| 词条 | Dongxiangs |
| 释义 |
|image= |caption=A Dongxiang student in school. |group=Dongxiang دْوݣسِيْاݣ |population=621,500 |popplace=621,500 (2010 census) in Gansu |langs=Santa |rels=Sunni Islam |related=Bonan, Hui, Hazaras }}{{Islam and China|groups}} The Dongxiang people (autonym: Sarta or Santa (撒尔塔); {{zh|s=东乡族|t=東鄉族|p=Dōngxiāngzú}}; Xiao'erjing: دْوݣسِيْاݣذُ) are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Most of the Dongxiang live in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and surrounding areas of Gansu Province in northwestern China. According to the 2010 census, their population numbers 621,500. Origin and developmentThe Dongxiang are closely related to other Mongolic peoples like the Monguor and Bonan. Scholars{{who|date=February 2018}} speculate that their identity as an independent ethnic group arose through contact with Central Asians, due to whom the Dongxiang converted to Sunni Islam in the 13th century. They are believed to be descendants of Mongolian troops posted in the Hezhou area by Genghis Khan (1162-1227 AD) during his journey westward, mixed with Sarts from Central Asia. Another possibility is that they could be a mixture of many peoples including Mongolian, Han, and Tibetan groups.[1] The American Asiatic Association published an account of the Dongxiang's origins in the "Asia, Volume 40". A Muslim Mongol, Ma Chuanyuan, who was the supermagistrate of five districts, was interviewed, and gave a story on his people's origins. The conversion to Islam by a clan descended from Genghis Khan angered their relatives, who drove them all the way to Eastern Linxia. This occurred at the twilight of the Yuan dynasty. East Linxia was described as a land of "thorns and yellow earth". The author estimated a number of 100,000 Mongolian Muslims. They spoke Mongolian but were all illiterate. The account described them as a community of one hundred thousand, Mongol by race, Islam by religion and Chinese by culture. The majority of them were monolingual.[2][3] Dongxiang were also known as Santa (San-t'a) people, it was reported that many of them served in the army of the Hui General Ma Fuxiang.[4] It was even said that Ma Fuxiang himself was of Santa descent, who had assimilated into the Hui community.[5] Their autonym, sarta, may also provide a contradictory clue to their origin: a similar word Sart was formerly used in Central Asia to refer to Arab traders{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}, later to the local (mostly) Turkic-speaking city dwellers. Their official name of Dōngxiāng meaning "eastern villages" stems from the fact that their settlements are east of the major Han Chinese settlements. Like other Muslims in China, the Dongxiang served extensively in the Chinese military. It was said that they and the Salars were given to "eating rations", a reference to military service.[6] Dongxiang, Baoan, and Hui troops served under Generals Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang in the Boxer Rebellion, defeating the invading Eight Nation Alliance at the Battle of Langfang. Ma Fulu along with 100 Dongxiang and Hui troops died in fierce combat at Zhengyang Gate in Beijing against the Alliance forces as they fought to the death to hold the Alliance at bay.[7] Dongxiang, Baoan, Hui, Salar, and Tibetan troops served under Ma Biao in the Second Sino-Japanese War against the Japanese.[8][9] MiscegenationThe Dongxiang have Mongol, Han Chinese, Hui, and Tibetan surnames.[10] Dongxiang with Han Chinese surnames such as Wang, Kang, Zhang, Gao, and Huang claim descent from Han Chinese. Those with surnames such as Ma and Mu are descended from Hui.[11][12] Many of the Muslim descendants of Confucius are descended from the marriage of Ma Jiaga (马甲尕), a Muslim woman, and Kong Yanrong (孔彦嵘), 59th generation descendant of Confucius in the year 1480 and their descendants are found among the Hui and Dongxiang peoples.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Some Dongxiang have said that, in the rare instances that they do marry with other people, it is only with Hui and Han, but not Tibetans.[23] A town called Tangwangchuan (唐汪川) in Gansu had a multiethnic populace, the Tang ({{zh|c=唐}}) and Wang ({{zh|c=汪}}) families being the two major families. The Tang and Wang families were originally of non-Muslim Han Chinese extraction, but by the 1900s some branches of the families became Muslim by "intermarriage or conversion", while other branches of the families remained non-Muslim.