, a biopic of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson was proposed that year with William Hurt as Wilson. Discussions for a feature-length biopic continued over the decades, but production did not take off until 2011 with director Bill Pohlad and screenplay writer Oren Moverman at the helm. The film was eventually released in 2014 starring Paul Dano and John Cusack as Wilson.[76]
  • The Man Who Killed Don Quixote: A loose adaptation of the Don Quixote tale co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam. Production originally started in 1998, but during the shooting in 2000, a significant number of difficulties such as set and equipment destroyed by flooding, the departure of the film's lead due to illness, problems obtaining insurance for the production, and other financial difficulties, led to a sudden suspension of the production and its subsequent cancellation. Part of the development hell is shown in documentary Lost in La Mancha. Gilliam made several additional attempts to revive the project[77][78][79][80][81] until filming finally completed in 2017 and the finished film was released the following year.
  • Me and My Shadow: An animated fantasy comedy film from DreamWorks Animation that would feature the studio's signature CG animation mixed with traditional hand-drawn animation. The film was announced in December 2010 and slated for a release date in March 2013.[82] It would then see two release date changes, first to November 2013[83] and then to March 2014.[84] In February 2013, it was announced that the film had gone back into development with an unknown release date.[85] After the accession with NBCUniversal, DreamWorks announced they had revived the film's production for a 2019 release, retitled as Shadows.
  • Midnight Run 2: In 2010, it was announced that Universal Pictures had hired Tim Dowling to write a sequel to Midnight Run, with Robert De Niro set to reprise his role as Jack Walsh. In addition to starring, the actor was slated to produce the film with Jane Rosenthal. It was said that it was possible that Charles Grodin would reprise his role and that Martin Brest would return to direct the sequel.[86] De Niro said the plot would revolve around his character helping Grodin's son, "who's gotten himself into trouble." [87]
  • The Postman: Author David Brin described the ten-year effort to get his novel produced as a film. Production began in 1987, but the final film was not released until 1997. In the process, the screenplay went through so many revisions that the shooting script only loosely resembled the book, and later writers "borrowed" elements from the book to improve the film. The film was a box-office bomb and was negatively reviewed.[88]
  • A Dame to Kill For: A sequel to Sin City, announced for a 2008 release, did not enter production until 2012,[89] and was released in 2014.
  • Superman Lives: The name given to a project begun by producer Jon Peters in 1993 as Superman Reborn. The proposed film would have followed the comic story line known as The Death of Superman. Jonathan Lemkin was hired to write the initial script, but Peters brought on a series of additional screenwriters to overhaul the script, including Gregory Poirier in 1995 and Kevin Smith in 1996. Director Tim Burton became attached to the film, with Nicolas Cage cast as the Man of Steel, and several more screenwriters were brought on board for several more rewrites. Burton backed out in late 1998 citing differences with producer Peters and the studios, opting instead to direct Sleepy Hollow. Additional writers and directors were attached to the project at various times over the next few years. Peters' project went through several more permutations before evolving into Superman Returns, released in 2006, 13 years after initial development began.[90][91] The film's journey through development hell was later explored by a documentary on the topic, What Happened?, released in 2015.[92]
  • Timeless: Timeless is a story written by Michael Bartlett (author of The Zombie Diaries).[93] In 2009, a poster and concept art were released.[94] Film production was completely halted with the release of Looper, as Bartlett felt the two were too similar.[95] As of 2013, Boundless Pictures had optioned the Timeless script.[96]
  • Venom: Development for a live action film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name first began in 1997 when David S. Goyer wrote a screenplay for a ‘Venom’ film for New Line Cinema. But it never got off the ground, but then it would later be revived by Sony Pictures following Venom’s first appeareance in Spider-Man 3 in 2007, it would go through several stages of development for over a decade before being released in October 2018 directed by Ruben Fleischer.
