| 词条 | Abraham Cahan |
| 释义 |
| name = Abraham Cahan | honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | image = Portrait of Abraham Cahan.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Socialist newspaper editor and novelist | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = July 7, 1860 | birth_place = Podberezhie, Russian Empire (now Belarus) | death_date = August 31, 1951 (age 91) | death_place = New York City | resting_place = | occupation = Newspaper editor, writer | language = Yiddish, English | nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = Teachers Institute of Vilnius | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relatives = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = | module = | website = | portaldisp = }}Abraham "Abe" Cahan (July 7, 1860 – August 31, 1951) was a Belarusian-born Jewish American socialist newspaper editor, novelist, and politician.[1] Cahan was one of the founders of The Forward ({{Lang-yi|פֿאַרווערטס|lit=Forward!|translit=Farvertz}}), an American Yiddish language publication, and was its editor-in-chief for 43 years.[2] During his stewardship of the Forward, it became a prominent voice in the Jewish community and in the Socialist Party of America, voicing a relatively moderate stance within the realm of American socialist politics.[3] Early life and childhoodAbraham Cahan was born July 7, 1860, in Podberezhie in Belarus (at the time in Vilnius Governorate, Russian Empire), into an Orthodox, Litvak family. His grandfather was a rabbi in Vidz, Vitebsk, his father a teacher of Hebrew language and the Talmud. The devoutly religious family moved to Vilnius in 1866, where the young Cahan studied to become a rabbi. He, however, was attracted by secular knowledge and clandestinely studied the Russian language, ultimately demanding that his parents allow him to enter the Teachers Institute of Vilnius, from which he graduated in 1881. He was appointed as a teacher in a Jewish school funded by the Russian government in Velizh, Vitebsk, in the same year.[2] Immigration to AmericaIn Czarist Russia, repression from both the government and the Russian Orthodox Church restricted the travel, settlement, and educational opportunities of Jewish subjects, who were subject to discrimination and brutality.[3] By 1879, when Cahan was still a teenager, he had associated himself with the growing radical revolutionary movement in Russia.[4] After the Emperor Alexander II of Russia was assassinated by a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in March 1881, all revolutionary sympathizers became suspect to the Russian police. In 1882 the Russian police searched Cahan’s room for radical publications that could be linked to the Socialist Revolutionary Party.[4] The visit from the police prompted the young socialist schoolteacher to join the great emigration of Russian Jews to the United States that was under way (at the time, three quarters of Jewish immigrants to America came from the Russian Empire).[5] Cahan arrived by steamboat in Philadelphia on June 6 of 1882 at the age of 21 and immediately traveled to New York City, where he would live for the rest of his life.[6] CareerIn July 1882, barely a month after arriving in the United States, Cahan attended his first American socialist meeting, and a month later he gave his first socialist speech, speaking in Yiddish.[7] Although he found American society to be a vast improvement over life in Russia, he began to express certain criticisms of American conditions from a Marxist perspective.[4] Cahan quickly mastered the English language, and in addition to writing for various publications, by 1883 he dedicated much of his time to teaching English to working class Jewish immigrants. He taught at the Young Men’s Hebrew Association (YMHA) and often incorporated socialist speeches into his lesson plans.[8] Cahan formally joined the Socialist Labor Party of America in 1887.[9] Cahan’s education in Russian and English and his literary and journalistic abilities allowed him to excel as a socialist, and toward the end of his career he was considered a leading figure of the radical Jewish left.[10] In keeping with his socialist politics, Cahan believed that immigrants needed to combine formal learning with informal studies about local life and community customs to achieve not only an education but also integration into American society.[11][12] He also encouraged women to use labor and education to elevate their status in society.[13] The Jewish Daily ForwardSoon after arriving in America Cahan wrote articles on socialism and science, and translated literary works for the pages of the Yiddish language newspaper of the Socialist Labor Party, the Arbeiter Zeitung ({{Lang-yi|אַרבעטער צייטונג|lit=Worker's Newspaper}}) [4] Cahan edited the Arbeiter Zeitung from 1891 to 1895, and followed that position with an editorship at the paper Di Tsukunft ({{Lang-yi|די צוקונפֿט|lit=The Future}}) through 1887.[14] Afterward, Cahan was made a full-time reporter for the New York Commercial Advertiser, and it was in this position as an apprentice of reporter Lincoln Steffens that Cahan was groomed for his coming role as a founding editor of the Jewish Daily Forward.[15] Cahan founded the Forward while he was still juggling several newspaper jobs, publishing its first issue in 1897.[16] The horror of the Kishinev pogrom, which the Forward covered extensively, prompted Cahan to take on leadership of the Forward full-time in 1903, taking over total editorial control and running the newspaper full-time until 1946.