[24] People in the area have changed their ethnicity by marrying members of other groups or converting to their religion. The Tang and Wang families are now composed of all three different ethnic groups, with Han Chinese, Hui, and Dongxiang people. The Dongxiang and Hui are Muslims.[25] Tangwangchuan and Hanjiaji were notable for being the lone towns with a multiethnic community, with both non-Muslims and Muslims.[26] The cuisines of various ethnicities have spread across boundaries in the area of Hehuang, with different groups such as Mongolians, Tibetan, Dongxiang, and Hui eating each other's cuisines, such as mutton and milk tea.[27] EconomyThe base of the economy of Dongxiang is agriculture. The main products are potatoes, maize and wheat. They are also recognized craftsmen, specializing in the elaboration of traditional carpets. Language and educationThe Dongxiang speak the Dongxiang language, a member of the Mongolic family.[28] The Dongxiang people also have a rich tradition of oral literature, and use the Arabic alphabet. As a result of the language shift, some 20,000 people in several villages in the northeastern Dongxiang County now speak the so-called "Tangwang language": a creolized version of Mandarin Chinese with a strong Dongxiang influence, in particular in its grammar.[29] Government statistics show that the Dongxiang are among the poorest and least literate of China's minorities, with most Dongxiang having completed only an average of 1.1 years of schooling, a problem aggravated by the lack of a written language. In 2004, the Ford Foundation provided US$30,000 in grant money for a pilot project to promote bilingual education in Dongxiang and Mandarin, in an effort to reduce school drop-out rates. The project is credited with the publication of a Dongxiang-Chinese bilingual dictionary as well as recent rises in test scores. GeneticsThe East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are.[30] Distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups in Dongxiang:[31] O=24.29(O2=18.69,O1a=1.87,O1b=3.73) J=16.82 R1=16.82(R1a=14.02,R1b=2.8) R2=9.35 C=6.54 G=5.61 N=5.6 D=4.67 E=3.74 others=6.56 In another study in 2010 found that the majority of the Dongxiang belonged to Haplogroup R1a (R1a : 54%).[32] Famous Dongxiang people
References1. ^{{cite news |title=Poor, illiterate and unaware they're in China|author=Jim Yardley|newspaper=THE NEW YORK TIMES|date=March 7, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/world/asia/07iht-china.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=2011-06-27}} 2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=y3oeAAAAMAAJ&dq=told+us+that+he+began+learning+spoken%2C+as+well+as+written%2C+Chinese+in+school+when+he+was+twelve&q=honey+milk|title=Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40|author=American Asiatic Association|year=1940|publisher=Asia Pub. Co.|location=|page=659|isbn=|accessdate=2011-05-08}} 3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gIBCAAAAYAAJ&dq=Indians+and+neither+are+followers+of+Jesus+considered+Jews+anywhere+in+the+world%2C+why+should+Chinese+Muslims+become+any+the+less+Chinese+%3F&q=nankai|title=The Moslem World, Volumes 31-34|author=Hartford Seminary Foundation|year=1941|publisher=Hartford Seminary Foundation|location=|page=182|isbn=|accessdate=2011-05-08}} 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA142&dq=ma+fuxiang+mongol#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang%20mongol&f=false|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=142|isbn=978-0-520-23424-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy2FOZy0kTsC&pg=PA23&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu%20hsiang%20mongol&f=false|title=The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization|author=Louis M. J. Schram|year=2006|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|location=|page=23|isbn=978-1-4286-5932-2|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=ma+an-liang+died+november#v=snippet&q=salars%20%20tunghsiang%20eating%20rations%20military&f=false|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10|author=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation|editors=Samuel Marinus Zwemer|year=1920|publisher=Hartford Seminary Foundation|volume=|location=|isbn=|page=379|accessdate=2011-06-06}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0717/18/1817883_39683280.shtml|title=抗击八国联军的清军将领——马福禄|website=360doc.com|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 8. ^{{cite news |title=马家军悲壮的抗战：百名骑兵集体投河殉国(1)|newspaper=军事－中华网|date=19 