  • Warcraft: A live-action adaptation of the Warcraft series was first announced in 2006.[97] The film spent several years in development hell before the project advanced. It was scheduled for a 2016 release.[98] The film was released in May 2016.[99]
  • The Works: This was planned to be the first Computer Animated film predating Toy Story by 10 to 15 years. Due to limited technology at the time as well as financial reasons and lack of interest the film never got made.[100]
  • I Want to Believe: The second film based upon the popular American television show The X-Files began pre-production planning in 2001 and was announced for release in 2003 to follow the show's ninth season, but languished in development until it was finally produced for its release in the summer of 2008, six years after the original television series had ended.[101][102]

Music

  • The Smile Sessions: Archival recordings of the Beach Boys unfinished album Smile took nearly 45 years to compile for a dedicated release. Numerous complications contributed to its excessively protracted delay, including bandleader Brian Wilson's irrational fear of the album. Brother and bandmate Carl Wilson compared the album's structuring to editing a film, as compiler Alan Boyd explains, "I think he was right about that. The kind of editing that the project required seemed more like the process of putting a film together than a pop record."[103]
  • Chinese Democracy: Rock band Guns N' Roses began work on this album in the late 1990s. In the time between its conception and release, nearly the entire lineup of the band had changed numerous times. It was once dubbed by The New York Times "The Most Expensive Album Never Made".[104] Recorded in fourteen separate studios with reported production costs of $13 million, Chinese Democracy was eventually released in November 2008.[105]
  • Detox: A studio album by American hip hop recording artist Dr. Dre, slated to be his swan song album, was originally slated for release between 2011 and 2012 due to be released through Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records. Production for Detox began in 2000, but has been delayed several times as Dr. Dre wanted to concentrate on producing for artists that were on his Aftermath record label. Work for the upcoming album dates back to 2001,[106] where its first version was called "the most advanced rap album ever," by producer Scott Storch.[107] Even at the beginning of Detox's production, it was announced that it would be Dr. Dre's final studio album,[107] which has been confirmed at different points throughout the album's ten-year production process.[108] Because Dr. Dre had stated he was tired of rapping about marijuana use and stereotypical gangster lifestyle, he planned to make Detox a hip-hop musical telling the story of a professional hitman and his family, with an intended summer 2003 release date.[106] Initially announced in 2000 after the release of Dr. Dre's previous album 2001 (1999), Detox has gone through many renditions during its 11-year production period, with the album being scrapped and restarted many times. The album failed to have a confirmed release date, in the end the project was ultimately shelved due to Dr. Dre believing the project "wasn't good enough", the album spawned two official singles, "Kush" and "I Need a Doctor". In January 2004, co-producer Scott Storch listed guest appearances by 50 Cent, Eminem, Game, Guvner, Knoc-turn'al, Lloyd Banks, and Snoop Dogg.[109] A XXL article released shortly thereafter listed many of the same performers, along with Mary J. Blige.[110] When asked about Detox by dubcnn.com, Devin the Dude claimed to have accepted an invitation to record for the album.[111] MP3.com has reported that Busta Rhymes has also contributed to the album.[112] Jay-Z and Warren G stated that they worked with Dr. Dre.[113][114] In October 2009, MTV News reported that Dre had reached out to Jay-Z asking him to record for Detox.[115] In July 2008, it was confirmed that Nas, Jay-Z, and Lil Wayne will be among guests on the album.[116] In August 2008, Ice Cube also stated he is likely to be featured.[117] In October 2008, Dr. Dre's former assistant, Bruce Williams, said Fergie might be featured on the album.[118] It has been said that T.I. has been working on the project.[119] It was announced that Dr. Dre has been working in the studio with fellow Compton rapper Game working tracks for Detox and The R.E.D. Album, a picture was posted on Game's Twitter showing himself and Dr. Dre as well as Snoop Dogg in the studio with the title reading "Can You Say Detox?" this was later confirmed by both Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg.[120] Also in August 2012, it was revealed that Dre had hired R&B singer Rico Love, as a ghost writer and collaborator for the album.[121] It was confirmed by Dre, in an interview with Radio Big Boy Dre that he had been working with several new artists on the record, including Slim da Mobster and Kendrick Lamar[122][123] Ashanti stated she recorded tracks with Dre and Game in 2010.[124] In an interview with DJ Skee, R. Kelly confirmed he had recorded for Detox.[125] Raekwon talked to HipHop-n-More about his track on Detox,[126] In an interview with Rap-Up, Lloyd stated that he hopes to feature on the album.[127] Lil' Kim said that she was "really excited" to record for Detox.[128] Keri Hilson told Rap-Up that she had recorded material for the album but was unsure if the tracks would make the final cut.[129] J. Cole stated that he recorded with Dre but refused to explain.[130]