[17] In his years working at the Forward, Cahan transformed the self-identified socialist newspaper from an obscure paper with only six thousand readers to the forefront of Yiddish journalism. The Jewish Daily Forward became a symbol of American socialism and Jewish immigration, and assumed the role of an Americanizing agent instructing its readers in the social, economic, political, and cultural aspects of the United States.[16] Cahan received criticism from fellow Jewish journalists because he didn’t limit the Forward to Jewish topics, but wrote on a variety of themes [12] and was one of the more temperate voices in the Socialist Party of America, respecting his readers' religious beliefs and preaching an increasingly moderate and reformist form of socialist politics as time progressed.[4] Fiction writingCahan not only distinguished himself through Yiddish literature, but also through his English fiction that dealt with the sociological and historical process of immigrants becoming Americans. By 1896 Cahan had published his first short story, “A Providential Match”, and just a year later he published his first novel, Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto. By 1901 Cahan had published six of his stories in a variety of popular magazines.[16] Cahan’s most popular novel was The Rise of David Levinsky, a semi-autobiographical account that mirrored Cahan’s own experiences of immigration, describing a Jewish immigrant's process of Americanization [13] and showcasing the Jewish-socialist cultural establishments in New York.[18] Death and legacyCahan died of congestive heart failure on August 31, 1951, at the age of 91, in Beth Israel Hospital in New York City.[19] He was buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Queens, New York.[20] Cahan’s education of immigrants, his work through the Jewish Daily Forward, and his commitment to socialism influenced the Jewish immigrants in New York who came into contact with his work. In addition to influencing American Jewish culture, his works were published in Russia, leaving a mark on the Russian Jewish workers' movement.[4] See also
Footnotes1. ^Sanford E. Marovitz, Abraham Cahan. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996, pp. 1-5. 2. ^Marovitz, Abraham Cahan, pp. 1-12. 3. ^Jeffrey S. Gurock, American Jewish History: East European Jews in America, 1880-1920: Immigration and Adaption. New York: Routledge, 1998; pg. 60. 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 Marovitz, Abraham Cahan, pp. xvii-xix. 5. ^Gurock, American Jewish History, pg. 83. 6. ^Isakov Vladimir, "The Conspiracy Conception in the Radical Socialist Thought of Russia of the 1840s-1880s: Periodization and Typology." Social Sciences, vol. 38 (2007), pg. 35. 7. ^Ehud Manor, Forward: The Jewish Daily Forward (Forverts) Newspaper: Immigrants, Socialism and Jewish Politics in New York, 1890-1917. Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 2009; pg. 28. 8. ^Jirousek-Falls, "Abraham Cahan and Jewish Immigrant Education: For Men and Women," pp. 38-40. 9. ^William I. Gleberzon, "'Intellectuals and the American Socialist Party, 1901-1917," Canadian Journal of History, vol. 11 (1976), pg. 48. 10. ^Lori Jirousek-Falls, "Abraham Cahan and Jewish Immigrant Education: For Men and Women." Studies in American Jewish Literature 27 (2007), pg. 36. 11. ^Gerald Sorin, The Prophetic Minority: American Jewish Immigrant Radicals, 1880-1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985; pg. 74. 12. ^1 2 Mark Pittenger, American Socialists and Evolutionary Thought, 1870-1920. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993; pg. 105. 13. ^1 Wade, Jewish American Literature, 32. 14. ^Jirousek-Falls, "Abraham Cahan and Jewish Immigrant Education: For Men and Women," pg. 36. 15. ^Yaavoc Goldstein, Jewish Socialists in the United States (Portland: Academic Press, 1998), 73-75. 16. ^1 2 3 Manor, Forward, pg. 38. 17. ^Manor, Forward, pg. 37. 18. ^Tony Michaels, "Exporting Yiddish Socialism: New York's Role in the Russian Jewish Workers' Movement," Jewish Social Studies, vol. 16 (2009), pg. 4. 19. ^{{cite news|title=Abraham Cahan, Editor, 91, is Dead – First Head of Jewish Daily Forward Was Leader in the Socialist Movement Here Influence on Labor Groups First Editor of The Forward|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/09/01/archives/abraham-cahan-editor-91-is-dead-first-head-of-jewish-daily-forward.html|accessdate=12 May 2018|work=New York Times|date=September 1, 1951|page=11}} 20. ^{{cite news|title=Cahan Funeral Wednesday|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1951/09/02/105216431.html?pageNumber=48|accessdate=12 May 2018|work=New York Times|date=September 2, 1951|page=48}} Works
Further reading
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29 : 1860 births|1951 deaths|People from Smarhon’ District|People from Vilna Governorate|Belarusian Jews|Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States|American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent|Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America|Members of the Socialist Party of America|American Marxists|American memoirists|19th-century American novelists|American political writers|American newspaper editors|American newspaper founders|Jewish-American history|Yiddish-language journalists|Jewish advice columnists|Jewish American novelists|20th-century American novelists|American male novelists|Jewish American short story writers|Jewish socialists|American male short story writers|19th-century American short story writers|19th-century male writers|20th-century American male writers|American male non-fiction writers|Labor unionists from New York (state) |
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