September 2008|url=http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/krzz/01/11044207/20080919/15096066.html}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.360doc.com/content/11/0917/16/112480_149020067.shtml|title=民国少数民族将军(组图)|website=360doc.com|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOM8qF34s4YC&pg=PA66&dq=dongxiang+muslim+mongols#v=onepage&q=dongxiang%20muslim%20mongols&f=false|title=An ethnohistorical dictionary of China|author=James Stuart Olson|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=|page=66|isbn=978-0-313-28853-1|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=611wAAAAMAAJ&q=Place+names+like+Tangwangchuan,+Wangjiaji,+Zhangjiacun,+Gaojiazhuang+and+Miaoerling+also+reflect+old+Han+residences.+The+least+numerous+surnames+are+of+Tibetan+origin;+in+fact,+only+the+Yang+clan+from+Yangzhijia+claims+descent+from&dq=Place+names+like+Tangwangchuan,+Wangjiaji,+Zhangjiacun,+Gaojiazhuang+and+Miaoerling+also+reflect+old+Han+residences.+The+least+numerous+surnames+are+of+Tibetan+origin;+in+fact,+only+the+Yang+clan+from+Yangzhijia+claims+descent+from|title=The minorities of northern China: a survey|volume=Volume 17 of Studies on East Asia|year=1984|author=Henry G. Schwarz|publisher=Western Washington|edition=illustrated|location=|isbn=978-0-914584-17-9|page=100|accessdate=17 July 2011}}(Original from the University of Michigan ) 12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-lZIAAAAMAAJ&dq=Place+names+like+Tangwangchuan%2C+Wangjiaji%2C+Zhangjiacun%2C+Gaojiazhuang+and+Miaoerling+also+reflect+old+Han+residences.+The+least+numerous+surnames+are+of+Tibetan+origin%3B+in+fact%2C+only+the+Yang+clan+from+Yangzhijia+claims+descent+from&q=tangwangchuan|title=Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, Volume 1|volume=|year=1984|author=Richard V. Weekes|editor=Richard V. Weekes|publisher=Greenwood Press|edition=2, illustrated|location=|isbn=978-0-313-23392-0|page=238|accessdate=17 July 2011}}(Original from the University of Michigan ) 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2014/1214/c172318-26204615.html|title=孔子后裔中有14个少数民族 有宗教信仰也传承家风--文化--人民网|website=Culture.people.com.cn|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2014/12-14/6875063.shtml|title=孔子后裔中有14个少数民族 有宗教信仰也传承家风-中新网|website=Chinanews.com|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://big5.taiwan.cn/zppd/MMWZ/201412/t20141215_8361279.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006175521/http://big5.taiwan.cn/zppd/MMWZ/201412/t20141215_8361279.htm |archivedate=2016-10-06 }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://sd.people.com.cn/n/2015/0107/c366019-23474035.html|title=孔子后裔中有14个少数民族 有宗教信仰也传承家风--山东频道--人民网|website=Sd.people.com.cn|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/7158766.html|title=西北生活着孔子回族后裔--文化--人民网|website=Culture.people.com.cn|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/7119528.html|title=孔子后裔有回族--地方--人民网|website=Unn.people.com.cn|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://ningxia.baike.com/article-33678.html|title=孔子后裔有回族？ - 宁夏百科|website=Ningxia.baike.com|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://huizu.baike.com/article-122417.html|title=孔子后裔有回族？ - 回族百科|website=Huizu.baike.com|accessdate=17 August 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://56.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413163737/http://56.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html |archivedate=2016-04-13 }} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413174047/http://www.56china.com/2009/1018/69915.html |archivedate=2016-04-13 }} 23. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfOyL9jd0MUC&pg=PA170&dq=tibetan+girls+chinese#v=snippet&q=dongxiang%20han%20hui%20marriages&f=false|title=Invisible China: A Journey Through Ethnic Borderlands|author1=Colin Legerton |author2=Jacob Rawson |year=2009|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=|page=156|isbn=978-1-55652-814-9|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 24. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvDOudr5M6MC&pg=PA102&dq=We+should+also+note+the+existence+of+smaller,+but+equally+mixed,+communities+such+as+Tangwangchuan#v=onepage&q=We%20should%20also%20note%20the%20existence%20of%20smaller%2C%20but%20equally%20mixed%2C%20communities%20such%20as%20Tangwangchuan&f=false|title=Remapping China: fissures in historical terrain|volume=|year=1996|author=Gail Hershatter|editor=Gail Hershatter|publisher=Stanford University Press|edition=illustrated|location=|isbn=978-0-8047-2509-5|page=102|accessdate=17 July 2011}} 25. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang,+Hui,+and+Han+ethnic&dq=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang,+Hui,+and+Han+ethnic|title=Chinese sociology and anthropology|volume=|year=2007|author=M.E. Sharpe, Inc, International Arts and Sciences Press|editor=|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|edition=|location=|isbn=|page=42|accessdate=17 July 2011}}(Original from the University of Virginia)[https://books.google.com/books?id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&q=tangwangchuan+tang&dq=tangwangchuan+tang&hl=en&ei=LVFJTvT-O5GTtwei3KnZBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA][https://books.google.com/books?ei=CGJJTszwK9GBsgLP0MGSCA&ct=result&id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang%2C+Hui%2C+and+Han+ethnic&q=han+dongxiang+tang+wang][https://books.google.com/books?ei=nGFJTtzwBuyFsALPp436BQ&ct=result&id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang%2C+Hui%2C+and+Han+ethnic&q=dongxiang+han+hui+tang+wang] 26. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA145&dq=tangwangchuan+tang#v=onepage&q=tangwangchuan%20tang&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|volume=|year=1997|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|publisher=University of Washington Press|edition=illustrated|location=|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=145|accessdate=17 July 2011}} 27. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JARXAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Dongxiang+people+in+Tangwangchuan+village+of+Dongxiang+ethnic+minority+autonomous+county+are+closely+connected+to+the+local+Han+and+Hui.+That+is+because+both+the+Tang+and+Wang+clans+have+members+in+the+Dongxiang%2C+Hui%2C+and+Han+ethnic&q=dongxiang+hui+boiled+mutton+|title=Chinese sociology and anthropology|volume=|year=2007|author=M.E. Sharpe, Inc, International Arts and Sciences Press|editor=|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|edition=|location=|isbn=|page=51|accessdate=17 July 2011}}(Original from the University of Virginia) 28. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSttAAAAMAAJ&q=Whatever+racial+origin+they+may+have,+they+speak,+or+least+up+to+recent+times+they+spoke,+a+Mongol+dialect&dq=Whatever+racial+origin+they+may+have,+they+speak,+or+least+up+to+recent+times+they+spoke,+a+Mongol+dialect|title=The Mongols and Ming China: customs and history, Volume 1|author1=Henry Serruys |author2=Françoise Aubin |year=1987|publisher=Variorum Reprints|location=|page=cxv|isbn=978-0-86078-210-0|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 29. ^{{cite book|author=International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1996|isbn=978-3-11-013417-9|title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. (Volume 13 of Trends in Linguistics, Documentation Series).|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC|pages=875–882}} 30. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep38656|title=Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of Chinese Muslim populations Dongxiang and Hui|first1=Hong-Bing|last1=Yao|first2=Chuan-Chao|last2=Wang|first3=Xiaolan|last3=Tao|first4=Lei|last4=Shang|first5=Shao-Qing|last5=Wen|first6=Bofeng|last6=Zhu|first7=Longli|last7=Kang|first8=Li|last8=Jin|first9=Hui|last9=Li|date=1 December 2016|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|accessdate=17 August 2018|doi=10.1038/srep38656|pmid=27924949}} 31. ^{{Citation|last=Wen|first=Shaoqing|title=The Silk Road: Language and Population Admixture and Replacement|date=2017|work=Languages and Genes in Northwestern China and Adjacent Regions|pages=55–78|publisher=Springer, Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-4169-3_4|isbn=9789811041686|last2=Xu|first2=Dan}} 32. ^{{Cite journal|last=Xiao|first=Chun-Jie|last2=Tang|first2=Wen-Ru|last3=Shi|first3=Hong|last4=Tan|first4=Si-Jie|last5=Dong|first5=Yong-Li|last6=Wei|first6=Chuan-Yu|last7=Qiao|first7=En-Fa|last8=Shou|first8=Wei-Hua|date=May 2010|title=Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=55|issue=5|pages=314–322|doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.30|pmid=20414255|issn=1435-232X}}
External links{{Portal|China}}{{Commons category|Dongxiang people}}
5 : Mongol peoples|Dongxiang people|Islam in China|Muslim communities of China|Ethnic groups officially recognized by China |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。