  • Stampede of the Disco Elephants: This would be the sixth album from American nu metal band Limp Bizkit. The first single "Lightz (City of Angels)" was released on October 26, 2012. After many delays, the second single for the album, "Ready to Go", featuring label mate Lil Wayne was released on April 16, 2013, to positive reviews.[131] The band officially left their previous label Cash Money Records on October 26, 2014.[132][133] In February 2016, Metal Injection reported that the band was still in the studio recording the new album.[134] As of 2019, the album is still unreleased, with no release date set.[135]
  • Time I and II: In 2006, Finnish melodic death/power metal band Wintersun began work on their second and third albums, Time I and Time II, which were initially intended to be released as a single album. Recording began in May of that year, but the albums would be the recipient of years-long delays for a multitude of reasons, not the least of which was the complexity of each song's mix. Time I was released on 19 October 2012.[136] Time II was expected to be released in early 2014 but ended up getting delayed much further, and it is still unreleased, with no release date set.[137] Time II was later announced to not be the third Wintersun album in the beginning of 2017.[138]

Video games

  • Colonial Marines: First announced in 2001, Aliens: Colonial Marines spent over 12 years in development hell. The original game which was announced in 2001 to be in development by Check Six Games, was cancelled. The video game rights for the Alien franchise were sold in December 2006 to Sega.[139] Gearbox Software subsequently announced that it would take over development of Colonial Marines, intending it to be a direct follow-up to Aliens.[140] The game would spend another 7 years in development, during which Gearbox's resources were also being consumed by other projects, such as Duke Nukem Forever, as well as its own franchise Borderlands, resulting in much of the game's development being outsourced to other studios. The game was released in 2013, where it was criticized for having various bugs and gameplay issues, low-quality graphics, as well as a lack of consistent continuity with the Alien film franchise. Further controversy emerged when it was found that Gearbox and Sega had presented demos of the game at conventions that had a noticeably higher graphics quality than the final product.[141][142][143][144][145]
  • Banjo-Pilot: One of the first Game Boy Advance (GBA) games announced,[146] Rare's Banjo-Pilot had a tumultuous development period.[147] Rare and Nintendo announced the game at E3 2001 under the title Diddy Kong Pilot.[148] At this point, it was the sequel to Rare's Diddy Kong Racing, featured characters from Donkey Kong and Mario, and could be controlled by tilting the GBA.[149] It was originally scheduled to be released in early 2002,[150] but a number of problems arose, such as Nintendo being unhappy with the game and company politics making progress impossible.[151] When Microsoft acquired Rare in September 2002, Rare lost the rights to Nintendo characters and was forced to replace them with characters from their Banjo series.[149] Banjo-Pilot was finally released in 2005, after a development period of nearly five years.[152]
  • Beyond Good and Evil 2: An upcoming sequel to the 2003 video game, Beyond Good and Evil. The original was released in 2003, was critically praised and gained a cult following, but was considered a commercial failure. Its director said in a May 2008 interview with the French magazine Jeuxvideo.fr that a Beyond Good & Evil sequel had been in pre-production for a year, but was yet to be approved by Ubisoft.[153] Ubisoft officially announced a sequel in 2016.[154][155][156] Ubisoft showed the first new trailer for Beyond Good and Evil 2 during their E3 2017 conference and it was announced as a prequel to the first game.[157]
  • Dead Island 2: In August 2017, Deep Silver reiterated that the game was still in development, making a similar statement again in July 2018.[158][159][160][161]
  • Deep Down: A working title for an upcoming single/multiplayer coop dungeon crawler video game by Capcom made for the Playstation 4. Gameplay has been described as similar to both Capcom's own Dragon's Dogma; as well as the Dark Souls series, though with a lesser difficulty.[162] Announcement for the game began way back as February 2013 when Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 and Capcom's Yoshinori Ono, best known for his work on the Street Fighter series,[163] revealed Deep Down alongside their new "Panta Rhei" game engine, designed specifically for the PlayStation 4.[164] Deep Down was the working title, and Panta Rhei was announced to replace MT Framework as Capcom's game engine of choice.[164] The reveal trailer showed an armored warrior battling a medieval fire-breathing dragon.[165] They chose to make a new brand for freedom to explore next-gen video game console architecture, and so as to avoid limitations from consumer expectations.[163] The game did not have a presence at the E3 2013 video game expo.[165]In early 2015, Kazunori Sugiura stated in an interview with 4gamer that the vision for the game had expanded since its initial 2013 reveal, to better appeal in the long term to players, and so the development timescale had been extended.[166] In June 2018, Capcom extended the trademark for the game.[167]
  • Diablo III: Development began in 2000 by Blizzard North, and continued until the studio closed in 2005.[168] An entirely new development began in 2006, and the game was released in 2012.
  • Duke Nukem Forever: The sequel to the 1996 game Duke Nukem 3D, Duke Nukem Forever, was in development hell for 14 years: from 1997[169] to its release date in 2011. The long development time was caused by numerous factors, including a switch from the Quake II engine to the Unreal Engine,[169] having a relatively small development staff by modern standards (3D Realms' co-owners George Broussard and Scott Miller infamously maintained that the game would be released "when it's done"), conflicts between 3D Realms and its publisher, Take-Two Interactive, over how it had been handling the constant delays, and the eventual bankruptcy of 3D Realms.[170][171][172] In 2009, the rights to the Duke Nukem franchise were sold to Gearbox Software, who eventually completed the game and released it in 2011.[173][174][175][176] The game was ultimately a critical disappointment, with most of the criticism directed towards the game's clunky controls, long loading times, offensive humor, and overall aged and dated design.[177][178][179]
  • Final Fantasy XV: Originally titled Final Fantasy Versus XIII, it was announced in 2006 as a spinoff of Final Fantasy XIII exclusively for PlayStation 3. Following a long period with little news on the game, it was re-announced as the next mainline installment of the series on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One which underwent large changes in direction such as making the game a self-contained story and replacing the main heroine.[180][181] The game was released worldwide on November 29, 2016, more than 10 years after it was initially announced, but even so the story was incomplete and was mended through episodic DLC.[182][183][184]
  • The Last Guardian: The Last Guardian was announced in 2007 to be in development at Team Ico.[185] A short trailer released in 2007 shows a young boy who befriends a giant bird/cat-like creature. Creative conflicts between the developers and the publisher Sony, caused the game to remain in development hell, particularly after project lead Fumito Ueda left Sony but remained active in the game's development. Further, the development delay caused Sony to switch the target platform from the aging PlayStation 3 to the newer PlayStation 4, further extending the time to rework the game's engine. Sony assured fans that the game was still in development over the next six years, but were sparse on further details, until June 2015 when the game was formally re-introduced as a PlayStation 4 title which was released in December 2016.[186]
  • Mother 3: A sequel to the 1994 Mother 2 (released as EarthBound in 1995 in North America). The game was initially intended to be released on the Super Famicom like its predecessor,[187] before shifting focus to the Nintendo 64 Disk Drive. Following the failure of the Disk Drive, the game was shifted to the standard Nintendo 64,[188] before the development team's inexperience with 3D-oriented video game creation and a large series of delays led to the game being quietly cancelled in 2000. Eventually, assets from the cancelled project were later collected and converted to a 2D format, and the project restarted development on the Game Boy Advance. Nine years after its conception, Mother 3 was finally released on the Game Boy Advance in 2006, but only in Japan.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
  • Bannerlord: Bannerlord is a sequel to the 2010 game Mount and Blade: Warband.[189] It was first announced in 2012 but TaleWorlds Entertainment has yet to schedule a release date despite constant updates and development.[190] The game has developed a cult following and its release or lack thereof has become the subject of numerous memes and blog posts.
  • Owlboy: This game was formally announced in 2008 with a short gameplay trailer. The game was showcased five years later at the PAX 2013 video game industry conference.[191] with an expected release date of 2013. At PAX 2016, it was announced that the game would be released on November 1, 2016.[192][193]
  • Prey 2: The original 2006 Prey was developed by Human Head Studios; considered a success shortly after release, plans for a sequel Prey 2 were made. The rights to Prey were transferred from 3D Realms to ZeniMax Media (owners of Bethesda Softworks) in 2009, and the sequel was fully announced in 2011 for a planned 2012 release. Demonstrated screens showed both gameplay and narrative that were only loosely connected to the original game, a decision made by both Human Head and Bethesda to better meet the developers' vision arrived at after the transfer of ownership to ZeniMax. Issues occurred behind-the-scenes that caused Human Head to stop development in late 2011, and in early 2012, Bethesda affirmed a delay in the game's development. Rumors began to circulate that Human Head had been taken off the project with development duties given to Arkane Studios. By October 2014, Prey 2 had been officially canceled by Bethesda. However, rumors persisted that Arkane were still involved with a Prey project. This was revealed in mid-2016 to be a new game titled Prey, a re-imagining of the Prey concepts but having otherwise no connection to the original game or canceled Prey 2; this new title was released on May 5, 2017 for Windows, Xbox One, and PlayStation 4.[194]
  • Shenmue III: The third game in the Shenmue series by Yu Suzuki and Sega AM2 has been in development hell since the early 2000s, when it was cancelled after the commercial failure of Shenmue II. The development of Shenmue III was revived through a record-breaking Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign in 2015, and the game is currently set to release in 2019.[195]
  • Star Citizen: Development of the game began in 2011, and is being mostly financed from a large crowdfunding campaign. The game was originally planned for a 2014 release, but significant delays in production and the expansion of gameplay features (feature creep) meant it had to be delayed indefinitely. Due to mismanagement some of the early work done for the first-person-shooter module has been scrapped altogether,[196] resulting in wasted financial resources and development time. As of right now, there is no clear release date for the game.
  • Team Fortress 2: Was announced in 1999 and took 8 years to be released. With a complete change in gameplay and art direction, the North American release took place on 9 October 2007. Unlike the overwhelming majority of games that became trapped in development hell, Team Fortress 2's development was fairly structured and it received widespread critical acclaim upon release.[197]
  • Tekken X Street Fighter: This crossover fighting game was announced on July 24, 2010 at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con along with the Capcom-produced Street Fighter X Tekken. The game was planned to be released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles.[198][199][200][201] It was still in its early stages of development and no images or videos were released at the 2010 Comic-Con.[202][203] On April 22, 2016, Harada stated that development on Tekken X Street Fighter was now officially on hold.[204] As of January 2019, the game is still in development hell.

See also

  • Turnaround (filmmaking)
  • Vaporware

References

1. ^{{cite journal |title=Interactive development: The new hell |last=Marx |first=Andy |journal=Variety |location=New York |date=February 28, 1994 |volume=354 |issue=4 |page=1 }}
2. ^"Cover Story: Writers Paid for Movies Never Made," Spillman, Susan. USA Today. McLean, Va.: January 16, 1991. pg. D1
3. ^"Dept. of development hell," Kerrie Mitchell. Premiere. (American edition). New York: February 2005.Vol.18, Iss. 5; pg. 40
4. ^"Books Into Movies: Part 2," Warren, Patricia Nell. Lambda Book Report. Washington: April 2000.Vol.8, Iss. 9; pg. 9. (Best selling novel The Front Runner has spent over 25 years in development hell)
5. ^McDonald, Paul & Wasko, Janet (2008) Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 54
6. ^{{cite AV media | people = Schnepp, Jon (director) | date = | year = 2015 | title = What Happened? | trans-title = | medium = Documentary | url = | access-date = | format = | time = 1:27:52 | location = | publisher = | id = | isbn = | oclc = | quote = | ref =}}
7. ^Leif Johnson (May 10, 2016). "The 13 Biggest Video Games That Never Came Out". IGN. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
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9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/akira-production-shut-down-budget-warner-bros-278729 |title='Akira' Production Offices Shut Down as Warner Bros. Scrutinizes Budget (Exclusive) |date=2012-01-05 |first=Borys |last=Kit |work=The Hollywood Reporter |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316095559/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/akira-production-shut-down-budget-warner-bros-278729 |archivedate=2014-03-16 }}
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13. ^{{cite web |url=http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment-hollywoodcurses/7/ |title=Hollywood Curses |publisher=Xfinity |accessdate=November 7, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204191733/http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment-hollywoodcurses/7/ |archivedate=December 4, 2013 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1114708,00.html |title=Mike Myers may return to Austin Powers |publisher=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=2015-04-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106081941/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C1114708%2C00.html |archivedate=2010-01-06 }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/mike-myers-is-writing-austin-powers-4/ |title=Mike Myers is Writing Austin Powers 4 |publisher=Slashfilm |accessdate=2015-04-26 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093054/http://www.slashfilm.com/mike-myers-is-writing-austin-powers-4/ |archivedate=2015-05-18 }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/09/toronto-fleming-qas-supermensch-helmer-mike-myers-on-shep-gordon-pic/ |title=Toronto: Fleming Q&A’s Mike Myers On ‘Supermensch’ Directorial Debut |website=Deadline Hollywood |accessdate=2013-09-16 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909075616/http://www.deadline.com/2013/09/toronto-fleming-qas-supermensch-helmer-mike-myers-on-shep-gordon-pic/ |archivedate=2013-09-09 }}
17. ^{{cite news|title=`Costs Force Paramount to Delay Filming 'Beverly Hills Cop III' |work=Los Angeles Times |date=1993-01-06 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-06/business/fi-1003_1_beverly-hills-cop-iii |accessdate=2010-09-29 |first=Jane |last=Galbraith |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102154555/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-06/business/fi-1003_1_beverly-hills-cop-iii |archivedate=2012-11-02 }}
18. ^{{cite news|title=Movies: Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer just say no to Paramount's offer to make a third 'Beverly Hills Cop.' |work=Los Angeles Times |date=1991-09-30 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-09-30/entertainment/ca-2392_1_cop-iii |accessdate=2010-09-29 |first=Elaine |last=Dutka |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102154612/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-09-30/entertainment/ca-2392_1_cop-iii |archivedate=2012-11-02 }}
19. ^{{cite news|title=Judge Reinhold Still Unsigned For `Beverly Hills Cop Iii` |work=Chicago Tribune |date=1988-03-16 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-03-16/features/8803010011_1_beverly-hills-cop-iii-filming-judge-reinhold |accessdate=2010-09-29 |first=Marilyn |last=Beck |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606142830/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-03-16/features/8803010011_1_beverly-hills-cop-iii-filming-judge-reinhold |archivedate=2012-06-06 }}
20. ^{{cite news|title=Beverly Hills Cop Iii' Could Finally Get Rolling This Summer |work=Orlando Sentinel |date= |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-04-02/entertainment/9303310774_1_sondra-locke-kate-vernon-phillips |accessdate=2010-09-29 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616045007/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-04-02/entertainment/9303310774_1_sondra-locke-kate-vernon-phillips |archivedate=2012-06-16 }}
21. ^{{cite news|title=11 Lesser Known Facts About Bajirao Mastani That Are Beyond Intriguing|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/11-lesser-known-facts-about-bajirao-mastani-that-are-beyond-intriguing-234810.html|last=Sharma|first=Isha|work=The Times of India|date=15 July 2015|accessdate=31 August 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831134729/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/11-lesser-known-facts-about-bajirao-mastani-that-are-beyond-intriguing-234810.html|archivedate=31 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}
22. ^{{cite book|author=David Hughes|title=Tales From Development Hell|publisher=Titan Books|date=March 2004|location=London|pages=192–211|chapter=The Dark Knight Strikes Out|isbn=1-84023-691-4}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=Sequel to The Italian Job Proposed|author=Davidson, Paul|work=IGN|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/430/430101p1.html|date=2003-07-23|accessdate=2008-10-08|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025070435/http://movies.ign.com/articles/430/430101p1.html|archivedate=2007-10-25}} {{cite news|title=New man for the 'Job' |author1=Fleming, Michael |author2=McNary, Dave |work=Variety |publisher=Reed Business Information |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117907994.html |date=2004-07-19 |accessdate=2008-09-17 }} {{cite news|title=Par reunites 'Job' crew |first=Dave |last=McNary |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117910959.html |work=Variety |publisher=Reed Business Information |date=2004-09-26 |accessdate=2008-09-17 }} {{cite news|title='Huckabees' stars are all 'Heart' |author=Keck, William |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-09-23-huckabees-premiere_x.htm |date=2004-09-23 |accessdate=2008-10-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822040826/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-09-23-huckabees-premiere_x.htm |archivedate=2009-08-22 }} See also: {{cite news|title=New Italian Job Looks Likely |first=Paul |last=Davidson |work=IGN |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/551/551886p1.html |date=2004-09-27 |accessdate=2008-09-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820165528/http://movies.ign.com/articles/551/551886p1.html |archivedate=2009-08-20 }}
24. ^{{cite news | title = Par: Déjà vu all over again | author = McNary, Dave | work = Variety | publisher = Reed Business Information | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117913091.html | date = 2004-11-07 | accessdate = 2008-10-05}} See also: {{cite news | title = Mark Wahlberg Hits The Gridiron For Role In True–Life Tale 'Invincible' | first = Brandee | last = Tecson | work = MTV | url = http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1519332/20051227/story.jhtml | date = 2005-12-27 | accessdate = 2009-03-18}}
25. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://au.movies.ign.com/articles/676/676604p1.html |title='The Brazilian Job' Targets Summer 2007 |author=Davidson, Paul |date=2005-12-16 |work=IGN |accessdate=2008-06-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004717/http://au.movies.ign.com/articles/676/676604p1.html |archivedate=2011-07-13 }} {{cite web|url=http://au.movies.ign.com/articles/785/785006p1.html |title=Brazilian Job Still On |author=Davidson, Paul |date=2007-05-02 |work=IGN |accessdate=2008-06-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004724/http://au.movies.ign.com/articles/785/785006p1.html |archivedate=2011-07-13 }}
26. ^1 {{cite news | title = Par puts vet on the 'Job' | author = Fleming, Michael | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117923728.html | work = Variety | publisher = Reed Business Information | date = 2005-05-31 | accessdate = 2008-09-11}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/813/813574p1.html |title=Exclusive Interview: Seth Green |last=Goldman |first=Eric |date=2007-08-17 |work=IGN |accessdate=2008-09-15 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204162830/http://tv.ign.com/articles/813/813574p1.html |archivedate=2009-02-04 }}
28. ^1 {{cite web|url = http://www.slate.com/id/2155500 |title= The development hell of 'A Confederacy of Dunces' |last= Hyman|first= Peter|date = December 14, 2006|work=Slate|accessdate= 2009-01-29| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122215640/http://slate.com/id/2155500 | archivedate= 22 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}
29. ^{{cite web |last= Allman |first= Kevin |url= http://bestofneworleans.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A75717 |title= John Waters |format= interview |work= Gambit New Orleans News and Entertainment |publisher= Best of New Orleans |accessdate= 2011-08-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100612043344/http://bestofneworleans.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A75717 |archive-date= 2010-06-12 |dead-url= yes |df= }}
30. ^{{cite web| first = Stephen | last = Fry | url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-fry/the-great-stink-of-2005_b_6892.html | title= The great stink of 2005 | work = Huffington Post |date= 2005-09-06 |accessdate= 2011-08-01 | archivedate = 2009-09-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090915180947/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-fry/the-great-stink-of-2005_b_6892.html}}
31. ^{{Citation | last = Fry | first = Stephen | title = Stephen Fry in America | publisher = Harper Collins | year = 2008 | page = 138}}.
32. ^{{cite web|last=Fretts|first=Bruce|title=A Confederacy of Dunces celebrates its 20th anniversary|date=19 May 2000|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2000/05/19/confederacy-dunces-celebrates-its-20th-anniversary|accessdate=25 July 2015}}
33. ^{{cite web| first = Steve | last = Head |url = http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/425/425858p1.html |title=Filmforce |publisher= IGN |date=2003-06-25 |accessdate=2011-08-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050911032800/http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/425/425858p1.html | archivedate=September 11, 2005| deadurl= no}}
34. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.slashfilm.com/2008/02/29/will-ferrell-talks-land-of-the-lost-old-school-2-elf-2-and-a-confederacy-of-dunces/ | title = Will Ferrell Talks Land of the Lost, Old School 2, Elf 2 and A Confederacy of Dunces | last = Stephenson | first = Hunter | date = February 29, 2008 | publisher = Slashfilm | accessdate = 2009-01-29 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090124083752/http://www.slashfilm.com/2008/02/29/will-ferrell-talks-land-of-the-lost-old-school-2-elf-2-and-a-confederacy-of-dunces/ | archivedate = 2009-01-24 | deadurl = yes | df = }}
35. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.vulture.com/2012/05/exclusive-galifianakis-plays-ignatius-in-dunces.html | title = Vulture | first = Claude | last = Brodesser-Akner | contribution = Exclusive: 'Dunces' Finds Its Ignatius in Galifianakis | date = 2012-05-22}}.
36. ^{{cite news|last=Corliss |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Corliss |date=September 12, 2013 |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/09/12/dallas-buyers-club-mcconaughey-shines-as-a-homophobe-who-gets-aids/#ixzz2pkvWSX2l |title=Dallas Buyers Club: McConaughey Shines as a Homophobe Who Gets AIDS |work=Time |accessdate=January 7, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108033436/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/09/12/dallas-buyers-club-mcconaughey-shines-as-a-homophobe-who-gets-aids/ |archivedate=January 8, 2014 }}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://scifipulse.net/?p=5685|title=Randy Queen Talks About Starfall & His Comic Book Influences|publisher=Scifipulse.net|date=February 24, 2009}}
38. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.newsarama.com/film/darkchylde-weta-workshop-footage-100706.html|title=Exclusive DARKCHYLDE Weta Workshop Test Footage Revealed |publisher=Newsarama|date=July 6, 2010}}
39. ^{{cite web|first=Ryan|last=Turek|url=http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=17036|title=John Carpenter Bringing Darkchylde to the Screen|work=Shock Till You Drop|publisher=CraveOnline|date=October 31, 2010|accessdate=October 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102172210/http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=17036|archive-date=2010-11-02|dead-url=yes}}
40. ^{{cite news |last=Eisenberg |first=Eric |date= |title=Why The Dark Tower Was Able To Escape Development Hell, According To Akiva Goldsman |url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Why-Dark-Tower-Was-Able-Escape-Development-Hell-According-Akiva-Goldsman-115747.html |work=CinemaBlend |location= |access-date=August 5, 2017 }}
41. ^{{cite news |last=Hasan |first=Zaki |date= August 4, 2017|title=After Years of Development Turmoil, 'The Dark Tower' Arrives |url=https://www.fandor.com/posts/after-years-of-development-turmoil-the-dark-tower-arrives?position=2§ion=featured |work=Fandor |location= |access-date=August 5, 2017 }}
42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/deadpool-review-roundup-the-funniest-comic-book-movie-yet-a6858901.html |title=Deadpool review round up: 'The funniest Ryan Reynolds film since Van Wilder' |last=Boren |first=Zachary Davies |work=The Independent |date=February 8, 2016 |accessdate=February 8, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208081647/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/deadpool-review-roundup-the-funniest-comic-book-movie-yet-a6858901.html |archivedate=February 8, 2016 }}
43. ^{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/artisan-deal-a-real-marvel-1117781709/ |title=Artisan deal a real Marvel |last=Fleming |first=Michael |work=Variety |date=May 16, 2000 |accessdate=April 9, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6XeZ5qVJ6?url=http://variety.com/2000/film/news/artisan-deal-a-real-marvel-1117781709/ |archivedate=April 9, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}
44. ^1 {{cite web|author=Marshall, Rick |url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/12/11/deadpool-and-gambit-the-long-road-to-x-men-origins-wolverine-and-beyond/ |title=Deadpool And Gambit: The Long Road To 'X-Men Origins: Wolverine'... And Beyond? |publisher=MTV News |date=December 11, 2008 |accessdate=October 23, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722030946/http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/12/11/deadpool-and-gambit-the-long-road-to-x-men-origins-wolverine-and-beyond/ |archivedate=July 22, 2010 }}
45. ^{{cite web|author=Otto, Jeff |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/494/494930p1.html |title=Goyer Confirms Deadpool |publisher=IGN |date=February 2, 2004 |accessdate=July 12, 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901010710/http://movies.ign.com/articles/494/494930p1.html |archivedate=September 1, 2007 }}
46. ^Cable & Deadpool #2, p. 13
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://screenrant.com/ryan-reynolds-discusses-deadpool-character-spinoff-rob-6127/ |title=Ryan Reynolds Talks Deadpool & Spinoff Possibilities |work=Screen Rant |accessdate=February 12, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216034928/http://screenrant.com/ryan-reynolds-discusses-deadpool-character-spinoff-rob-6127/ |archivedate=February 16, 2016 }}
48. ^{{cite web|author=Stax |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/537/537016p1.html |title=Goyer Nixes Deadpool |publisher=IGN |date=August 9, 2004 |accessdate=July 12, 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713005601/http://movies.ign.com/articles/537/537016p1.html |archivedate=July 13, 2011 }}
49. ^{{cite web|author=Stax |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/597/597611p1.html |title=The Latest on The Flash & Deadpool |publisher=IGN |date=March 21, 2005 |accessdate=July 12, 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415153540/http://movies.ign.com/articles/597/597611p1.html |archivedate=April 15, 2009 }}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/deadpool-spinoff-works-fox-83432 |title='Deadpool' spin-off in works at Fox |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=May 5, 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218040017/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/deadpool-spinoff-works-fox-83432 |archivedate=February 18, 2016 }}
51. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/future-of-x-men-franchise/3.asp |title=The Future of the X-Men Franchise: Deadpool |work=Empire |last=De Semlyen |first=Nick |date=October 16, 2009 |accessdate=October 23, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710192754/http://www.empireonline.com/features/future-of-x-men-franchise/3.asp |archivedate=July 10, 2011 }}
52. ^{{cite web|title=Fox taps Deadpool writers |author=Siegel, Tatiana |work=Variety |date=January 5, 2010 |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118013359 |accessdate=October 23, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629174535/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118013359 |archivedate=June 29, 2011 }}
53. ^{{cite web|author=Warner, Kara |url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2010/07/22/comic-con-robert-rodriguez-has-read-deadpool-script-doesnt-know-if-hell-direct/ |title=Comic-Con: Robert Rodriguez Has Read 'Deadpool' Script, Doesn't Know If He'll Direct |date=July 22, 2010 |publisher=MTV News |accessdate=October 23, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924080929/http://splashpage.mtv.com/2010/07/22/comic-con-robert-rodriguez-has-read-deadpool-script-doesnt-know-if-hell-direct |archivedate=September 24, 2010 }}
54. ^{{cite web|author=Zeitchik, Steven |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2010/10/adam-berg-sweden-deadpool-ryan-reynolds.html |title=A new entrant into the 'Deadpool' |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 26, 2010 |accessdate=October 28, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030015956/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2010/10/adam-berg-sweden-deadpool-ryan-reynolds.html |archivedate=October 30, 2010 }}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Fox Sets Tim Miller to Direct 'Deadpool' |author=McClintock, Pamela |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=April 8, 2011 |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/fox-sets-tim-miller-direct-176603 |accessdate=May 9, 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513175119/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/fox-sets-tim-miller-direct-176603 |archivedate=May 13, 2011 }}
56. ^{{cite news|title=X-Men Spinoff 'Deadpool' to Hit Theaters Feb. 12, 2016 |last=McNary |first=Dave |newspaper=Variety |date=September 18, 2014 |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/deadpool-release-date-fox-marvel-1201308783/ |accessdate=September 18, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920103858/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/deadpool-release-date-fox-marvel-1201308783/ |archivedate=September 20, 2014 }}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/deadpool/ |title=Deadpool (2016) |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=June 9, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103230623/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/deadpool |archivedate=January 3, 2017 }}
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